In vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extracts of Daucus carota seeds in experimental animals

Objective:To assess the In vivo anlioxid Fanl and hepaloproleclive activity of metlianolic exlracl of Daucus carota(D.carota) seeds in experimental animals.Methods:Methanolic extracts of D.carota seeds is used for hepatoproleclion assessment.Oxidative stress were induced in rats by thioacetamide 100 nig/kg s.c.in four groups of rats(two test,standard and toxic control). Two test groups received D.carota seeds extract[DCSE) at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Standard group received silymarin(25 mg/kg) and toxic control received only thioacetamide. Control group received only vehicle.On the 8th day animals were sacrificed and liver enzyme like serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase(SGPT),serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase(SCOT) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP)were estimated in blood serum and antioxidant enzyme like superoxide disnuituse(SOD),cululase(CAT),glutathione reductase(CKD),glutathione peroxidase(GPX),glutalhione-S-transferase(GST)and lipid peroxidation(LPO)were estimated in liver homogcnatc.Results:A significant decrease in SGPT,SCOT and ALP levels was observed in all drug treated groups as compared to thioacetamide group(P<0.001) and in case of antioxidant enzyme a significant(P<0.001) increase in SOD.CAT,GRD,GPX and GST was observed in all dmg treated groups as compared with thioacetamide group.But in case of LPO a significant(P <0.001) reduction was observed as compared to toxic control group.Conclusions:DCSE has contributed lo the reduction of oxidative stress and the protection of liver in experimental rals.

Novel targeting approaches and signaling pathways of colorectal cancer: An insight

Colorectal cancer(CRC) is the third most common cancer of mortality in the world. Chemotherapy based treatment leads to innumerable side effects as it delivers the anticancer drug to both normal cells besides cancer cells. Sonic Hedgehog(SHH), Wnt wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus/β-catenin, transforming growth factor-β/SMAD, epidermal growth factor receptor and Notch are the main signaling pathways involved in the progression of CRC. Targeted therapies necessitate information regarding the particular aberrant pathways. Advancements in gene therapies have resulted in the recognition of novel therapeutic targets related with these signal-transduction cascades. CRC is a stepwise process where mutations occur over the time and activation of oncogenes and deactivation of tissue suppressor genes takes place. Genetic changes which are responsible for the induction of carcinogenesis include loss of heterozygosity in tumor suppressor genes such as adenomatous polyposis coli, mutation or deletion of genes like p53 and K-ras. Therefore, many gene-therapy approaches like gene correction, virusdirected enzyme-prodrug therapy, immunogenetic manipulation and virotherapy are currently being explored. Development of novel strategies for the safe and effective delivery of drugs to the cancerous site is the need of the hour. This editorial accentuates different novel strategies with emphasis on gene therapy and immunotherapy for the management of CRC.

仙茅:对健康有众多益处的黑金(英文)

仙茅(石蒜科)是一种濒临灭绝的多年生草本植物,是印度本土药,作为强有力的适应原和春药在印度传统药物中占有重要位置。它也是多种印度传统药物处方的重要组成部分,被认为具有促进性欲、刺激免疫、保护肝脏、抗氧化、抗癌和治疗糖尿病等作用。已有报道,从仙茅中提取出多种化学成分,如植物黏胶,酚苷、皂苷和脂肪族化合物等。仙茅也是中医和日本汉方医学中各种草药处方的重要成分。本文对仙茅的多种生物活性和其不同化学成分的作用进行了综述。

Extraction and RP-HPLC determination of taxol in rat plasma, cell culture and quality control samples

A rapid, sensitive, selective and validated reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） method for the estimation of paclitaxel in micro-sample of rat plasma and in culture of cancer cells was per- formed in this study. The mobile phase consisted of an （80： 20： 0.1, v/v/v）. Column elution at a flow rate of 1 optimized mixture of methanol：water： trifluroacetic acid mL/minute with UV detection at 225 nm at room tern- perature was used. The RP-HPLC method was successfully applied for the determination of paclitaxel in plasma samples and in culture of cancer cells with nano-quantity of estimation. The validation studies were performed in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization （ICH） guidelines. The intra- and inter-day pre- cision showed that the coefficients of variation ranged from 1.07% to 4.27% at different levels of concentrations. To the best of our knowledge, this study also reported for the first time the optimization of different solvents for effective extraction of paclitaxel wherein tert.-butyl methyl ether （TBME）： diethyl ether （DEE） in 50：50 v/ v composition was found most efficient with extraction efficiency ranging between 77.99% and 91.74% and be- tween 76.14 and 93.66% in the plasma and cell culture, respectively. This proposed method was successfully ap- plied to study the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel and the influence of verapamil and all-trans retinoic acid （atRA） on paclitaxel pharmacokinetics in rat models. This proposed method might emerge as a valuable aid in the labo- ratory monitoring of paclitaxel in a variety of in vitro as well as in vivo scenarios.

寄生草本植物大花菟丝子的研究综述(英文)

大花菟丝子是一种金黄色、无叶、多年生寄生草本植物,它隶属于旋花科,俗称发菜、鬼肠等。经研究,大花菟丝子具有止痉、抗惊厥、抗类固醇生成、降血压、助肌肉松弛、强心、利尿、抗病毒、抗菌、抗氧化以及助毛发生长等一系列药用作用。目前从大花菟丝子中提取的有效化学成分有岩白菜素、阿马别林、β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇、山奈酚、半乳糖醇、杨梅酮、槲皮素、香豆素和齐墩果酸等。本文概述了生药学和植物化学文献中有关大花菟丝子的研究结果,并从传统医学和生物学角度评价了它的医药用途。

Insight to drug delivery aspects for colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer(CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed worldwide in human beings. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapiesare the conventional four approaches which are currently used for the treatment of CRC. The site specific delivery of chemotherapeutics to their site of action would increase effectiveness with reducing side effects. Targeted oral drug delivery systems based on polysaccharides are being investigated to target and deliver chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents directly to colon and rectum. Site-specific drug delivery to colon increases its concentration at the target site, and thus requires a lower dose and hence abridged side effects. Some novel therapies are also briefly discussed in article such as receptor(epidermal growth factor receptor, folate receptor, wheat germ agglutinin, VEGF receptor, hyaluronic acid receptor) based targeting therapy; colon targeted proapoptotic anticancer drug delivery system, gene therapy. Even though good treatment options are available for CRC, the ultimate therapeutic approach is to avert the incidence of CRC. It was also found that CRCs could be prevented by diet and nutrition such as calcium, vitamin D, curcumin, quercetin and fish oil supplements. Immunotherapy and vaccination are used nowadays which are showing better results against CRC.

Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-N-alkyl imidazole derivatives

Objective:To synthesis 2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-N- alkyl imidazole derivatives,and evaluate their antibacterial activity.Methods:A mixture of benzil（10 mmol） and ammonium acetate（0.1 mol）（immediately fused） in glacial acetic acid（25 mL） was stirred at 80-100℃for 1 h under nitrogen atmosphere（to prevent incorporation of any atmospheric impurities and moisture）. Substituted aldehydes（10 mmol） in glacial acetic acid（5 mL） was added drop-wise over a period of 15-20 min at the same temperature and stirred for another 4 h,the progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC test using ethyl acetate as eluent.The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR,1HNMR,13CNMR and by mass spectroscopy.Results:All the synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectroscopical techniques and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus（S.aurius）,Bacilus subtilus（B.subtilus）,and Escheria coli （E.coli）.These compounds showed antibacterial activity（zone of inhibition） against S.aurius ranged from 3 mm to 9 mmin diameter,B.subtilus,4 -8 mm,and E.coli 5 -12 mm.Out of 2a-2e, only 2a and 2b showed some sort of activity but none of them had considerable activity compared with that of the standard.Conclusions:All the synthesized compounds show moderate activity against the tested bacteria S.aurius,B.subtilus,and E.coli.So,further structural modification is necessary to improve the antibacterial action of 2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-N-alkyl imidazole derivatives.

印度传统药用植物可因氏越橘的研究综述(英文)

可因氏越橘又名调料九里香(Murraya koenigii,芸香科,九里香属),是一种常用的药用植物,在印度阿育吠陀医学中有数百年的使用历史。这种植物的叶子、果实、根及树皮均富含咔唑生物碱。已有的很多研究报道这些生物碱具有多种药理活性如抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗炎、止泻、利尿、抗氧化等。除了这些药理活性,该植物还具有多种多样的生物活性。可因氏越橘作为一种能够治疗多种疾病的有价值的药用植物,有关其植物化学及药理学的研究数量众多,因此有必要对其作一系统的综述。本文对有关可因氏越橘的植物化学、药理学、临床及基础研究进行了系统的整理,以期更全面地发掘其作为药用植物的价值。

Studying the Importance of <i>VacA</i>Gene of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>in Identifying the Pathogenicity of Strains by Comparing It with the Disease Status of the Subjects

Introduction: H. pylori is a primary pathogen isolated by Warren and Marshall in 1983. They called it as Campylobacter Pylori and in 1989 Goodwin et al. renamed it as Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter pylorus is one of the responsible factors for causing gastritis, Peptic ulcer disease and is strongly associated with gastric carcinoma and gastric Malt lymphoma. Materials and Methods: In this study 300 biopsies were collected at Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals, Hyderabad, India. Of these, 101 patients had peptic ulcer, 95 patients had gastritis and 4 had gastric carcinoma. A total of four gastric biopsy specimens were collected. One was used for culturing H. pylori, one for histological lesions and the remaining two one each from the antrum & corpus was collected in phosphate buffered saline for the DNA analysis. Results: Helicobacter pylori were isolated from many of the biopsies and the identification of Helicobacter pylori was confirmed in 200 biopsies with colony characteristics, Biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA amplification. The presence of VacA marker was detected by using appropriate primers. From the data obtained in our study, in a total of 169/200 isolates s1 region was found in 84.1% and s2 was found in 36/200 i.e. 18% of the isolates. In the middle region, m1awas found in 60/200 which was 30%, m1b was found in 60/200 i.e. 60% and m2 was found in 114/200 i.e. 57.1% of the isolates. Conclusion: Thus, VacA detection might be helpful for determination of which patients are at highest risk for severe clinical outcomes such as duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer or gastric carcinoma and eventually, to define strategies for the treatment or prevention of H. pylori infection.

QSAR analysis on benzodithiazine derivatives as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors

Objective:Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase is an important strategy for the treatment of HIV and AIDS.There-fore, HIV-1 integrase inhibitory activity of 3-aroyl-1,1-dioxo-1,4,2-benzodithiazines has been analyzed with different physicochemical parameters.Methods:In the present work,quantitative structure activity relationship studies were performed on a series of benzodithiazines as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors using the modeling software Win CAChe version 6.1.Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to derive quantitative structure activity relationship models which were further evaluated for statistical significance and predictive power by internal and external validation.Results:The best QSAR models were having good correlation coefficient (r) with low standard error of estimation(SEE) and cross validated square of correlation coefficient (q^2 ).The robustness of the models was checked by Y-randomization test and they were identified as good predictive models.The model for HIV integrase(wt) inhibitory activity of benzodithiazines suggest that the increase of dipole moment(Z) of molecules leads to reduce 3’processing and strand transfer inhibitory activity, substitution with high electro positive groups is conducive for the 3’processing inhibitory activity,and the increase in heat of formation is favorable for 3 -processing and strand transfer inhibitory activity.Conclusion: The model for HIV integrase(C65s) inhibitory activity of benzodithiazines suggest that the increase of dipole moment(X) of molecules leads to reduce 3’processing and strand transfer inhibitory activity,and the substitution with high hydrophobic groups is conducive for the 3’processing and strand transfer inhibitory.

Synthesis and evaluation of 4-substituted semicarbazones of levulinic acid for anticonvulsant activity

Objective: A series of 4-aryl substituted semicarbazones of levulinic acid (4-oxo pentanoic acid) was designed and synthesized to meet the structural requirements essential for anticonvulsant activity. Methods: All the compounds were evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. Anticonvulsant activity was determined after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration to mice by maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous metrazol (ScMet) induced seizure methods and minimal motor impairment was determined by rotorod test. Results: A majority of the compounds exhibited significant anticonvulsant activity after intraperitoneal administration. In the present study 4-(4'-fluoro phenyl) levulinic acid semicarbazone emerged as the most active molecule, showing broad spectrum of activity with low neurotoxicity. Unsubstituted levulinic acid semicarbazone was found to be inactive in all the screens. Conclusion: The results obtained validate the hypothesis that presence of an aryl group near the semicarbazone moiety is essential for anticonvulsant activity. The results also indicate that the hydrophilic-hydrophobic site can accommodate hydrophilic groups.

A study on the transmission of <i>helicobacter pylori</i>from food prepared and consumed under hygienic and unhygienic conditions: A first study using biopsy samples

Objective: A comparative analysis on transmission of Helicobacter pylori in people who consumed food prepared in both hygienic and unhygienic conditions. Method: The study was carried out in 1000 people across India. The Ratio of Male: female was 700: 300 with age group ranging from 20 - 39. Three gastric biopsies were collected for identification of Helicobacter pylori. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification was done by using 16srRNA primers. Result: The analysis showed the prevalence of H. pylori as 70.8% in individuals frequently consuming food prepared under less hygienic condition (street vendor’s food) whereas 60% (less prevalence) in individuals consuming food prepared under hygienic conditions. Conclusion: The results showed that most of the food that we consume daily is not involved much in the transmission of Helicobacter pylori. The study also showed that the street vendor’s food is not directly involved in the transmission of this bacterium. The unhygienic preparation of food and poor personal hygiene play a vital role in the transmission of these bacteria.

Determination of Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>Isolates from South India Population

Introduction: The importance of H. pylori as an etiological agent in gastroduodenal disease had suggested antibiotic treatment as a main target for the elimination of infection. The successful eradication of H. pylori infection was shown to resolve the gastritis, dramatically accelerate ulcer healing, reduce ulcer recurrence and the prophylactic effect on the recurrence of ulcer bleeding. Materials and Methods: In the present study a total six antimicrobial agents such as Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole, Norfloxacin, Tetracyclin, Amoxycillin and Clarithromycin were used against 100 clinical isolates from patients with peptic ulcer, and non-ulcer dyspepsia. H. pylori was isolated from the gastric biopsies obtained from the clinical subjects. Results: Results of our study showed 100% resistance to Metronidazole (MIC > 256 μg/ml). 97% of the isolates were observed sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (MIC 0.38 μg), whereas Tetracyclin showed 96% sensitivity (MIC 0.25 μg - 0.125 μg). Resistance to amoxycillin, Norfloxacin, and Clarithromycin were 80%, 38% and 76% respectively (MIC > 256 μg/ml). Conclusion: It is observed that 96% - 97% of the clinical isolates were sensitive to Tetracycline and ciprofloxacin, where all isolates were found to be resistant to Metronidazole. Resistance to Amoxycillin and Clarithromycin were 80% and 76% respectively. Studies attributed the high level of resistance to the frequent use of the drugs to treat various other infections and ineffective drug control policy.

A systematic review on the aboveground biomass and carbon stocks of Indian forest ecosystems

Background:Tropical forests play a crucial role as source and sink in global carbon cycle.Development and other anthropogenic activities have led to degradation of forest land,and ultimately,it results in loss of biodiversity and increases concentration of CO_(2) in atmospheres.Therefore,there is urgent need to estimate regional and national level carbon stock for making forest-based policies and strategies for mitigation of CO_(2).Patchy and sporadic information is available on biomass and carbon stock of Indian forests.The paper presents a systematic review and comprehensive account of studies conducted in different forest types in India.Result:There are six major forest types found in India consisting of 15 groups and other subgroups with peculiar characteristics.Methodologies used by researchers for biomass/carbon stock estimation are destructive,nondestructive,tree inventories data,species-specific biomass estimation,and remote sensing.Majority of estimates are based on nondestructive allometric equation approach.Studies showed positive correlation between tree species,diameter at breast height,and biomass/carbon stock.Small-and medium-sized growing trees,invasive species,mixed forest,Agroforestry,and Agrosilviculture also play an important role in atmospheric carbon assimilation.The results of diverse forest carbon stock studies are broadly categorized in North,Central,and Southern India.Present review will be helpful for developing conservation policies and decision to increase carbon stock and also REDD+program for particular forest ecosystem.Conclusion:The systematic literature review was carried out to gather and summarize information from different studies conducted on forest ecosystems and quantification methods used for biomass estimation and carbon stock in different forests types and states of India.In general,great variability occurs in aboveground biomass and carbon stock on account of climatic and geographic differences.To obtain good and accurate estimations,following nondestructive approach,species-specific density-based equations are required from different habitats and also in relation to degradation status of forests.As such regional volume equations would increase error of estimations.The comprehensive account of data would be helpful to formulate strategies based on carbon sequestration in Indian forests for CO_(2) mitigation.

Effect of Chlorophytum Borivilianum Santapau and Fernandes on Sexual Dysfunction in Hyperglycemic Male Rats

Objective:To investigate the effects of Chlorophytum borivilianum(CB) on sexual dysfunction, loss of body weight,and lack of libido in hyperglycemic rats induced with streptozotocin or alloxan.Methods: Wistar strain male albino rats were divided into five groups of six animals each:the control group(2% polyvinylpyrollidone solution),the streptozotocin control group(50 mg/kg),the alloxan control group(100 mg/kg), the streptozotocin + CB treated group(200 mg/kg),and the alloxan + CB treated group(200 mg/kg).O...

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PVA BASED SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTES FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL APPLICATIONS

Solid polymer electrolyte films containing poly（vinyl alcohol） （PVA） and magnesium nitrate （Mg（NO3）2） were prepared by solution casting technique and characterized by using XRD, FTIR, DSC and AC impedance spectroscopic analysis. The amorphous nature of the polymer electrolyte films has been confirmed by XRD. The complex formation between PVA and Mg salt has been confirmed by FTIR. The glass transition temperature decreases with increasing the Mg salt concentration. The AC impedance studies are performed to evaluate the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte films in the range of 303-383 K, and the temperature dependence seems to obey the Arrhenius behavior. Transport number measurements show that the charge transport is mainly due to ions. Electrochemical cell of configuration Mg/（PVA ＋ Mg（NO3）2） （70：30）/（12 ＋ C ＋ electrolyte） has been fabricated. The discharge characteristics of the cell were studied for a constant load of 100 kΩ.

Discount pricing policy for deteriorating items under preservation technology cost and shortages

This paper presents an inventory model with a constant rate of deterioration of the product,and shortages are allowed at the end of the cycle.The stock-dependent and price-sensitive demand have been considered with a policy of providing price discount to uplift the market demand.Preservation technology is applied to preserve the items from deterioration.The objective of this model is to maximize the total profit function by finding the optimal replenishment time,the optimal preservation technology investment and the optimal quantity.Next,we have shown that the total profit is a concave function of the replenishment time and preservation technology cost.Discount in pricing may be offered at a time of festival,season breaks down,lockdown and clearance of stock,before introducing a new product with up-gradations,etc.Numerical examples and graphical analysis are provided to explain the model.The discount policy could help any business organizations for smooth running of the business and obtain respective optimal profit.

固定化介导提高苦味叶下珠中的海冰叶下珠脂素和叶下珠次素的含量(英文)

Phyllanthus amarus plant is used in the traditional system of medicine as a hepatoprotective drug for which the majorlignans phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin are responsible.So far,no significant work has been done on the culture of this plant.Realizingthe hepatoprotective potential,the present investigation was undertaken.A cost effective process was developed for enhancingphyllanthin and hypophyllanthin utilizing the immobilization technique.HPTLC was used to compare the phyllanthin and hypophyllanthincontents in calcium alginate immobilized cells obtained from fresh grown plants and MS medium was supplemented withdifferent abiotic elicitors,under aseptic conditions for the treatment with chitosan,copper sulphate,phenylalanine and silver nitratesolution to make the whole process commercially viable.It was revealed that silver nitrate and phenylalanine at low concentrationenhances phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin yield as compared to control immobilized cell culture.The study revealed that an increase inthe content of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin was elicitor concentration dependent and silver nitrate treatment gave a maximum yieldof hepatoprotective bioactives as compared to the other abiotic elicitors used.

SIMULATION OF INVENTORY POLICY FOR PRODUCT WITH PRICE AND TIME-DEPENDENT DEMAND FOR DETERIORATING ITEM

In a declining market for goods,we optimize the net profit in business when inventory management allows change in the selling prices n times over time horizon.We are computing optimal number of changes in prices,respective optimal prices,and optimal profit in each of the cycle for a deteriorating product.This paper theoretically proves that for any business setup there exists an optimal number of price settings for obtaining maximum profit.Theoretical results are supported by numerical examples for different setups(data set)and it is found that for every setup the dynamic pricing policy out-performs the static pricing policy.In our model,the deterioration factor has been taken into consideration.The deteriorated units are determined by the recurrence method.Also we studied the effect of different parameters on optimal policy with simulation.For managerial purposes,we have provided some“suggested intervals”for choosing parameters depending upon initial demand,which help to predict the best prices and arrival of customers(demand).

Dielectric spectroscopy of polymer-metal composites across the percolation threshold

Polymer(polar/nonpolar)/metal composites(PMC)were prepared under different process conditions.In polar PMC,dipolar relaxation plays a predominant role below percolation threshold(f_(c))and anomalous low frequency dispersion(ALFD)becomes dominant above f_(c)while ALFD is the only likely possibility for nonpolar PMC above f_(c).The magnitude of relaxation exponents"m","p"and"n",evaluated from the experimental results using Jonscher's universal dielectric response(JUDR)laws,falls within the universal limit
[0,1]with additional feature of strong dependence on volume fraction of conductor(f_(c)on).The decrease in the relaxation exponent"m"with an increase of f_(c)on is directly linked with decrease in the number of dipoles of the polymer in the composite and is accompanied by a distribution of relaxation time due to increased heterogeneity of the system.The magnitude of the relaxation exponent"n"decreases at f_(c),due to the prevalence of Maxwell–Wagner–Sillar polarization contributed by uncorrelated electrons.