The Relationship between Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood and Behavioral Problems among Chinese Emerging Adults: The Mediating Role of Physical Activity and Self- Control

Emerging adulthood(EA)is a critical stage of life to develop and sustain a healthy lifestyle,which is also a time of vulnerability to poor physical and mental health outcomes.In this study,we conducted a path analysis(N=1326)to examine associations among four dimensions of EA,levels of regular physical activity(PA),self-control,MPA tendency and irrational procrastination.Results found:1)higher levels of PA predicted both MPA tendency(β=−0.08,95%CI:−0.11 to−0.06,p<0.001)and irrational procrastination(β=−0.01,95%CI:−0.17 to−0.008,p<0.01)indirectly via self-control;2)Instability(β=0.13,95%CI:0.08 to 0.18,p<0.01)and Responsibility(β=−0.06,95%CI:−0.10 to−0.08,p=0.03)exerted direct effects on irrational procrastination and Instability also indirectly predicted irrational procrastination via MPA tendency(β=0.03,95%CI:0.02 to 0.05,p<0.01).These findings proved that perceived features of EA are linked to behavioral problems and supported that regular PA plays a crucial role to protect mental health.

The measurement of proprioceptive accuracy:A systematic literature review

Background:Proprioceptive accuracy refers to the individual’s ability to perceive proprioceptive information,that is,the information referring to the actual state of the locomotor system,which originates from mechanoreceptors located in various parts of the locomotor system and from tactile receptors located in the skin.Proprioceptive accuracy appears to be an important aspect in the evaluation of sensorimotor functioning;however,no widely accepted standard assessment exists.In this systematic review,our goal was to identify and categorize different methods that are used to assess different aspects of proprioceptive accuracy.Methods:A literature search was conducted in 5 different databases(PubMed,SPORTDiscus,PsycINFO,ScienceDirect,and SpringerLink).Results:Overall,1139 scientific papers reporting 1346 methods were included in this review.The methods assess 8 different aspects of proprioception:(a)the perception of joint position,(b)movement and movement extent,(c)trajectory,(d)velocity,and the sense of(e)force,(f)muscle tension,(g)weight,and(h)size.They apply various paradigms of psychophysics(i.e.,the method of adjustment,constant stimuli,and limits).Conclusion:As the outcomes of different tasks with respect to various body parts show no associations(i.e.,proprioceptive accuracy is characterized by site-specificity and method-specificity),the appropriate measurement method for the task needs to be chosen based on theoretical considerations and/or ecological validity.

Association between Active School Travel and Depressive Symptoms among 51,702 Adolescents in 26 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Little is known about the role of active school travel(AST)on mental health among adolescents.Thus,this study aimed to explore the AST-depression association among adolescents aged 12–15 years from 26 low-and middle-income countries(LMICs).Data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey were analyzed in 51,702 adolescents[mean(SD)age 13.8(1.0)years;49.3%boys).Both depressive symptoms and AST were assessed by a single question self-reported measure,respectively.Participants who reported having 5 days or above were considered as AST.Multivariable logistic regression analysis(accounting for sampling weights)was performed while controlling for gender,age,physical activity,sedentary behavior,and food insecurity,and a countrywide meta-analysis was undertaken.The prevalence of depressive symptoms and AST were 30.1%and 37.0%,respectively.Compared with those not having AST,adolescents with AST were less likely to have self-reported depressive symptoms(OR=0.88,95%CI:0.85-0.93)regardless of gender.Countrywide meta-analysis demonstrated that having AST versus not having AST was associated with 12%lower odds for depressive symptoms(OR=0.88;95%CI:0.82-0.94)but with a moderate between-country heterogeneity(I^(2)=59.0%).Based on large samples of adolescents from LMICs,it would be expected that AST may play a critical role in preventing adolescent depression worldwide.However,it is necessary to consider more country-specific factors when implementing AST-related mental health interventions.Future studies should adopt the solid study design to confirm or negate our researchfindings.

The Contribution of BMI,Body Image Inflexibility,and Generalized Anxiety to Symptoms of Eating Disorders and Exercise Dependence in Exercisers

1)Background:The common factors which potentially contribute to the development of eating disorders and exercise dependence during early adulthood are still relatively unclear.The present study aimed to examine the role of BMI,body image inflexibility,and generalized anxiety in these two behavioral problems in a sample of college students.2)Methods:In total,878 habitual exercisers(58.1%male with BMI=22.12±2.39;41.9%female with BMI=20.55±2.21)with age of 20.09±1.76 years participated in this study.The main outcomes of interest are exercise dependence symptoms,eating disorders symptoms,body image inflexibility,and symptoms of generalized anxiety(as measured by Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised,Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire-Short Form,Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire,and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7,respectively).Pearson correlation,path analysis,and model fit information were tested.3)Results:After controlling for age,gender,and field of study,lower BMI was linked to more exercise dependence symptoms but this association was not statistically significant,while a greater BMI was significantly associated with a higher risk of developing eating disorders(β=−0.08,p<0.001).Moreover,higher body image inflexibility significantly and positively contributed to severe exercise dependence(β=0.26,p<0.001)as well as abnormal eating attitudes and behaviors(β=0.74,p<0.001).Furthermore,generalized anxiety is a significant contributor to exercise dependence symptoms(β=0.14,p<0.001)but not eating disorders symptoms.4)Conclusion:Based on our finding that body image inflexibility is a common risk factor for the development of exercise dependence and eating disorders,the prevention and treatment of these two disorders should involve the improvement of psychological flexibility.In addition,the individual with a higher BMI is more vulnerable to developing eating disorders,while those who have severer generalized anxiety symptoms should be given more attention when screening for exercise dependence.

A self-employed taxpayer experimental study on trust,power,and tax compliance in eleven countries

The slippery slope framework explains tax compliance along two main dimensions,trust in authorities and power of authorities,which influence taxpayers’compliance attitudes.Through frequentist and Bayesian analyses,we investigated the framework’s assumptions on a sample of 2786 self-employed taxpayers from eleven post-communist and non-post-communist countries doing business in five economic branches.After using scenarios that experimentally manipulated trust and power,our results confirmed the framework’s assumptions regarding the attitudes of the self-employed taxpayers;trust and power fostered intended tax compliance and diminished tax evasion,trust boosted voluntary tax compliance,whereas power increased enforced tax compliance.Additionally,self-employed taxpayers from post-communist countries reported higher intended tax compliance and lower tax evasion than those from non-post-communist countries.Our results offer tax authorities insights into how trust and power may contribute to obtaining and maintaining high tax compliance levels amid global economic challenges,downturns,and increasing tax compliance costs.

Incorporating physiological knowledge into correlative species distribution models minimizes bias introduced by the choice of calibration area

Correlative species distribution models(SDMs)are important tools to estimate species’geographic distribution across space and time,but their reliability heavily relies on the availability and quality of occurrence data.Estimations can be biased when occurrences do not fully represent the environmental requirement of a species.We tested to what extent species’physiological knowledge might influence SDM estimations.Focusing on the Japanese sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus within the coastal ocean of East Asia,we compiled a comprehensive dataset of occurrence records.We then explored the importance of incorporating physiological knowledge into SDMs by calibrating two types of correlative SDMs:a naïve model that solely depends on environmental correlates,and a physiologically informed model that further incorporates physiological information as priors.We further tested the models’sensitivity to calibration area choices by fitting them with different buffered areas around known presences.Compared with naïve models,the physiologically informed models successfully captured the negative influence of high temperature on A.japonicus and were less sensitive to the choice of calibration area.The naïve models resulted in more optimistic prediction of the changes of potential distributions under climate change(i.e.,larger range expansion and less contraction)than the physiologically informed models.Our findings highlight benefits from incorporating physiological information into correlative SDMs,namely mitigating the uncertainties associated with the choice of calibration area.Given these promising features,we encourage future SDM studies to consider species physi-ological information where available.

Sex-dependent increase of movement activity in the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus following adaptation to a predator-free cave habitat

Populations experiencing negligible predation pressure are expected to evolve higher behavioral activity.However,when sexes have different expected benefits from high activity,the adaptive shift is expected to be sex-specific.Here,we compared movement activity of one cave(lack of predation)and three adjacent surface(high and diverse predation)populations of Asellus aquaticus,a freshwater isopod known for its independent colonization of several caves across Europe.We predicted 1)higher activity in cave than in surface populations,with 2)the difference being more pronounced in males as they are known for active mate searching behavior,while females are not.Activity was assessed both in the presence and absence of light.Our results supported both predictions:movement activity was higher in the cave than in the surface populations,particularly in males.Relaxed predation pressure in the cave-adapted population is most likely the main selective factor behind increased behavioral activity,but we also showed that the extent of increase is sex-specific.

Earth observation and geospatial big data management and engagement of stakeholders in Hungary to support the SDGs

To support the monitoring and reporting processes during imple-mentation of the Sustainable Development Goals,well-developed,commonly recognized Earth observations and geospatial data,methods,innovations,committed professionals,and strong sus-tainability policies are necessary.This article informs the readers on the Earth observation and geoinformation developments and innovations,and on the engagement of profession,academy and governance to support implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Hungary.Description,analyses and critical assessments are given on the elements selected from Hungarian sustainable-oriented Earth observation and geospatial novelties:(a)Working Group for Sustainable Development mission and national sustainabilitypolicy,(b)international partnerships,domestic activities and achievements,(c)status of the professional education,(d)spatial databases and services to support implementation of the sustain-able development,(e)a case study on the internationally recog-nized soil geoinformation system,(f)national Earth Observation Information System and perspectives of its applications for mon-itoring the sustainability.The article conclusion strongly advises the Hungarian realization of(a)institutionalization of the Earth observation and geospatial tools and capacity for sustainable development,(b)their use in integration with statistical data,(c)establishment of national spatial information infrastructure and(d)development and spreading of the use of big data.

Measurement of away-side broadening with self-subtraction of flow in Au+Au collisions at √sNN=200 GeV

High transverse momentum(pT)particle production is suppressed owing to the parton(jet)energy loss in the hot dense medium created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.Redistribution of energy at low-to-modest pT has been difficult to measure,owing to large anisotropic backgrounds.We report a data-driven method for background evaluation and subtraction,exploiting the away-side pseudorapidity gaps,to measure the jetlike correlation shape in Au+Au collisions at √sNN=200 GeV in the STAR experiment.The correlation shapes,for trigger particles pT>3GeV/c and various associated particle pT ranges within 0.5<pT<10GeV/c,are consistent with Gaussians,and their widths increase with centrality.The results indicate jet broadening in the medium created in central heavy-ion collisions.

Revealing the topological phase diagram of ZrTe_(5) using the complex strain fields of microbubbles

Topological materials host robust properties,unaffected by microscopic perturbations,owing to the global topological properties of the bulk electron system.Materials in which the topological invariant can be changed by easily tuning external parameters are especially sought after.Zirconium pentatelluride(ZrTe_(5))is one of a few experimentally available materials that reside close to the boundary of a topological phase transition,allowing the switching of its invariant by mechanical strain.Here,we unambiguously identify a topological insulator–metal transition as a function of strain,by a combination of ab initio calculations and direct measurements of the local charge density.Our model quantitatively describes the response to complex strain patterns found in bubbles of few layer ZrTe_(5) without fitting parameters,reproducing the mechanical deformation-dependent closing of the band gap observed using scanning tunneling microscopy.We calculate the topological phase diagram of ZrTe_(5) and identify the phase at equilibrium,enabling the design of device architectures,which exploit the topological switching characteristics of the system.