Role of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms and functions in development of ulcerative colitis

Cytochromes P450 s(CYPs) are terminal enzymes in CYP dependent monooxygenases, which constitute a superfamily of enzymes catalysing the metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous substances. One of their main tasks is to facilitate the excretion of these substances and eliminate their toxicities in most phase 1 reactions. Endogenous substrates of CYPs include steroids, bile acids, eicosanoids, cholesterol, vitamin D and neurotransmitters. About 80% of currently used drugs and environmental chemicals comprise exogenous substrates for CYPs. Genetic polymorphisms of CYPs may affect the enzyme functions and have been reported to be associated with various diseases and adverse drug reactions among different populations. In this review, we discuss the role of some critical CYP isoforms(CYP1 A1, CYP2 D6, CYP2 J2, CYP2 R1,CYP3 A5, CYP3 A7, CYP4 F3, CYP24 A1, CYP26 B1 and CYP27 B1) in the pathogenesis or aetiology of ulcerative colitis concerning gene polymorphisms. In addition, their significance in metabolism concerning ulcerative colitis in patients is also discussed showing a clear underestimation in genetic studies performed so far.

Phenolic compounds affect production of pyocyanin, swarming motility and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Objective: To investigate the effects of plant-derived phenolic compounds(i.e. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and vanillic acid) on the production of quorum sensing regulated virulence factors such as pyocyanin, biofilm formation and swarming motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P. aeruginosa) isolates.Methods: Fourteen clinical P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from urine samples and P. aeruginosa PA01 strain were included in the study. The antibacterial effects of phenolic compounds were screened by well diffusion assay. Pyocyanin and biofilm activity were measured from culture supernatants and the absorbance values were measured using a spectrophotometer. Swarming plates supplemented with phenolic acids were point inoculated with P. aeruginosa strains and the ability to swarm was determined by measuring the distance of swarming from the central inoculation site.Results: Tested phenolic compounds reduced the production of pyocyanin and biofilm formation without affecting growth compared to untreated cultures. Moreover, these compounds blocked about 50% of biofilm production and swarming motility in P. aeruginosa isolates.Conclusions: We may suggest that if swarming and consecutive biofilm formation could be inhibited by the natural products as shown in our study, the bacteria could not attach to the surfaces and produce chronic infections. Antimicrobials and natural products could be combined and the dosage of antimicrobials could be reduced to overcome antimicrobial resistance and drug side effects.

Cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic effects of naringenin-oxime relative to naringenin on normal and cancer cell lines

Objective: To assess and compare the cytotoxic, genotoxic, apoptotic and reactive oxygen species(ROS) generating effects of naringenin(NG) and its new derived compound naringenin-oxime(NG-Ox) on MCF-7, HT-29, PC-12 cancer and L-929 normal cell lines.Methods: The cells were incubated with different doses of NG-Ox and NG(50–1 000 mmol/L) for 24 h. The cell viability was assessed based on ATP cell viability assay.Intracellular accumulation of ROS was determined using the fluorescent probes 2070-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate. Genotoxic effects were evaluated by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay(comet assay) and, the apoptotic effect was evaluated by acridine orange staining at below the IC50 levels.Results: Both NG-Ox and NG exhibited cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic effects and resulted in increased ROS values in a dose-dependent manner. The effects were more pronounced on cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic effects of NG-Ox were higher than that of NG in all cell lines. Significant correlations were observed between cell viability, DNA damage, apoptosis and ROS, in all cell lines exposed to either NG-Ox or NG.Conclusions: This study showed that both NG-Ox and NG possess cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic activities through the production of ROS on cells, NG-Ox being the more effective one. Therefore, derived compound of NG might be used as antiproliferative agents for the treatment of cancer.

The Allelopathic Effects of Sunflower and Wheat Root Exudates on Sinapis arvensis and Sinapis alba

In this study,we aimed to investigate the allelopathic effects of sunflower and wheat root exudates on the common weeds such as wild mustard and white mustard in our region.The root exudates which were obtained by soaking 8 weeks old sunflower and wheat seedlings(20 or 40 seedlings)in 100 mL of distilled water for 3 days were applied to the leaves of wild mustard and white mustard.In order to compare the allelopathic effect,the recommended dose(1 g.da^(-1))and twice the recommended dose(2 g.da^(-1))of Gromstor(Tribenuron-methyl),a herbicide preferred by farmers for the chemical control of these weeds was also applied.The allelopathy was performed for wild mustard and white mustard seedlings by the measurement of different physiological and biochemical parameters,such as chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,total chlorophyll,carotenoid,proline,total protein amounts and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity.The amounts of total chl and carotenoid in wild mustard leaves decreased in all treatment groups compared to control.The highest decrease in total chl(50.93%)and carotenoid(46.69%)was oberved in the treatment of 40 wheat seedlings.100 mL^(-1) distilled water.In the white mustard leaves,the amount of total chl in all treatment groups except the treatment group of Gromstor 2 g.da^(-1) and carotenoid in all treatment groups increased compared to the control.The highest increases again were observed in 40 wheat seedlings.100 mL^(-1) distilled water treatment.The proline amounts in wild mustard and white mustard increased in all treatment groups.The highest increase was observed for the treatment of 20 wheat seedlings.100 mL^(-1) distilled water in wild mustard(459.69%)and 40 sunflower seedlings.100 mL^(-1) distilled water in white mustard plant(104.70%).In superoxide dismutase enzyme activities,treatments decreased activity except treatment of 40 sunflower seedling root exudate in wild mustard,while increased activity outside commercial herbicide treatment in white mustard.The results showed that sunflower and wheat root exudates have allelopathic effects on wild mustard and white mustard weeds.It is thought that the study will be a reference for new studies that will enable the use of plant root exudates as bioherbicides or foliar fertilizers and will contribute to the fight against weeds in organic agriculture.

Microstructural,Mechanical,Electrical,and Thermal Properties of the Bi-Sn-Ag Ternary Eutectic Alloy

The development of lead-free solders has emerged as one of the key issues in the electronics packaging industries.Bi-Sn-Ag eutectic alloy has been considered as one of the lead-free solder materials that can replace the toxic Pb-Sn eutectic solder without increasing soldering temperature.We investigated the effects of temperature gradient and growth rate on the mechanical,electrical and thermal properties of the BiSn-Ag ternary eutectic alloy.Bi-47 wt%Sn-0.68 wt%Ag alloy was directionally solidified upward with different temperature gradients（G=2.33-5.66 K/mm） at a constant growth rate（V=13.25 μm/s） and with different growth rates（V=6.55-132.83 μm/s） at a constant temperature gradient（G=2.33 K/mm） in the growth apparatus.The microstructures（λ）,microhardness（HV）,tensile stress（σ）,electrical resistivity（ρ）,and thermal properties（△H,Cp,Tm） were measured on directionally solidified samples.The dependency of the λ,HV,σ,and ρ on G and V was investigated.According to the experimental results,X values decrease with increasing G and V,but HV,λ,and ρ values increase with increasing G and V.Variations of electrical resistivity（ρ） for cast samples with the temperature in the range of 300-400 K were also measured by using a standard dc four-point probe technique.The enthalpy of fusion（△H） and specific heat（Cp） for the same alloy was also determined by means of differential scanning calorimeter（DSC） from heating trace during the transformation from eutectic liquid to eutectic solid.

Computational Studies on the Ground State Tautomer,Hydrogen Conformations and Vibrational Spectroscopic Analysis of Antitumor Agents:3-Deazauracil and 6-Azauracil

The ground state hydrogen conformations and vibrational analysis of 3-deazauracil(3DAU)and 6-azauracil(6AU)tautomers(4-enol and 2,4-diol forms)have been calculated using ab initio Hartree-Fock(HF)and density functional theory(B3LYP)methods with 6-311++G(d,p)basis set level.The calculations have shown that the most probably preferential tautomer of 3DAU and 6AU are the 4-enol form,which gives best fit to the corresponding experimental data.The ground state conformer of the 2,4-diol form has two O—H bonds which are oriented externally and internally(to the N—H bond).The vibrational analyses of the ground state conformer of each tautomeric form of 3DAU and 6AU were done and their optimized geometry parameters(bond lengths and bond angles)were given.Furthermore,from the correlations values it was concluded that the B3LYP method is superior to the HF method for both the vibrational frequencies and the geometric parameters.

Nickel accumulation and its effect on biomass,protein content and antioxidative enzymes in roots and leaves of watercress(Nasturtium officinale R.Br.)

In order to understand its response towards nickel stress, watercress （Nasturtium officinale R. Br.） was exposed to nickel （1-25 mg/L） for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. The accumulation and translocation of nickel were determined and the influence of nickel on biomass, protein content and enzymatic antioxidants was examined for both roots and leaves. It was determined that N. o fficinale could accumulate appreciable amounts of Ni in both roots and leaves. Nickel accumulated particularly in the roots of plants. Biomass increased at low nickel concentrations but certain measurable change was not found at high concentrations. Under stress conditions the antioxidant enzymes were up-regulated compared to control. An increase in protein content and enzyme activities was observed at moderate exposure conditions followed by a decline at both roots and leaves. The maximum enzyme activities were observed at different exposure conditions. Our results showed that N. officinale had the capacity to overcome nickel-induced stress especially at moderate nickel exposure. Therefore, N. officinale may be used as a phytoremediator in moderately polluted aquatic ecosystems.

Influence of Chemical Effect on the Kβ/Kα Intensity Ratios and Kβ Energy Shift of Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn Complexes

Chemical effects on the Kβ/Kα intensity ratios and △E energy differences for Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn complexes were investigated. The samples were excited by 59.5 keV γ-rays from a ^241Am annular radioactive source. K X-rays emitted by samples were counted by an Ultra-LEGe detector with a resolution of 150 eV at 5.9 keV. We observed the effects of different ligands on the Kβ/Kα intensity ratios and △E energy differences for Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn complexes. We tried to investigate chemical effects on central atoms using the behaviors of different ligands in these complexes. The experimental values of Kβ/Kα were compared with the theoretical and other experimental values of pure Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn.

CONFORMAL AND GENERALIZED CONCIRCULAR MAPPINGS OF EINSTEIN-WEYL MANIFOLDS

In this article, after giving a necessary and sufficient condition for two Einstein- Weyl manifolds to be in conformal correspondence, we prove that any conformal mapping between such manifolds is generalized concircular if and only if the covector field of the conformal mapping is locally a gradient. Using this fact we deduce that any conformal mapping between two isotropic Weyl manifolds is a generalized concircular mapping. Moreover, it is shown that a generalized concircularly flat Weyl manifold is generalized concircular to an Einstein manifold and that its scalar curvature is prolonged covariant constant.

Sensitivity Analysis of COVID-19 in Mediterranean Island

The aim of this study is to examine the progress of the worldwide pandemic Covid-19.As authors,we have decided to analyze the situation of COVID-19 onMediterranean islandwith accurate data.For this purpose,amathematical model is constructed and proposed by dividing the whole population into sensible and suitable compartments.The study captures the dates February 01 till May 15,2021.For the control of the spread of disease,vaccination and infection rates are compared and calculated.During calculations and comparison,MatLab software is used.All of the data that are used are taken from the Ministry of Health.The effect of parameters is examined with sensitivity analysis.Furthermore,with this analysis,values of parameters are obtained.Afterwards,by using the constructed model,the effect of vaccine on infected individuals is analyzed separately.As a result,it is concluded that the studied part of the island is late for the control of the disease via vaccine.This can be explained by two main reasons;vaccinating the people that are not inmobilitymost of the time(aged people and people with chronic diseases)and getting the vaccine late.Hence,the results showed that this rate and distribution of vaccines would not be enough to control the pandemic on the island.

MULTIPLIERS AND TENSOR PRODUCTS OF L(p,q) LORENTZ SPACES

Let G be a locally compact abelian group. The main purpose of this article is to find the space of multipliers from the Lorentz space. L（p1, q1）（G） to L（p＇2, q＇2）（G）. For this reason, the authors define the space A p1,q1^ p2,p2（G）, discuss its properties and prove that the space of multipliers from L（p1, q1）（G） to L（p＇2, q＇2）（G） is isometrically isomorphic to the dual of A p1,q1^p2,q2 （G）.

Synthesis of Electroconducting Hydroxy-Sodalite/Graphite Composite: Preparation and Characterization

Electroconductive hydroxy-sodalite/graphite composites were synthesized by alkali-activation of kaolinite in the presence of sodium hydroxide as the alkali activator and graphite as a conductive filler. Thermal, morphological and microstructural properties in addition to direct current (D.C.) conductivity of the prepared composites were investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflection mode (FTIR/ATR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive using X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) and DC conductivity measurements were used to characterize the prepared composites. The effect of the hydroxyl-sodalite-to-graphite and NaOH-to-kaolinite ratios on the electrical conductivity was investigated and evaluated on the generated composite specimens made of Jordanian kaolinite or pure kaolinite. It was demonstrated that increasing the mass ratio of graphite-to-kaolinite in the clay-based composites increased the electrical conductivity of the resultant composites. It was also observed that using 1:1 graphite-to-pure kaolinite mass ratio showed the best electrical conductivity value of 3 × 10-3 s/cm, among the other mass ratios used for pure kaolinite specimens, while using 1:1 mass ratio of graphite-to-Jordanian kaolinite showed a conductivity of 1.6 s/cm.

Potential Distribution Modeling and Morphology of Pelias barani(B?hme and Joger, 1983) in Turkey

The climatic preferences of Pelias barani, a rare Pontic endemic viper, are analysed and a new locality record is reported. According to species distribution modeling, with the average test AUC was was 0.904 ± 0.068, bioclimatic variables such as Precipitation of driest month（45.5%）, Temperature seasonality（18.9%）, Precipitation seasonality（17.9%） and Maximum temperature of warmest period（14.7%） appear to have the most useful information on geographic distribution of Pelias barani. Distribution models of Pelias barani under current climatic conditions showed better adaptation to the northwest and northeast part of Turkey.

Experimental and first-principles investigation of crystal structure of powder metallurgy Al-1.1Sc and Al-2Sc alloys

Al-1.1%Sc and A1-2%Sc （mass fraction） alloys were prepared using gas atomized alloy particles. Samples from consolidated alloys were analyzed by XRD for the determination of lattice parameters. Using these lattice parameters, the mechanical properties of the alloys were calculated theoretically with WIEN2k and EMTO programs, respectively. The elasticity moduli of the experimentally produced alloys were compared with the theoretical calculation results. The calculated mechanical properties of A13Sc phase and A1-Sc alloys were discussed to determine the optimum Sc content of Al-Sc alloys. It may be concluded that the Sc content should be the maximum about 1.0%, much more Sc addition could not improve the mechanical properties of the alloys.

Mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the directionally solidified Bi–Zn–Al ternary eutectic alloy

A Bi-2.0Zn-0.2A1 （wt%） ternary eutectic alloy was prepared using a vacuum melting furnace and a casting furnace. The samples were directionally solidified upwards at a constant growth rate （V= 18.4 μm/s） under different temperature gradients （G = 1.15-3.44 K/mm） and at a constant temperature gradient （G = 2.66 K/mm） under different growth rates （V= 8.3-500 μm/s） in a Bridgman-type directional so- lidification furnace. The dependence ofmicrostructure parameter （2） on the solidification parameters （G and V） and that of the microhardness （Hv） on the microstructure and solidification parameters were investigated. The resistivity （ρ） measurements of the studied alloy were per- formed using the standard four-point-probe method, and the temperature coefficient of resistivity （α） was calculated from the ρ-Tcurve. The enthalpy （AH） and the specific heat （Cp） values were determined by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. In addition, the thermal conductivities of samples, obtained using the Wiedemann-Franz and Smith-Palmer equations, were compared with the experimental results. The results revealed that, the thermal conductivity values obtained using the Wiedemarm-Franz and Smith-Palmer equations for the Bi-2.0Zn-0.2Al （wt%） alloy are in the range of 5.2-6.5 W/Km and 15.2-16.4 W/Km, respectively.

Calculation of Radii and Density of ^(7-19)B Isotopes Using Effective Skyrme Force

Abstract In this study, the proton and neutron densities, charge densities, rms nuclear charge radii, rms nuclear mass radii, rms nuclear proton, neutron radii, and neutron skin thickness are calculated by using Harfree-Fock method with an effective nucleon-nucleon Skyrme interactions with SⅠ, SⅡ, SⅣ, T3, SKM, and SKM^＊ parameters. These nuclear properties for the neutron-rich isotopes of B （Boron） are presented. The calculated results are compared with the experimental and theoretical results of other researchers.

Unified treatment for accurate and fast evaluation of the Fermi-Dirac functions

A new analytical approach to the computation of the Fermi-Dirac （FD） functions is presented, which was suggested by previous experience with various algorithms. Using the binomial expansion theorem these functions are expressed through the binomial coefficients and familiar incomplete Gamma functions. This simplification and the use of the memory of the computer for the calculation of binomial coefficients may extend the limits to large arguments for users and result in speedier calculation, should such limits be required in practice. Some numerical results are presented for significant mapping examples and they are briefly discussed.

Construction of Different Kinds of Atomic and Molecular Orbitals Using Complete Orthonormal Sets of ψ^α-ETO in Single Exponent Approximation

Using complete orthonormal sets of ψ^α-exponential type orbitals in single exponent approximation the new approach has been suggested for construction of different kinds of functions which can be useful in the theory of linear combination of atomic orbitals. These functions can be chosen properly according to the nature of the problems under consideration. This is rather important because the choice of the basis set may be play a crucial role in applications to atomic and molecular problems. As an example of application, different atomic orbitals for the ground states of the neutral and the first ten cationic members of the isoelectronic series of He atom are constructed by the solution of Hartree-Fock-Roothaan equations using ψ^1, ψ^0 and ψ^-1 basis sets. The cMculated results are close to the numerical Hartree-Fock values. The total energy, expansion coefficients, orbital exponents and virial ratio for each atom are presented.

Novel Isatin-Schiff Base Cu (II) and Ni(II) Complexes. X-ray Crystal Structure of Bis[3-(4-hexylphenylimino)-1H-indol-2(3H)-one]-dichlorocopper(II) Complex

Schiff base ligand （HL） derived from 4-hexylaniline with isatin （1H-indole-2,3-dione） and its complexes with Cu（Ⅱ）, Ni（Ⅱ） were prepared and characterized by analytical, spectroscopic （IR, UV-Vis, Mass） techniques, electrical conductivity, magnetic and thermal measurements. The crystal and molecular structure of [Cu（HL）2Cl2] was determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The molecular structure of the title compound has an inversion center on the Cu atom.

Dependence of microstructural, mechanical and electrical properties on growth rates in directional solidified Zn-Al-Bi eutectic alloy

Zn-5%Al-0.2%Bi（mass fraction） alloy was directionally solidified upward at a constant temperature gradient with a wide range of growth rates using a Bridgman-type directional solidification furnace. The eutectic spacings, microhardness, ultimate tensile strength and electrical resistivity for directionally solidified Zn-Al-Bi alloy were measured. Dependence of eutectic spacings, microhardness, ultimate tensile strength and electrical resistivity on growth rates was obtained by linear regression analysis. The results obtained in the present work for low growth rates（smaller than 450.0 μm/s） are in good agreement with experimental results obtained in previous work for directional solidified Zn-Al eutectic alloy with a similar growth rate but differs from the Jackson-Hunt eutectic theory and those obtained in previous experimental works at higher growth rates. The critical growth rate might be 450.0 μm/s for the Zn-Al-Bi eutectic alloy. From the plot of heat flow versus temperature, enthalpy of fusion, specific heat difference between liquid and solid phases and melting temperature for the Zn-Al-Bi alloy are found to be 112.55 J/g, 0.291 J/（g·K） and 660.20 K, respectively.