Debt,sleep deprivation and psychological distress among online ride-hailing drivers:evidence from China

An online ride-hailing driver(ORHD)refers to a driver who takes orders and provides rental car services to passengers via an online service platform.1 ORHD plays a significant role in the urban transport system worldwide,operating through many platforms.According to official data from the Chinese Ministry of Transport,a total of 1.6 million vehicle transport permits were issued by the end of March 2022.

Effects of Religious vs. Conventional Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Inflammatory Markers and Stress Hormones in Major Depression and Chronic Medical Illness: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Depressive disorder is often accompanied by physiological changes that may adversely affect the course of medical illness, including an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Methods: We examine the effects of religious cognitive behavioral therapy (RCBT) vs. conventional CBT (CCBT) on pro-/anti-inflammatory indicators and stress hormones in 132 individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic medical illness who were recruited into a multi-site randomized clinical trial. Biomarkers (C-reactive protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-12-p70), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL1ra, IL-4, IL-10), and stress hormones (urinary cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine) were assessed at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks. Differential effects of baseline religiosity on treatment response were also examined, along with effects of religiosity on changes in biomarkers over time independent of treatment group. Biomarker levels were log transformed where possible to normalize distributions. Mixed models were used to examine trajectories of change. Results: CRP increased and IL-4, IL-10, and epinephrine decreased over time, mostly in the opposite direction expected (except epinephrine). No significant difference between RCBT and CCBT was found on average trajectory of change in any biomarkers. Religiosity interacted with treatment group in effects on IL-6, such that CCBT was more effective than RCBT in lowering lL-6 in those with low religiosity whereas RCBT appeared to be more effective than CCBT in those with high religiosity. Higher baseline religiosity also tended to predict an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines INF-γ and IL-12 (p70) and urinary cortisol over time. Conclusions: RCBT and CCBT had similar effects on stress biomarkers. CCBT was more effective in reducing IL-6 levels in those with low religiosity, whereas RCBT tended to be more effective in those with high religiosity. Unexpectedly, higher baseline religiosity was associated with an increase in several stress biomarkers.

Dissection of molecular mechanisms of liver injury induced by microcystin-leucine arginine via single-cell RNA-sequencing

The occurrence of poisoning incidents caused by cyanobacterial blooms has aroused wide public concern.Microcystin-leucine arginine(MC-LR)is a well-established toxin produced by cyanobacterial blooms,which is widely distributed in eutrophic waters.MC-LR is not only hazardous to the water environment but also exerts multiple toxic effects including liver toxicity in both humans and animals.However,the underlying mechanisms of MCLR-induced liver toxicity are unclear.Herein,we used advanced single-cell RNA sequencing technology to characterize MC-LR-induced liver injury in mice.We established the first single-cell atlas ofmouse livers in response to MC-LR.Our results showed that the differentially expressed genes and pathways in diverse cell types of liver tissues of mice treatedwith MC-LR are highly heterogeneous.Deep analysis showed that MC-LR induced an increase in a subpopulation of hepatocytes that highly express Gstm3,which potentially contributed to hepatocyte apoptosis in response to MC-LR.Moreover,MC-LR increased the proportion and multiple subtypes of Kupffer cells with M1 phenotypes and highly expressed proinflammatory genes.Furthermore,the MC-LR increased several subtypes of CD8+T cells with highly expressed multiple cytokines and chemokines.Overall,apart from directly inducing hepatocytes apoptosis,MC-LR activated proinflammatory Kupffer cell and CD8+T cells,and their interaction may constitute a hostile microenvironment that contributes to liver injury.Our findings not only present novel insight into underlying molecular mechanisms but also provide a valuable resource and foundation for additional discovery of MC-LR-induced liver toxicity.

对精神病的社会心理流行病学、发病机制和病症意义的阐述（英文）

本文回顾了过去20年我们对精神病认识的革命性变化。很大程度上说,这一变化主要得益于社会心理流行病学与针对精神病的认知行为治疗(cognitive behavior therapy for psychosis,CBT-p)的发展和交互促进。而后者也促进了数据的采集和分析方法的补充策略。这些方法包括利用与精神病相关的一系列因变量,如何分析横断面和纵向流行病学调查、虚拟现实研究、经验抽样方法研究及治疗学临床试验中采集到的数据。研究的关键是探索各个社会心理因素的相互关系和作用。这些研究证明了外部社会在精神病性障碍的发生和发展中的作用。此外,一些产生精神病性体验的心理驱动因素也被发现。现已有可靠证据表明,社会因素明显受到非精神病性症状的影响,尤其情绪症状及其他对情感有影响的症状,如失眠。精神病性症状也可以受到归因偏移的影响,如武断下结论、顽固的信念等,但是社会因素对此如何起作用仍所知甚少。现在可以明确的是精神病的成因各异,表现形式多样。对各种类型的治疗都应考虑以下这点:应根据心理过程和社会因素影响在原始的CBT-p方案上进行相应的调整。目前某些特定形式的CBT-p将个体调节因素作为治疗目标并取得良好的效果。这反过来证实了非精神病性症状的调节作用,并证明了所描述方法的有效性。

Religious Involvement, Inflammatory Markers and Stress Hormones in Major Depression and Chronic Medical Illness

Background: Religious practices/experiences (RPE) may produce positive physiological changes in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic medical illness. Here, we report cross-sectional relationships between depressive symptoms, RPE and stress biomarkers (pro-/anti-inflammatory measures and stress hormones), hypothesizing positive associations between depressive symptoms and stress biomarkers and inverse associations between RPE and stress biomarkers. Methods: We recruited 132 individuals with both MDD and chronic illness into a randomized clinical trial. First, stress biomarkers in the baseline sample were compared to biomarker levels from a community sample. Second, relationships between depressive symptoms and biomarkers were examined, and, finally, relationships between RPE and biomarkers were analyzed, controlling for demographics, depressive symptoms, and physical functioning. Results: As expected, inflammatory markers and stress hormones were higher in our sample with MDD compared to community participants. In the current sample, however, depressive symptoms were largely unrelated to stress biomarkers, and were unexpectedly inversely related to proinflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-1β). Likewise, while RPE were largely unrelated to stress biomarkers, they were related to the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA and the stress hormone norepinephrine in expected directions. Unexpectedly, RPE were also positively related to the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ and to IFN-γ/IL-4 and IFN-γ/IL-10 ratios. Conclusions: Little evidence was found for a consistent pattern of relationships between depressive symptoms or religiosity and stress biomarkers. Of the few significant relationships, unexpected findings predominated. Future research is needed to determine whether religious interventions can alter stress biomarkers over time in MDD.

The prevalence,characteristics and outcome of seizure in tuberculous meningitis

Seizures are a common finding in patients with tuberculous meningitis(TBM),and associate with four times increased risk of death and neurological disability,especially in children.It has been reported that brain inflammation,diffuse neuronal injury,and reactive gliosis may all contribute to the pathogenesis of seizures in TBM.Early seizure onset may be associated with meningeal irritation and cerebral oedema;while,the late seizures are usually due to infarction,hydrocephalus,tuberculoma and paradoxical response.Moreover,recurrent uncontrolled seizures can evolve to status epileptics resulting in an increased risk of chronic epilepsy and poor prognosis.Therefore,this review aimed to assess the frequency of seizures in patients with TBM,and discuss the etiologies,mechanisms,and characteristics of seizures in TBM.Besides,we have searched the literature to identify the prognostic factors for chronic epilepsy after TBM.