In the present study, response surface methodology applying Doehlert experimental design was used to investigate decolourisation parameters of crude black shea butter. The decolourisation process was significantly inf...In the present study, response surface methodology applying Doehlert experimental design was used to investigate decolourisation parameters of crude black shea butter. The decolourisation process was significantly influenced by three independent parameters: contact time, decolourisation temperature and adsorbent dose. The responses of the process were oil loss, acid value, peroxide value and colour index. Contour plots of the decolourisation responses were superimposed and well defined the optimum zone. The optimum decolourisation conditions were found to be: contact time (30 min), temperature (72℃ - 95℃) and adsorbent dosage (1.5 - 2.5 mass %).展开更多
In this study, response surface methodology applying Doehlert experimental design was used to optimise decolourisation parameters of crude yellow shea butter. The decolourisation process was significantly influenced b...In this study, response surface methodology applying Doehlert experimental design was used to optimise decolourisation parameters of crude yellow shea butter. The decolourisation process was significantly influenced by three independent parameters: contact time, decolourisation temperature and adsorbent dose. The responses of the process were oil loss, acid value, peroxide value and colour index. Contour plots of the decolourisation responses were superimposed and well defined the optimum zone. The optimum decolourisation conditions were found to be: contact time (30 min), decolourisation temperature (80℃ - 95℃) and adsorbent dosage (1 - 2 mass%). These conditions gave decolourised shea butter with the following responses;oil loss (6.2% ± 0.2%), peroxide value (1.7 ± 0.1 meq O2/kg), colour (0.21 ± 0.05 Lovibond yellow) and acid value (25.6 ± 0.7 mg KOH/g).展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Thermal comfort is one of the most important requirements that scientists and building designers must meet to ensure the indoor air quality knowing its importance on ...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Thermal comfort is one of the most important requirements that scientists and building designers must meet to ensure the indoor air quality knowing its importance on productivity and the health of occupants. However, it has never been of great concern for architects and architectural historians and seldom explores it. Buildings are the large consumer of the most energy consumption (around 40% worldwide) and generate around 35% of GHGs like CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that leads to extreme climate change. Hence, general and specific eco-friendly solutions in the field of building construction are required. Analysis of this study shows that air conditioning consumption can be significantly reduced thanks to the compressed earth bricks and by taking into account the climate and the orientation of the facades. However, this paper establishes viable low-cost option of building energy consumption while maintaining the thermal comfort and good indoor air quality. This work explains the effect of a single residential room orientation, by reducing </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the thermal amplitude, and improving the thermal phase shift in Ouagadougou</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> climate conditions in April. Internal temperature was modelled with 8 cardinal orientations. The result corresponds to a decrease of thermal amplitude </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">damping greater than 4<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C between East-West and North-South sides and, with a thermal phase shift of 4</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">hours</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">30</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">minutes between the Nord and West walls.</span>展开更多
文摘In the present study, response surface methodology applying Doehlert experimental design was used to investigate decolourisation parameters of crude black shea butter. The decolourisation process was significantly influenced by three independent parameters: contact time, decolourisation temperature and adsorbent dose. The responses of the process were oil loss, acid value, peroxide value and colour index. Contour plots of the decolourisation responses were superimposed and well defined the optimum zone. The optimum decolourisation conditions were found to be: contact time (30 min), temperature (72℃ - 95℃) and adsorbent dosage (1.5 - 2.5 mass %).
文摘In this study, response surface methodology applying Doehlert experimental design was used to optimise decolourisation parameters of crude yellow shea butter. The decolourisation process was significantly influenced by three independent parameters: contact time, decolourisation temperature and adsorbent dose. The responses of the process were oil loss, acid value, peroxide value and colour index. Contour plots of the decolourisation responses were superimposed and well defined the optimum zone. The optimum decolourisation conditions were found to be: contact time (30 min), decolourisation temperature (80℃ - 95℃) and adsorbent dosage (1 - 2 mass%). These conditions gave decolourised shea butter with the following responses;oil loss (6.2% ± 0.2%), peroxide value (1.7 ± 0.1 meq O2/kg), colour (0.21 ± 0.05 Lovibond yellow) and acid value (25.6 ± 0.7 mg KOH/g).
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Thermal comfort is one of the most important requirements that scientists and building designers must meet to ensure the indoor air quality knowing its importance on productivity and the health of occupants. However, it has never been of great concern for architects and architectural historians and seldom explores it. Buildings are the large consumer of the most energy consumption (around 40% worldwide) and generate around 35% of GHGs like CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that leads to extreme climate change. Hence, general and specific eco-friendly solutions in the field of building construction are required. Analysis of this study shows that air conditioning consumption can be significantly reduced thanks to the compressed earth bricks and by taking into account the climate and the orientation of the facades. However, this paper establishes viable low-cost option of building energy consumption while maintaining the thermal comfort and good indoor air quality. This work explains the effect of a single residential room orientation, by reducing </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the thermal amplitude, and improving the thermal phase shift in Ouagadougou</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> climate conditions in April. Internal temperature was modelled with 8 cardinal orientations. The result corresponds to a decrease of thermal amplitude </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">damping greater than 4<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>C between East-West and North-South sides and, with a thermal phase shift of 4</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">hours</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">30</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">minutes between the Nord and West walls.</span>