Attitudes of young scholars in Qingdao and Hamburg about climate changeand climate policy The role of culture for the explanation of differences

This article analyses differences in the attitudes related to climate change of young scholars in environmental science in Qingdao (China) and Hamburg (Germany). The main aim of the article is to evaluate the role of cultural differences for their explanation. We expect no significant differences in the attitudes related to the findings of climate research, since scientific principles are the joint basis of the scientific discourse wordwide. However, we expect that there are differences in the attitudes of the young scholars about the role of science, of the state and of the civil society for dealing with the challenge of climate change. We suggest that these can be explained with substantial cultural differences between both societies, with regard to the role of the state and the civil society for the solution of environmental problems. In order to evaluate these hypotheses, we have conducted a comparative survey among environmental science students in Qingdao (China) and Hamburg (Germany) about their attitudes towards climate change. The findings support our main hypotheses. The young scholars in Qingdao and Hamburg differ substantially in their views of the role of science in society and policymaking. Plausibly, these differences may mainly be explained with differences in the cultural ideas about the role of the state and of the civil society for the solution of environmental problems. Gradual differences in the share of young scholars who think that climate change has anthropogenic causes, may be explained with differences in the curriculum but also by cultural habits. This article makes a new contribution to the scientific debate by exploring the role of cultural differences for differences in the attitudes of young scholars in environmental science in connection with climate change and climate policy in different cultural contexts.

An Index-Based Approach to Assess Social Vulnerability for Hamburg, Germany

In this study,we set out to develop a new social vulnerability index(SVI).In doing so,we suggest some conceptual improvements that can be made to existing methodical approaches to assessing social vulnerability.To make the entanglement of socio-spatial inequalities visible,we are conducting a small-scale study on heterogeneous urban development in the city of Hamburg,Germany.This kind of high-resolution analysis was not previously available,but is increasingly requested by political decision makers.We can thus show hot spots of social vulnerability(SV)in Hamburg,considering the effects of social welfare,education,and age.In doing so,we defined SV as a contextual concept that follows the recent shift in discourse in line with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s(IPCC)concepts of risk and vulnerability.Our SVI consists of two subcomponents:sensitivity and coping capacity.Populated areas of Hamburg were identified using satellite information and merged with the social data units of the city.Areas with high SVI are distributed over the entire city,notably in the district of Harburg and the Reiherstieg quarter in Wilhelmsburg near the Elbe,as well as in the densely populated inner city areas of Eimsbüttel and St.Pauli.As a map at a detailed scale,our SVI can be a useful tool to identify areas where the population is most vulnerable to climate-related hazards.We conclude that an enhanced understanding of urban social vulnerability is a prerequisite for urban risk management and urban resilience planning.

真丝织物的尤加利叶拓染工艺

采用尤加利叶对真丝织物进行拓染,探讨直接拓染和不同媒染剂预媒拓染方法对拓染效果的影响,发现直接拓染和硫酸亚铁预媒拓染两种方法效果最佳。尤加利在真丝织物上直接拓染的最佳工艺参数为:轧车压力3.0 kg/cm^(2)(织物含水率123%),汽蒸温度110℃,汽蒸时间50 min;硫酸亚铁预媒拓染的最佳工艺为:媒染剂质量浓度0.20 g/L,汽蒸温度110℃,汽蒸时间50 min。

双摆线针齿传动齿廓特性与啮合特性分析

将双摆线齿廓运用到NN型少齿差行星齿轮传动领域,通过分析内外摆线轮齿廓的凹凸性、曲率和曲率半径,获得了内、外摆线齿廓的特性;通过图解法推导双摆线针齿传动中内、外摆线轮的压力角计算公式,获得了啮合过程压力角变化规律,以及双摆线针齿主要参数对于内、外摆线轮压力角的影响;通过对等距修形和移距修形进行研究,表明齿廓修形对齿形有明显影响。

从循证医学角度探讨妊娠期头颈部癌症的治疗策略

虽然妊娠期合并恶性肿瘤较为罕见,但随着女性妊娠期年龄的增大、头颈部癌症(head and neck cancer,HNC)患者的年轻化,妊娠期合并HNC的发病率略有增加。然而,目前临床尚缺乏关于妊娠期HNC的规范化诊疗标准。本研究通过系统检索PubMed数据库,评估孕妇(含围产期)患HNC的频率、肿瘤类型、相关因素和特异性生物标志物,并依据循证医学证据,对妊娠期合并HNC的研究进行综述,以期为临床工作提供指导。

百年印象:20世纪德国与俄国的形象互识

20世纪是历史上即形成特殊关系的俄罗斯与德意志两大民族互识互通的重要历史时期。两次世界大战、冷战以及冷战后变化中的国际局势与欧洲形势对俄罗斯与德意志两个民族和国家的关系产生了重大影响。两者彼此间的形象既具有复杂性和矛盾性特点,同时也体现了其在欧洲大陆共同存在和相互利益的特点。

双摆线针齿传动的齿廓特性与啮合特性分析

为了解决传统的摆线针齿传动输出结构易损坏、结构复杂等问题,将内、外摆线齿廓运用到NN型少齿差行星齿轮传动领域,提出了一种新型的摆线针排齿轮,并进行了其齿廓特性和啮合特性分析。对摆线轮的齿廓方程、压力角进行公式推导,分析了齿廓参数对压力角的影响,为该新型传动系统的应用奠定基础;对不同齿廓修形方法下的内外摆线齿轮进行参数方程推导,并利用Matlab软件进行仿真分析,以解决由于润滑黏膜、制造误差等一系列原因所产生的啮合间隙问题;最后,对双摆线针齿传动进行力学特性分析,为后续的减速器设计和有限元分析提供了理论基础。研究对开发新的传动方式具有意义和工程使用价值。

Piezo1 expression in chondrocytes controls endochondral ossification and osteoarthritis development

Piezo proteins are mechanically activated ion channels,which are required for mechanosensing functions in a variety of cell types.While we and others have previously demonstrated that the expression of Piezo1 in osteoblast lineage cells is essential for boneanabolic processes,there was only suggestive evidence indicating a role of Piezo1 and/or Piezo2 in cartilage.Here we addressed the question if and how chondrocyte expression of the mechanosensitive proteins Piezo1 or Piezo2 controls physiological endochondral ossification and pathological osteoarthritis(OA)development.Mice with chondrocyte-specific inactivation of Piezo1(Piezo1^(Col2a1Cre)),but not of Piezo2,developed a near absence of trabecular bone below the chondrogenic growth plate postnatally.Moreover,all Piezo1^(Col2a1Cre) animals displayed multiple fractures of rib bones at 7 days of age,which were located close to the growth plates.While skeletal growth was only mildly affected in these mice,OA pathologies were markedly less pronounced compared to littermate controls at 60 weeks of age.Likewise,when OA was induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection,only the chondrocyte inactivation of Piezo1,not of Piezo2,resulted in attenuated articular cartilage degeneration.Importantly,osteophyte formation and maturation were also reduced in Piezo1^(Col2a1Cre) mice.We further observed increased Piezo1 protein abundance in cartilaginous zones of human osteophytes.Finally,we identified Ptgs2 and Ccn2 as potentially relevant Piezo1 downstream genes in chondrocytes.Collectively,our data do not only demonstrate that Piezo1 is a critical regulator of physiological and pathological endochondral ossification processes,but also suggest that Piezo1 antagonists may be established as a novel approach to limit osteophyte formation in OA.

快速变化时代成人学习与教育:是渡过难关,还是改变局面?——《成人学习和教育全球报告(六):概念说明》概览

《成人学习和教育全球报告(六)》旨在探索成人学习与教育如何应对和影响全球正在发生的各种快速变化。在《成人学习和教育全球报告(六):概念说明》中陈述了所要实现的目标;不再使用“危机”这种有争议的词语,而是将重点聚焦“快速变化”;数字化(尤其是生成式人工智能的出现)、经济转型(特别是绿色转型)、气候变化以及冲突和冲突后局势这四个关键主题构成了该报告专题部分的核心内容。该报告将提供一个战略框架,用于推进和积极塑造成人学习与教育系统,从而应对这些快速变化。

Ultraviolet‑Irradiated All‑Organic Nanocomposites with Polymer Dots for High‑Temperature Capacitive Energy Storage

Polymer dielectrics capable of operating efficiently at high electric fields and elevated temperatures are urgently demanded by next-generation electronics and electrical power systems.While inorganic fillers have been extensively utilized to improved high-temperature capacitive performance of dielectric polymers,the presence of thermodynamically incompatible organic and inorganic components may lead to concern about the long-term stability and also complicate film processing.Herein,zero-dimensional polymer dots with high electron affinity are introduced into photoactive allyl-containing poly(aryl ether sulfone)to form the all-organic polymer composites for hightemperature capacitive energy storage.Upon ultraviolet irradiation,the crosslinked polymer composites with polymer dots are efficient in suppressing electrical conduction at high electric fields and elevated temperatures,which significantly reduces the high-field energy loss of the composites at 200℃.Accordingly,the ultraviolet-irradiated composite film exhibits a discharged energy density of 4.2 J cm^(−3)at 200℃.Along with outstanding cyclic stability of capacitive performance at 200℃,this work provides a promising class of dielectric materials for robust high-performance all-organic dielectric nanocomposites.

Alexa,let's train now!——A systematic review and classification approach to digital and home-based physical training interventions aiming to support healthy cognitive aging

Background:There is mounting evidence that regular physical activity is an important prerequisite for healthy cognitive aging.Consequently,the finding that almost one-third of the adult population does not reach the recommended level of regular physical activity calls for further public health actions.In this context,digital and home-based physical training interventions might be a promising alternative to center-based intervention programs.Thus,this systematic review aimed to summarize the current state of the literature on the effects of digital and home-based physical training interventions on adult cognitive performance.Methods:In this pre-registered systematic review(PROSPERO;ID:CRD42022320031),5 electronic databases(PubMed,Web of Science,Psyclnfo,SPORTDiscus,and Cochrane Library)were searched by 2 independent researchers(FH and PT)to identify eligible studies investigating the effects of digital and home-based physical training interventions on cognitive performance in adults.The systematic literature search yielded 8258 records(extra17 records from other sources),of which 27 controlled trials were considered relevant.Two reviewers(FH and PT)independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using a modified version of the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise(TESTEX scale).Results:Of the 27 reviewed studies,15 reported positive effects on cognitive and motor-cognitive outcomes(i.e.,performance improvements in measures of executive functions,working memory,and choice stepping reaction test),and a considerable heterogeneity concerning study-related,population-related,and intervention-related characteristics was noticed.A more detailed analysis suggests that,in particular,interventions using online classes and technology-based exercise devices(i.e.,step-based exergames)can improve cognitive performance in healthy older adults.Approximately one-half of the reviewed studies were rated as having a high risk of bias with respect to completion adherence(≤85%)and monitoring of the level of regular physical activity in the control group.Conclusion:The current state of evidence concerning the effectiveness of digital and home-based physical training interventions is mixed overall,though there is limited evidence that specific types of digital and home-based physical training interventions(e.g.,online classes and step-based exergames)can be an effective strategy for improving cognitive performance in older adults.However,due to the limited number of available studies,future high-quality studies are needed to buttress this assumption empirically and to allow for more solid and nuanced conclusions.

“中国草”--苎麻西传史

大航海时代开启后,西方人分别从中国、日本等各条路径观察到了苎麻及其制成品麻布,进行了初步的物种交流和商品交换,并在近代生物分类学发展的背景下,初步搜集了苎麻的相关知识。第一次鸦片战争前后,列强了解到苎麻蕴含的潜在商业价值,推动了玛高温、儒莲等旅华传教士和西方汉学家对苎麻实物、工艺和文献的大规模引进,并掀起了苎麻研究浪潮,苎麻也在此时被称为“中国草”。此后不久,苎麻加工业发展为欧洲的一项重要产业。从长时段和全球史视角来看,苎麻西传史是一个融合了近代科学体系发展、知识交流与生产、国家间科技合作与竞争、产研结合的累进和迭代更新的综合过程。

德国中小学法治教育的价值嬗变、时代特征与改革动向

德国法治教育历史悠久且体系完善,对于国家法治社会的建设与发展影响深远,自第二次世界大战后其价值内涵也发生了新的转变,由“为了民主和法律”的目的型逐渐转向“通过民主和法律”的过程型,积极培养能够“合法、有序、理性参与政治的现代公民”。德国将培养具有综合法治行动能力的“社会人”作为课程目标;课程内容覆盖公法、私法和社会法三大领域;通过积极营造真实的法律场景,提升学生法治意识与能力;基于多元主体协同机制,实现课程资源的实时更新。随着信息技术的迅猛发展,德国中小学法治教育呈现了一系列新的变化,彰显出跨文化、数字信息化、教研体系多元化等新的改革动向。

Adaptive optimisation of explosive reactive armour for protection against kinetic energy and shaped charge threats

We evaluate an adaptive optimisation methodology,Bayesian optimisation(BO),for designing a minimum weight explosive reactive armour(ERA)for protection against a surrogate medium calibre kinetic energy(KE)long rod projectile and surrogate shaped charge(SC)warhead.We perform the optimisation using a conventional BO methodology and compare it with a conventional trial-and-error approach from a human expert.A third approach,utilising a novel human-machine teaming framework for BO is also evaluated.Data for the optimisation is generated using numerical simulations that are demonstrated to provide reasonable qualitative agreement with reference experiments.The human-machine teaming methodology is shown to identify the optimum ERA design in the fewest number of evaluations,outperforming both the stand-alone human and stand-alone BO methodologies.From a design space of almost 1800 configurations the human-machine teaming approach identifies the minimum weight ERA design in 10 samples.

Water as a Standard Substance of a Logarithmic Poison Scale

The lethal dose LD50 represents the most important experimental value for acute toxicity. The simple logarithmic calculation of -log10 LD50 = value leads to the possible poison power pLD. As with the pH or pK value, respectively, for acid or the scale of earthquake intensities the logarithm helps making large differences of orders of magnitude easier to understand since they are more comparable. The higher the pLD value, the higher is the power of poison. An increase of the pLD value by 1 stands for a tenfold increase in toxicity. The lethal acute dose for water, one of the most important and at the same time non-toxic substances of all, is about one tenth of the body weight. This leads to a possible pLD value for water of 1, an ideal starting value for a logarithmic poison scale.

Convergent Data-Driven Regularizations for CT Reconstruction

The reconstruction of images from their corresponding noisy Radon transform is a typical example of an ill-posed linear inverse problem as arising in the application of computerized tomography(CT).As the(naive)solution does not depend on the measured data continuously,regularization is needed to reestablish a continuous dependence.In this work,we investigate simple,but yet still provably convergent approaches to learning linear regularization methods from data.More specifically,we analyze two approaches:one generic linear regularization that learns how to manipulate the singular values of the linear operator in an extension of our previous work,and one tailored approach in the Fourier domain that is specific to CT-reconstruction.We prove that such approaches become convergent regularization methods as well as the fact that the reconstructions they provide are typically much smoother than the training data they were trained on.Finally,we compare the spectral as well as the Fourier-based approaches for CT-reconstruction numerically,discuss their advantages and disadvantages and investigate the effect of discretization errors at differentresolutions.

Effect of thermo-mechanical conditions during constrained friction processing on the particle refinement of AM50 Mg-alloy phases

Constrained Friction Processing(CFP)is a novel solid-state processing technique suitable for lightweight materials,such Mg-and Al-alloys.The technique enables grain size refinement to fine or even ultrafine scale.In this study,the effect of CFP on the microstructural refinement of AM50 rods is investigated in terms of particle size and morphology of the eutectic and secondary phases originally present in the base material,in particular the eutecticβ-Mg_(17)Al_(12)and Al-Mn phases.For that purpose,as-cast and solution heat-treated base material and processed samples were analyzed.The Al_(8)Mn_(5) intermetallic phase was identified as the main secondary phase present in all samples before and after the processing.A notorious refinement of these particles was observed,starting from particles with an average equivalent length of a few micrometers to around 560 nm after the processing.The refinement of the secondary phase refinement is attributed to a mechanism analogous to the attrition comminution,where the combination of temperature increase and shearing of the material enables the continuous breaking of the brittle intermetallic particles into smaller pieces.As for the eutectic phase,the results indicate the presence of the partially divorcedβ-Mg_(17)Al_(12)particles exclusively in the as-cast base material,indicating that no further phase transformations regarding the eutectic phase,such as dynamic precipitation,occurred after the CFP.In the case of the processed as-cast material analyzed after the CFP,the thermal energy generated during the processing led to temperature values above the solvus limit of the eutectic phase,which associated with the mechanical breakage of the particles,enabled the complete dissolution of this phase.Therefore,CFP was successfully demonstrated to promote an extensive microstructure refinement in multiple aspects,in terms of grain sizes of theα-Mg phase and presence and morphology of the Al-Mn and eutecticβ-Mg_(17)Al_(12).

2023: Weather and Climate Extremes Hitting the Globe with Emerging Features

Globally,2023 was the warmest observed year on record since at least 1850 and,according to proxy evidence,possibly of the past 100000 years.As in recent years,the record warmth has again been accompanied with yet more extreme weather and climate events throughout the world.Here,we provide an overview of those of 2023,with details and key background causes to help build upon our understanding of the roles of internal climate variability and anthropogenic climate change.We also highlight emerging features associated with some of these extreme events.Hot extremes are occurring earlier in the year,and increasingly simultaneously in differing parts of the world(e.g.,the concurrent hot extremes in the Northern Hemisphere in July 2023).Intense cyclones are exacerbating precipitation extremes(e.g.,the North China flooding in July and the Libya flooding in September).Droughts in some regions(e.g.,California and the Horn of Africa)have transitioned into flood conditions.Climate extremes also show increasing interactions with ecosystems via wildfires(e.g.,those in Hawaii in August and in Canada from spring to autumn 2023)and sandstorms(e.g.,those in Mongolia in April 2023).Finally,we also consider the challenges to research that these emerging characteristics present for the strategy and practice of adaptation.

The Circular Current Loop as a Model of Fundamental Particles

The presented circular current loop model reveals that charged fundamental particles such as the electron consist essentially of electric and magnetic energy. The magnetic properties have the same order of magnitude as the electric ones. The electromagnetic field energy is the origin of the inertial mass. The Higgs boson, existing or not, is not needed to “explain” particle mass. The magnetic moment of fundamental particles is not anomalous! The “anomaly” indicates the existence of a small additional amount of kinetic energy. Thus, fundamental particles are not purely field-like such as photons and not (essentially) mass-like such as atoms, they represent a special kind of matter in between. Their kinetic energy is obviously not due to any relativistic effect but is related to an independent physical law that provides, together with the magnetic energy, the angular momentum exactly to be ħ/2. Fundamental particles are (at least) two-dimensional. In the simplest case their core consists of two concentric, nearly identical current loops. Their relative design details, the “anomaly” factor, and the rotational velocity of the uniformly distributed elementary charge follow from the stability condition, i.e. electric and magnetic force balance, and do not depend on the particle’s rest mass! Fundamental particles are objects of classical physics. Their magnetic forces are the true origin of the weak and strong nuclear interactions. For their explanation bosons and gluons are not needed.

Prevention of thromboembolic events after radical prostatectomy in patients with hereditary thrombophilia due to a factor V Leiden mutation by multidisciplinary coagulation management

Objective:To examine the perioperative impact of factor V Leiden mutation on thromboembolic events'risk in radical prostatectomy(RP)patients.With an incidence of about 5%,factor V Leiden mutation is the most common hereditary hypercoagulability among Caucasians and rarer in Asia.The increased risk of thromboembolic events is three-to seven-fold in heterozygous and to 80-fold in homozygous patients.Methods:Within our prospectively collected database,we analysed 33006 prostate cancer patients treated with RP between December 2001 and December 2020.Of those,patients with factor V Leiden mutation were identified.All patients received individualised recommendation of haemostaseologists for perioperative anticoagulation.Thromboembolic complications(deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism)were assessed during hospital stay,as well as according to patient reported outcomes within the first 3 months after RP.Results:Overall,85(0.3%)patients with known factor V Leiden mutation were identified.Median age was 65(interquartile range:61-68)years.There was at least one thrombosis in 53(62.4%)patients and 31(36.5%)patients had at least one embolic event in their medical history before RP.Within all 85 patients with factor V Leiden mutation,we experienced no thromboembolic complications within the first 3 months after surgery.Conclusion:In our cohort of patients with factor V Leiden mutation,no thromboembolic events were observed after RP with an individualised perioperative coagulation management concept.This may reassure patients with this hereditary condition who are counselled for RP.