Analysis of the Potential Value and Improvement of Gray Space in University Buildings: A Case Study of the New Campus of Hebei University of Engineering

As one of the more important spatial forms,"gray space" has the function of communicating indoor and outdoor spaces and enriching the spatial hierarchy.Taking the new campus of Hebei University of Engineering as an example,the paper demonstrates the potential value of gray space in university buildings combined with actual investigations and data research.Moreover,appropriate improvement methods are put forward,in order to make full use of gray space to facilitate the communication between teachers and students,to create a more humanistic caring and learning atmosphere of university campus,and to bring more diversified and rich learning and communication places to university students.

Engineering the photoelectrochemical behaviors of ZnO for efficient solar water splitting

Solar water splitting is a promising strategy for the sustainable production of renewable hydrogen and solving the world’s crisis of energy and environment.The third-generation direct bandgap semiconductor of zinc oxide(ZnO)with properties of environmental friendliness and high efficiency for various photocatalytic reactions,is a suitable material for photoanodes because of its appropriate band structure,fine surface structure,and high electron mobility.However,practical applications of ZnO are usually limited by its high recombination rate of photogenerated electron–hole pairs,lack of surface reaction force,inadequate visible light response,and intrinsic photocorrosion.Given the lack of review on ZnO’s application in photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting,this paper reviews ZnO’s research progress in PEC water splitting.It commences with the basic principle of PEC water splitting and the structure and properties of ZnO.Then,we explicitly describe the related strategies to solve the above problems of ZnO as a photoanode,including morphology control,doping modification,construction of heterostructure,and the piezo-photoelectric enhancement of ZnO.This review aims to comprehensively describe recent findings and developments of ZnO in PEC water splitting and to provide a useful reference for the further application and development of ZnO nanomaterials in highly efficient PEC water splitting.

A Review of Air Pollution and Control in Hebei Province, China

Hebei is one of the most air polluted provinces in China. According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) for the severe fog-haze month of Jan. 2013, seven of the top ten most polluted cities in China are located in Hebei Province. In this study, the air pollution history and status of the Hebei Province are reviewed and discussed, using the governmental published Air Pollution Index (API), the academic observations by various scientific research groups and the long-term statistics of visibility and haze frequencies. It is found that within the Hebei Province, the air pollution in the southern cities is much more severe than the northern cities. Particulate matter (PM) is undoubtedly the major air pollutant, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) pollutions are also unnegligible. Ozone (O3) pollution in larger cities, such as Shijiazhuang, is significant. Air pollution control history from 1998 is discussed as well. Although Hebei Province has made a great effort on air quality, the pollutant emissions, such as SO2 and fly ash, showed a notable increase in 2001 to 2006. However, after 2006 the emissions started to decrease due to the strict implementation of the national 11th Five Year Plan (FYP). In addition, regional jointly air pollution control and prevention strategies are expected in the future to substantially change the severe air pollution status in Hebei Province.

Relationship between Thermal Metamorphism of Coal and the Periodic Variation Law of Geochemical Behavior of Elements:A Study on the C2 Coal Seam in the Fengfeng Mining Area of the Handan Coalfield in Hebei,China

This study highlights the response of the periodic variation of the geochemical behavior of elements to the thermal metamorphism of coal by considering the differentiation mode and differentiation degree of elements of the C2 coal seam in the Fengfeng mining area of the Handan Coalfield in Hebei,China.The periodic variation of the geochemical behavior of elements was observed to change towards a certain direction as the degree of metamorphism of a geological body increased.Based on the coincidence degree(or similarity degree)between the geochemical behavior of elements and periodic variation of elements,the 57 elements in this study were divided into two levels.The periodic variation of the geochemical behavior of first-level elements was largely synchronous with that of their first ionization energy,suggesting that only one differentiation mode exists and the elements are mainly inorganically associated.The differentiation mode of the second-level elements deviated to a certain extent from their first ionization energy;the larger the deviation,the more complicated and diverse was the differentiation mode.Among the second-level elements,the grade of coal metamorphism has evident and intuitive effects on the proportion of elements with particular structural features,such as the 4q+3 type of elements and the odd-odd elements.In addition,the distribution of elements in organic and inorganic matter within coal are subject to the structural features of the elements.The differentiation mode and differentiation intensity of elements could be characterized by the hierarchical parameter and differentiation intensity.The hierarchical parameter and differentiation intensity of certain elements showed a good positive or negative correlation with R_(max) in coal.The 57 elements in this study were quantitatively ordered according to the degree of magmatic hydrothermal fluid influence and thermal metamorphism of coal through graphs depicting the goodness of fit,correlation coefficient with R_(max),and differentiation intensity.The results of this study are consistent with the results of previous field research,illustrating the scientific significance and application value of this study on the periodic variation of the geochemical behavior of elements.

A Study on Urban Forms of Prefectures in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Southern Hebei and Their Influencing Factors

The prefectures of Ming and Qing Dynasties in southern Hebei had profound historical heritage and rich urban forms.Studying their morphological characteristics can provide a scientific basis for city construction under the background of cultural self-confidence.In this paper,we conducted an urban survey on prefectures in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in southern Hebei by collecting historical documents such as ancient maps and local chronicles since the Ming and Qing Dynasties,comprehensively using typological methods.The influencing factors of urban spatial forms were further discussed from three aspects:political and military defense,etiquette and geographical environment,and culture and economic development.

Form and Image Expression of Traditional Village Texture in Southern Hebei

The image expression of traditional villages is studied through the analysis of their forms.With the famous historical and cultural villages in southern Hebei as the research objects,the relationship between the form and image of traditional villages is deeply analyzed through the survey of village layout and courtyard layout,which can deeply explain the characteristics of regional architectural culture.

Development status and prospect of underground thermal energy storage technology

Underground Thermal Energy Storage(UTES)store unstable and non-continuous energy underground,releasing stable heat energy on demand.This effectively improve energy utilization and optimize energy allocation.As UTES technology advances,accommodating greater depth,higher temperature and multi-energy complementarity,new research challenges emerge.This paper comprehensively provides a systematic summary of the current research status of UTES.It categorized different types of UTES systems,analyzes the applicability of key technologies of UTES,and evaluate their economic and environmental benefits.Moreover,this paper identifies existing issues with UTES,such as injection blockage,wellbore scaling and corrosion,seepage and heat transfer in cracks,etc.It suggests deepening the research on blockage formation mechanism and plugging prevention technology,improving the study of anticorrosive materials and water treatment technology,and enhancing the investigation of reservoir fracture network characterization technology and seepage heat transfer.These recommendations serve as valuable references for promoting the high-quality development of UTES.

Urban Flood Disaster Risk Assessment and Planning Response: A Case Study of Handan, Hebei Province

Flood disaster is a serious threat to urban security,and flood control and drainage planning is an important measure to ensure urban security.This paper takes planning guidance to empirical research as the main axis.On the basis of meteorological data and spatial data,through the analysis on the risk of disaster-causing factors of flood disasters,the sensitivity of disaster-pregnant environment,the vulnerability of disaster-bearing bodies and the ability of disaster prevention and mitigation,12 indicators are selected to construct a comprehensive evaluation index system for flood disaster risk.Handan City is taken as an example to study the spatial distribution characteristics of flood disaster risk.Based on AHP,weights are assigned to the evaluation indicators of flood disasters in the system,and the risk visualization is carried out in GIS.According to comprehensive risk assessment results,it could put forward corresponding disaster prevention planning strategy for defending flood disaster in Handan City.

Analysis of Land Cover and Landscape Pattern Change in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region Based on Globeland30 Data

With the rapid economic development and urbanization process in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, land use and landscape pattern have been changed. In order to reveal the temporal and spatial changes and provide scientific basis for the local land use planning and landscape pattern optimization made by government, based on the classification results of Globeland 30 land cover data in 2000 and 2010, this paper quantitatively analyzed the land use transfer status and the dynamic change of landscape pattern in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei by adopting the method of land use transfer matrix and landscape index. The results show that the land use and landscape patterns in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei have been changed significantly from 2000 to 2010. Overall, land use in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has been changed greatly, which shows that the cultivated land area has been decreased by 3721.67 km2, while the artificial surface area and grassland area have increased by 2721.29 km2 and 657.09 km2, respectively. From the six partitions of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, it can be seen that the subareas with significant changes are Sand Control Farmland Protection Zone in Yellow River Flood Plain, Water Conservation Area for Sand Control in Mountain and Hilly Areas of Northwest Taihang Mountains, and Human Settlement Environment Maintenance and Farmland Protection Zone of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration. The arable land area of these three zones has decreased 572.77 km2, 1553.94 km2 and 1359.53 km2, respectively. From the perspective of landscape pattern change, patch density and fragmentation degree in the southeast and northwest of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region increase;and the dominant patches in the southeast of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region have formed a good connectivity;the whole Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region shows irregular shape and discontinuous enhancement of landscape types, the landscape patch types increase and enrich, and the dominance shows a downward trend.

Research and Reflection on Transit Oriented Development:a Case study of Shijiazhuang City,Hebei Province,China

Over the years,transit-oriented development (TOD) has provided many countries with valuable theoretical methods and experience to deal with urban traffic congestion,environmental pollution,energy consumption and other problems.After decades of rapid urbanization,many cities in China are facing more complex challenges in transportation than ever before.This paper introduces and critically analyzes the practical application of TOD under different backgrounds and modes.Taking Shijiazhuang City,Hebei Province,China as the main case,this paper discusses and evaluates the intervention role of TOD in China’s urban transportation planning,and critically reflects on the deficiency of TOD’s transformation from theory to practice.

State-of-the-art advances in vacancy defect engineering of graphitic carbon nitride for solar water splitting

Developing low-cost,efficient,and stable photocatalysts is one of the most promising methods for large-scale solar water splitting.As a metal-free semiconductor material with suitable band gap,graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))has attracted attention in the field of photocatalysis,which is mainly attributed to its fascinating physicochemical and photoelectronic properties.However,several inherent limitations and shortcomings—involving high recombination rate of photocarriers,insufficient reaction kinetics,and optical absorption—impede the practical applicability of g-C_(3)N_(4).As an effective strategy,vacancy defect engineering has been widely used for breaking through the current limitations,considering its ability to optimize the electronic structure and surface morphology of g-C_(3)N_(4) to obtain the desired photocatalytic activity.This review summarizes the recent progress of vacancy defect engineered g-C_(3)N_(4) for solar water splitting.The fundamentals of solar water splitting with g-C_(3)N_(4) are discussed first.We then focus on the fabrication strategies and effect of vacancy generated in g-C_(3)N_(4).The advances of vacancy-modified g-C_(3)N_(4) photocatalysts toward solar water splitting are discussed next.Finally,the current challenges and future opportunities of vacancy-modified g-C_(3)N_(4) are summarized.This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for future research on the design and development of highly efficient defective g-C_(3)N_(4).

Transition from a filamentary mode to a diffuse one with varying distance from needle to stream of an argon plasma jet

Plasma jet has extensive application potentials in various fields, which normally operates in a diffuse mode when helium is used as the working gas. However, when less expensive argon is used, the plasma jet often operates in a filamentary mode. Compared to the filamentary mode, the diffuse mode is more desirable for applications. Hence, many efforts have been exerted to accomplish the diffuse mode of the argon plasma jet. In this paper, a novel single-needle argon plasma jet is developed to obtain the diffuse mode. It is found that the plasma jet operates in the filamentary mode when the distance from the needle tip to the central line of the argon stream(d) is short. It transits to the diffuse mode with increasing d. For the diffuse mode, there is always one discharge pulse per voltage cycle, which initiates at the rising edge of the positive voltage. For comparison, the number of discharge pulse increases with an increase in the peak voltage for the filamentary mode. Fast photography reveals that the plasma plume in the filamentary mode results from a guided positive streamer,which propagates in the argon stream. However, the plume in the diffuse mode originates from a branched streamer, which propagates in the interfacial layer between the argon stream and the surrounding air. By optical emission spectroscopy,plasma parameters are investigated for the two discharge modes, which show a similar trend with increasing d. The diffuse mode has lower electron temperature, electron density, vibrational temperature, and gas temperature compared to the filamentary mode.

Damage Diagnosis of Bleacher Based on an Enhanced Convolutional Neural Network with Training Interference

Bleachers play a crucial role in practical engineering applications, and any damage incurred during their operationposes a significant threat to the safety of both life and property. Consequently, it becomes imperative to conductdamage diagnosis and health monitoring of bleachers. The intricate structure of bleachers, the varied types ofpotential damage, and the presence of similar vibration data in adjacent locations make it challenging to achievesatisfactory diagnosis accuracy through traditional time-frequency analysis methods. Furthermore, field environmentalnoise can adversely impact the accuracy of bleacher damage diagnosis. To enhance the accuracy and antinoisecapabilities of bleacher damage diagnosis, this paper proposes improvements to the existing ConvolutionalNeural Network with Training Interference (TICNN). The result is an advanced Convolutional Neural Networkmodel with superior accuracy and robust anti-noise capabilities, referred to as Enhanced TICNN (ETICNN).ETICNN autonomously extracts optimal damage-sensitive features from the original vibration data. To validatethe superiority of the proposed ETICNN, experiments are conducted using the bleacher model from Qatar Universityas the subject. Comparative studies under identical experimental conditions involve TICNN, Deep ConvolutionalNeural Networks with wide first-layer kernels (WDCNN), and One-Dimensional ConvolutionalNeural Network (1DCNN). The experimental findings demonstrate that the ETICNN model achieves the highestaccuracy, approximately 99%, and exhibits robust classification abilities in both Phases I and II of the damagediagnosis experiments. Simultaneously, the ETICNN model demonstrates strong anti-noise capabilities, outperformingTICNN by 3% to 4% and surpassing other models in performance.

Experimental and numerical interpretation on composite foundation consisting of soil-cement column within warm and ice-rich frozen soil

Affected by climate warming and anthropogenic disturbances, the thermo-mechanical stability of warm and ice-rich frozen ground along the Qinghai-Tibet engineering corridor(QTEC) is continuously decreased, which may delay the construction of major projects in the future. In this study, based on chemical stabilization of warm and icerich frozen ground, the soil-cement column(SCC) for ground improvement was recommended to reinforce the foundations in warm and ice-rich permafrost regions. To explore the validity of countermeasures mentioned above, both the original foundation and the composite foundation consisting of SCC with soil temperature of -1.0℃ were prepared in the laboratory, and then the plate loading tests were carried out. The laboratory investigations indicated that the bearing capacity of composite foundation consisting of SCC was higher than that of original foundation, and the total deformation of original foundation was greater than that of composite foundation, meaning that overall stability of foundation with warm and ice-rich frozen soil can be improved by SCC installation. Meanwhile, a numerical model considering the interface interaction between frozen soil and SCC was established for interpretating the bearing mechanism of composite foundation. The numerical investigations revealed that the SCC within composite foundation was responsible for the more applied load, and the applied load can be delivered to deeper zone in depth due to the SCC installation, which was favorable for improving the bearing characteristic of composite foundation. The investigations provide the valuable guideline for the choice of engineering supporting techniques to major projects within the QTEC.

Strong electron correlation-induced Mott-insulating electrides of Ae_(5)X_(3)(Ae=Ca,Sr,and Ba;X=As and Sb)

The presence of interstitial electrons in electrides endows them with interesting attributes,such as low work function,high carrier concentration,and unique magnetic properties.Thorough knowledge and understanding of electrides are thus of both scientific and technological significance.Here,we employ first-principles calculations to investigate Mott-insulating Ae_(5)X_(3)(Ae=Ca,Sr,and Ba;X=As and Sb)electrides with Mn_(5)Si_(3)-type structure,in which half-filled interstitial electrons serve as ions and are spin-polarized.The Mott-insulating property is induced by strong electron correlation between the nearest interstitial electrons,resulting in spin splitting and a separation between occupied and unoccupied states.The half-filled antiferromagnetic configuration and localization of the interstitial electrons are critical for the Mott-insulating properties of these materials.Compared with that in intermetallic electrides,the orbital hybridization between the half-filled interstitial electrons and the surrounding atoms is weak,leading to highly localized magnetic centers and pronounced correlation effects.Therefore,the Mott-insulating electrides Ae_(5)X_(3)have very large indirect bandgaps(0.30 eV).In addition,high pressure is found to strengthen the strong correlation effects and enlarge the bandgap.The present results provide a deeper understanding of the formation mechanism of Mott-insulating electrides and provide guidance for the search for new strongly correlated electrides.

Magnetized magma intrusions being sources of a weak and a strong lunar magnetic anomaly revealed by 3D distribution of magnetization

In this work,we aim to investigate the origin of the magnetic carriers in the lunar crust and the intensity of the ancient dynamo field.The magnetization and depth range of magnetic carriers are studied under a weak and a strong magnetic anomaly in Mare Tranquillitatis and in Oceanus Procellarum,respectively,where the surface ages are 3.6 and 3.3 billion years.A sophisticated three-dimensional amplitude inversion software program from a geophysical survey is used to reconstruct the distributions of magnetization in the lunar crust.Because no globally measured surface magnetic field exists for the Moon,a crustal magnetic anomaly model with a grid resolution of 0.2°is used.The depth range of the magnetic source is fixed by the boundary identified by a relative criterion,which is 20%of the recovered maximum magnetization.The central burial depths of the magnetic carriers are approximately 15 km and 25 km under Reiner Gamma and Mare Tranquillitatis,respectively.The volumes of the two magnetic sources are at scales of 104 and 105 km3,respectively.The aforementioned differences may imply a hotter crust under Reiner Gamma than Mare Tranquillitatis by 3.3 billion years.The results support the view that the magma intrusions magnetized by an ancient magnetic field could be the origin of magnetic anomalies under Reiner Gamma and Mare Tranquillitatis.Compared with previous works,the maximum magnetization of 3 A/m under Reiner Gamma supports the intensity of the field being several microteslas.

Evolution and spatiotemporal analysis of earthquake public opinion based on social media data

As critical conduits for the dissemination of online public opinion,social media platforms offer a timely and effective means for managing emergencies during major disasters,such as earthquakes.This study focuses on the analysis of online public opinions following the Maduo M7.4 earthquake in Qinghai Province and the Yangbi M6.4 earthquake in Yunnan Province.By collecting,cleaning,and organizing post-earthquake Sina Weibo(short for Weibo)data,we employed the Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA)model to extract information pertinent to public opinion on these earthquakes.This analysis included a comparison of the nature and temporal evolution of online public opinions related to both events.An emotion analysis,utilizing an emotion dictionary,categorized the emotional content of post-earthquake Weibo posts,facilitating a comparative study of the characteristics and temporal trends of online public emotions following the earthquakes.The findings were visualized using Geographic Information System(GIS)techniques.The analysis revealed certain commonalities in online public opinion following both earthquakes.Notably,the peak of online engagement occurred within the first 24 hours post-earthquake,with a rapid decline observed between 24 to 48 hours thereafter.The variation in popularity of online public opinion was linked to aftershock occurrences.Adjusted for population factors,online engagement in areas surrounding the earthquake sites and in Sichuan Province was significantly high.Initially dominated by feelings of“fear”and“surprise”,the public sentiment shifted towards a more positive outlook with the onset of rescue operations.However,distinctions in the online public response to each earthquake were also noted.Following the Yangbi earthquake,Yunnan Province reported the highest number of Weibo posts nationwide;in contrast,Qinghai Province ranked third post-Maduo earthquake,attributable to its smaller population size and extensive damage to communication infrastructure.This research offers a methodological approach for the analysis of online public opinion related to earthquakes,providing insights for the enhancement of post-disaster emergency management and public mental health support.

Safety Limits for Pre-Tension of Membrane Roofs on Closed Structure in Air Flow

The stiffness required for the normal operation of membrane roof comes from the application of pre-tension. When the pre-tension is too small, it is easy to cause instability under the action of wind load, which leads to excessive deformation of the roof and local or overall damage. In order to ensure that the membrane roof is always in normal use state in the airflow field, this paper takes the membrane pretension as the control parameter to study the value of safety pretension of closed membrane roof. According to the theory of large deflection of membrane and Galerkin method, the nonlinear vibration differential equation of membrane roof under static wind is established, and the critical state of safe working of membrane roof is determined by judging the stability of the solution of the equation, and the expression of critical wind speed is obtained. By establishing the inequality relationship between local design wind speed and critical wind speed, the safety pretension limit of membrane roof under specific site can be obtained. The research shows that the safety pretension limits of closed membrane roofs are different in different areas under different design return periods. In addition, the value of safety pretension is related to the film geometry.

Mapping of Purple Gene in Spears of Asparagus(Asparagus officinalis L.)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to find out regulatory genes related to purple in spears of asparagus(Asparagus officinalis L.).[Methods]The stable asparagus inbred line JX1513-5(the base of the spear is purple)and JLV1718-7(the base of the spear is green)were used as parents to study the genetic law of purple/green traits in their offspring.[Results]The results showed that the purple in the basal part of asparagus spear was controlled by a pair of alleles,and purple was dominant over green.The F 2 segregation population was resequenced by the bulk segregation analysis(BSA)method,and the purple trait in the basal part of asparagus spear was located in the interval of 24.51-25.08 Mb on Chr07 chromosome,which included 47 genes.According to the annotation information,three candidate genes were screened out:LOC109849403,LOC109849430 and LOC109849442.The candidate genes were verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR),and finally LOC109849442 was obtained as the candidate gene for controlling the purple/green trait in the basal part of asparagus spear.[Conclusions]This study lays a foundation for the breeding of new asparagus varieties and molecular marker-assisted breeding.

Occurrence and Control of Main Pest Groups in Allium tuberosum Fields in Shijiazhuang

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the species and occurrence patterns of main pests in the Chinese chive(Allium tuberosum)fields in Shijiazhuang.[Methods]Our research group conducted a systematic investigation on the types and occurrence of major pests in Chinese chive fields in Shijiazhuang from April 2019 to November 2020 using the Malaise net method.[Results]The main pests harming Chinese chives in the region included Thrips tabaci,Bradysia odoriphaga,Luperomorpha suturalis,Acrolepla alliella,Liriomyza chinensis,and Neotoxoptera formosana.The pest populations in the region mainly experienced two peak periods,from mid June to mid July and from late August to late September.Meanwhile,corresponding green prevention and control measures were proposed based on the occurrence characteristics and biological characteristics of different pests in local chive fields.[Conclusions]Predicting the occurrence of pests in Chinese chive fields can provide basis for farmers to take timely prevention and control measures,reduce the damage of pests in the field to Chinese chives and realize high-quality production of Chinese chive.