Host-Induced Gene Silencing of Effector AGLIP1 Enhanced Resistance of Rice to Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA

Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA, is a major disease in rice-growing areas worldwide. Effectors of phytopathogenic fungi play important roles during the infection process of fungal pathogens onto their host plants. However, the molecular mechanisms by which R. solani effectors regulate rice immunity are not well understood. Through prediction, 78 candidate effector molecules were identified. Using the tobacco rattle virus-host induced gene silencing(TRV-HIGS) system, 45 RNAi constructs of effector genes were infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The results revealed that eight of these constructs resulted in a significant reduction in necrosis caused by infection with the AG1-IA strain GD-118. Additionally, stable rice transformants carrying the double-stranded RNA construct for one of the effector genes, AGLIP1, were generated to further verify the function of this gene. The suppression of the AGLIP1 gene increased the resistance of both N. benthamiana and rice against GD-118, and also affected the growth rate of GD-118, indicating that AGLIP1 is a key pathogenic factor. Small RNA sequencing showed that the HIGS vectors were processed into si RNAs within the plants and then translocated to the fungi, leading to the silencing of the target genes. As a result, AGLIP1 might be an excellent candidate for HIGS, thereby enhancing crop resistance against the pathogen and contributing to the control of R. solani infection.

The Voltage Distribution Characteristics of a Hybrid Circuit Breaker During High Current Interruption

Hybrid circuit breaker （HCB） technology based on a vacuum interrupter and a SF6 interrupter in series has become a new research direction because of the low-carbon requirements for high voltage switches. The vacuum interrupter has an excellent ability to deal with the steep rising part of the transient recovery voltage （TRV）, while the SF6 interrupter can withstand the peak part of the voltage easily. An HCB can take advantage of the interrupters in the current interruption process. In this study, an HCB model based on the vacuum ion diffusion equations, ion density equation, and modified Cassie-Mayr arc equation is explored. A simulation platform is constructed by using a set of software called the alternative transient program （ATP）. An HCB prototype is also designed, and the short circuit current is interrupted by the HCB under different action sequences of contacts. The voltage distribution of the HCB is analyzed through simulations and tests. The results demonstrate that if the vacuum interrupter withstands the initial TRV and interrupts the post-arc current first, then the recovery speed of the dielectric strength of the SF6 interrupter will be fast. The voltage distribution between two interrupters is determined by their post-arc resistance, which happens after current-zero, and subsequently, it is determined by the capacitive impedance after the post-arc current decays to zero.

Adsorption of sulfate in aqueous solutions by organo-nano-clay:Adsorption equilibrium and kinetic studies

The adsorption of sulfate in aqueous solutions onto organo-nano-clay prepared by natural zeolite and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB） was studied.Parameters such as adsorbent dosage,contact time and temperature were investigated using batch adsorption studies.The results show that the uptake of sulfate increases with the increase of contact time and temperature,and decreases with the increase of dosage.The Freundlich isotherm model is fit to explain the sulfate adsorption onto organo-nano-clay.The maximum adsorption capacity is found to be 38.02 mg/g at 40 ℃.The kinetic data fit well the pseudo-second-order and Elovich models with a R2 more than 0.98.It is suggested that chemisorption is the rate-controlling step for adsorption of sulfate onto organo-nano-clay,meanwhile both intraparticle diffusion and boundary layer diffusion also contribute as well.Ion-exchange between sulfate anions and bromide ions and complexation between sulfate anions and CTAB cations are responsible for the mechanism of sulfate adsorption.Keywords：organo-nano-clay; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB）; modification; sulfate; adsorption

Failure modes of coal containing gas and mechanism of gas outbursts

In order to explain the mechanism for gas outburst, the process of evolving fractures in coal seams is described using system dynamics with variable boundaries. We discuss the failure modes of coal containing gas and then established the flow rules after failure. The condition under which states of deformation convert is presented and the manner in which these convert is proposed. In the end, the process of gas outbursts is explained in detail. It shows that a gas outburst is a process in which the boundaries of coal seams are variable because of coal failure. If the fractures are not connected or even closed owing to coal/rock stress, fractured zones will retain a certain level of carrying capacity because of the self-sealing gas pressure. When the accumulation of gas energy reaches its limit, coal seams will become unstable and gas outbursts take place.

Spatial acoustic emission evolution of red sandstone during multi-stage triaxial deformation

Multi-stage triaxial compression tests for cylindrical red sandstone specimens(diameter of 50 mm,height of 100 mm) were carried out with a rock mechanics testing system and spatial acoustic emission(AE) locations were obtained by adopting an AE monitoring system.Based on spatial AE distribution evolution of red sandstone during multi-stage triaxial deformation,the relation between spatial AE events and triaxial deformation of red sandstone was analyzed.The results show that before peak strength,the spatial AE events are not active and distribute stochastically in the specimen,while after peak strength,the spatial AE events are very active and focus on a local region beyond final microscopic failure plane.During multi-stage triaxial deformation with five different confining pressures,the spatial AE distribution evolution in the red sandstone was obtained.The obtained spatial AE locations of red sandstone at the final confining pressure agree very well with the ultimate failure experimental mode.Finally,the influence of confining pressure on the spatial AE evolution characteristics of red sandstone during triaxial deformation was discussed.The AE behavior of red sandstone during multi-stage triaxial deformation is interpreted in the light of the Kaiser effect,which has a significant meaning for predicting the unstable failure of engineering rock mass.

Stability analysis of an unsaturated soil slope considering rainfall infiltration based on the Green-Ampt model

Based on the principle of saturated infiltration and the Green-Ampt model,an unsaturated infiltration model for a soil slope surface was established for either constant moisture content,or depth-varying moisture content and the slope.Infiltration parameters in the partially saturated slope were revealed under sustained rainfall.Through analysis of the variation of initial moisture content in the slope,the ponding time,infiltration depth,and infiltration rate were deduced for an unsaturated soil slope subject to rainfall infiltration.There is no ponded water on the surface of the slope under sustained low-intensity rainfall.The results show that the infiltration parameters of an unsaturated slope are influenced by the initial moisture content and the wetting front saturation,the soil cohesion and rainfall intensity under sustained rainfall.More short-term slope failures can occur with the decrease of cohesion of the soil of the slope.The ponding time and infiltration depth differ considering constant or different initial moisture content respectively in the soil slope.Then,best-fit curves of the infiltration rate,ponding time,and infiltration depth to the wetting front saturation were obtained with constant or different initial moisture contents.And the slope failure time is roughly uniform when subject to a rainfall intensity I>5 mm/h.

Experimental study on the infrared precursor characteristics of gas-bearing coal failure under loading

The stress and gas pressure in deep coal seams are very high,and instability and failure rapidly and intensely occur.It is important to study the infrared precursor characteristics of gas-bearing coal instability and failure.In this paper,a self-developed stress-gas coupling failure infrared experimental system was used to analyse the infrared radiation temperature(IRT)and infrared thermal image precursor characteristics of gas-free coal and gas-bearing coal.The changes in the areas of the infrared temperature anomalous precursor regions and the effect of the gas on the infrared precursors were examined.The results show that high-temperature anomalous precursors arise mainly when the gas-free coal fails under loading,whereas the gas-bearing coal has high-temperature and low-temperature anomalous precursors.The area of the high-temperature anomalous precursor is approximately 30%–40%under gasbearing coal unstable failure,which is lower than the 60%–70%of the gas-free coal.The area of the low-temperature abnormal precursor is approximately 3%–6%,which is higher than the 1%–2%of the gas-free coal.With increasing gas pressure,the area of the high-temperature anomalous precursor gradually decreases,and the area of the low-temperature anomalous precursor gradually increases.The highand low-temperature anomalous precursors of gas-bearing coal are mainly caused by gas desorption,volume expansion,and thermal friction.The presence of gas inhibits the increase in IRT on the coal surface and increases the difficulty of infrared radiation(IR)monitoring and early warning for gas-bearing coal.

Mechanical Behavior of Polyurethane Polymer Materials under Triaxial Cyclic Loading:A Particle Flow Code Approach

Polyurethane polymer grouting materials were studied with conventional triaxial tests via the particle flow code in two dimensions（PFC^（2D）） method, and the simulation results agreed with the experimental data. The particle flow code method can simulate the mechanical properties of the polymer. The triaxial cyclic loading tests of the polymer material under different confining pressures were carried out via PFC^（2D） to analyze its mechanical performance. The PFC^（2D） simulation results show that the value of the elastic modulus of the polymer decreases slowly at first and fluctuated within a narrow range near the value of the peak strength; the cumulative plastic strain increases slowly at first and then increases rapidly; the peak strength and elastic modulus of polymer increase with the confining pressure; the PFC^（2D） method can be used to quantitatively evaluate the damage behavior of the polymer material and estimate the fatigue life of the materials under fatigue load based on the number and the location of micro-cracks. Thus, the PFC^（2D） method is an effective tool to study polymers.

A low-cost green approach for synthesis of lead oxide from waste lead ash for use in new lead-acid batteries

This paper proposes a novel method relating to the recycling of waste lead ash originated from procedure of lead alloy production.The spent lead ash was first disposed by acetic acid leaching system,where lead ash structure wrapping impurities would be destroyed.The synthesis of lead oxide products was conducted at a lower temperature of 90℃.The effect of molar ratio of CH3 COOH to lead content of the ash on leaching efficiency was studied through the acetic acid leaching system.The results demonstrate that 84.6%of lead could be obtained in the leaching solution,while merely 0.7%of Fe blend in solution within a leaching time of 120 min.In the stage of lead oxide synthesis from leaching solution,the yield of lead oxide products could reach up to 94.4%when the molar ratio of NaOH to lead in filtrate was 2.5.This novel green method could shed light on the reuse of lead from exhausted ash with a much more convenient and environmentally friendly procedure.

Dynamic responses of bridge-approach embankment transition section of high-speed rail

Based on the vehicle track coupling dynamics theory, a new spatial dynamic numerical model of vehicle track subgrade coupling system was established considering the interaction among different structural layers in the subgrade system. The dynamic responses of the coupled system were analyzed when the speed of train was 350 km/h and the transition was filled with graded broken stones mixed with 5% cement. The results indicate that the setting form of bridge-approach embankment section has little effect on the dynamic responses, thus designers can choose it on account of the practical circumstances. Because the location about 5 m from the bridge abutment has the greatest deformation, the stiffness within 0 5 m zone behind the abutment should be specially designed. The results of the study from vehicle track dynamics show that the maximum allowable track deflection angle should be 0.09% and the coefficient of subgrade reaction(K30) is greater than 190 MPa within the 0 5 m zone behind the abutment and greater than 150 MPa in other zones.

CS_2 extraction and FTIR & GC/MS analysis of a Chinese brown coal

The abundance of low-rank coals in China, such as bituminous and brown coals, makes studies of their composition and structure of great significance to both coal chemistry research and for efficient utilization of the coal. We describe how a Chinese brown coal was ultrasonically extracted with carbon disulfide （CS2） and the raw and extracted coals were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy （FTIR）. The corresponding extract was analyzed with a coupled gas chromatograph mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. The FTIR analysis shows a great abundance of amidocyanogen, carbonyl, aromatic and hetero aromatic rings and single carbon-beteroatom bonds. This suggests the possible occurrence of compounds like alcohols, phenols, amines, esters, carboxylic acids, ethers, aromatics or heteroaromatics. The GC/MS analysis of the CS2 extract detected 62 compounds, among which the non-polar ones were of lower abundance while the polar ones were in higher abundance and were structurally diverse. This demonstrates the compositional and structural complexity of Shengli coal.

Effect of TiO_2 on the Formation of Clinker with High C_3S

Effect of TiO2 content on the burnability of clinker with high C3S were investigated by determination of free lime in final product, and the clinker phase formation, microstructural features of C3S and the solubility of TiO2 in C3S were further studied by XRD, SEM/EDS analysis. TiO2 accelerates the combination of free lime in the samples, free lime content decreases obviously with TiO2 increasing up to 2% and almost remains above 2%. A new phase CaO·TiO2 was found when TiO2 was up to 3%, and samples with TiO2 displayed well-formed uniform size hexagonal C3S crystal. The limit of solubility of TiO2 in C3S at 1400 ℃ is about 1.7%.

Effect of CuO on the Burnability and Mineral Formation of High C_3S Cement Clinker

The effect of CuO on the clinkering process and mineral structure, components and morphology of high C3S cement clinker was studied. One reference mixture was prepared according to the potential mineral phase components C3S=75%, C3A=7%, C4AF=18% and then was mixed, respectively, with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 4% CuO. All samples were heated at a rate of 10°C/min to the design temperatures and then maintained for 40 min. Analyses by the glycerol-ethanol method, XRD and SEM-EDS show that the minimum of free lime （f-CaO） content was related to temperature and CuO amount. The higher the temperature, the lower the amount of CuO corresponding to the f-CaO minimum content. CuO promotes the formation and growth of C3S and C4AF and a new compound is found. In addition, these phenomena are discussed theoretically. In conclusion, CuO alters the burnability and the formation and structure of C3S in a high C3S cement system.

The geochemical multi-fractal characteristics and mineralization of the Dehelongwa copper-gold deposit

The spatial distribution of ore-forming elements is the result of interaction and influence among multiple factors in the process of mineralization, and is the specific embodiment of non-linearity and coupling of mineralization. The fractal theory has such functions as to characterize non-lineariry and coupling, and can find out the deterministic law from the complicated coupling process. The primary geochemical fractal distribution of metallogenic elements such as Cu and Au possesses the characteristics of multi-fractal distribution in the Dehelongwa copper-gold deposit. Copper follows 2-d fractal distribution, and Au follows 3- or 4-d fractal distribution. The primary geochemical fractal distribution has a certain similarity on the same prospecting line, and this similarity is not obvious among different prospecting lines. The secondary geochemical fractal distribution of Cu and Au is higher in similarity, and simpler than the primary geochemical fractal distribution. These results show that the mineralization of Cu and Au is out of sync and also is inconsistent in this deposit, and the mineralization of Cu mainly experienced two mineralization stages, while the mineralization of Au experienced three to four mineralization stages. Besides the mineralization of Cu and Au shows a certain direction and along the strike of vertical orebodies it is relatively balanced. While along the strike of the ore bodies the mineralization of Cu and Au shows a significant difference. The hypergenic geologic process has a certain effect on the balance of spatial distribution of Cu and Au. From these it can be seen that the mineralization process of this deposit is well characterized by the geochemical fractal distribution of Cu and Au.

Study on Coconut Shell Activated Carbon Temperature Swing Adsorption of Benzene and Formaldehyde

Adsorption can be used to recover effectively the volatile organic gases(VOCs)in the exhaust gas from factories through using an appropriate adsorption bed.Due to form a physical or chemical bond,adsorption occurs between the porous solid medium and the liquid or gas multi component fluid mixture.The regeneration capa-city of the adsorbent is as important as the adsorption capacity and it determines the economics of the adsorption system.The regeneration of adsorbent can be realized through changing the pressure or temperature of the system.Here,activated carbon samples from coconut shell were prepared and characterized.Benzene or formal-dehyde in the mixed air was used as the adsorption object,and the adsorption experiment was carried out in a U-shaped bed.Discussed how adsorption was affected by activated carbon type,adsorbate and temperature.The results show that oxidation modifed activated carbon can increase the adsorption effect of form aldehyde,but will reduce the ad sorption effect of benzene,because their ad sorption mechanism is different.At 30℃,the saturated adsorption apacity of AC-0 for benzene is 437.0 mg/g.and that of AC-1 for formaldehyde is 670.5 mg/g.In the experimental range,it is found that the adsorption capacity increases with the decrease of temperature,and their changes are very consistent with the ftted ExpDecay1 function.

Characteristics of electromagnetic vector field generated from rock fracturing

Rock fracturing is often accompanied by electromagnetic phenomenon.As a vector field,in addition to the intensity that is widely concerned,the generated electromagnetic field also has obvious direction-ality.To this end,a set of electromagnetic antennas capable of simultaneous three-axis measurement is used to monitor the electromagnetic vector field generated from rock fracturing based on Brazilian tests.The signal amplitude on each axis can represent the magnitude of actual magnetic flux density component on the three axes.The intensity and directional characteristics of electromagnetic signals received at different positions are studied using vector synthesis.The directionality of electromagnetic radiation measured using a three-axis electromagnetic antenna shows that the direction of the magnetic flux intensity generated by rock fracturing tends to be parallel to the crack surface,and the measured signal intensity is greater in a direction closer to the crack surface.

Study on PEG6000 Treatment on Budding Percentage And Germination Rate of Allium Tuberosum Roxb.Seeds

Allium tuberosum Roxb is very popular for its function of stomach-strengthening,spirit-freshening,yang-warming and kidney essencereplenishing,however,its seeds appear to low bud,irregular sapling and other side effects,which result in low yield and poor quality.This paper analyzed effects of PEG6000 concentration on budding percentage in detail.It comes to conclusions that budding percentage of No.1 seed increases from 71% to 92% on the basis of 36 h treatment by 20% PEG6000 and 24 h water-drying,that of No.3 seed ranges from 30.4% to 53.4% on the basis of the same treatment by 10% PEG6000.

Relationship between the Water Body Chlorophylla and Water Quality Factors of Wetlands Baiguishan Reservoir

[Objective] The aim was to explore the relationship between water body Chlorophyll-a and water quality factors of wetlands Baiguishan reservoir.[Method] Chlorophyll-a and water quality factors of water quality of Wetlands BaiGuishan Reservoir was studied,the analysis of the relationship on water quality of Wetlands Baiguishan Reservoir was made by use of trophic status indices and SPSS17.0 statistical analysis.[Result] Total phosphorus was an important factor of influence Chlorophyll-a in reservoir,water body had slight eutrophication phenomenon in reservoir of July to October in 2010.[Conclusion] Comprehensive management should be strengthened so as to improve the water quality of Baiguishan wetland.

Research Progress on Technique of Frozen Embryo Transfer in Sheep

The paper introduced the research progress on the technique of frozen embryo transfer in sheep,illustrated selection of donors and receptors,superovulation,synchronization of estrus,embryo cryopreservation and embryo transplantation. Frozen embryo transfer in sheep is another breakthrough in the high-quality sheep raising,and this technique in China is in its infancy recommendation stage,but it will be comprehensively popularized in the future.

Study of oxidization of coal–pitch by O_3

For the purpose of obtaining small molecular and oxygen-containing aromatic compounds, taking a toluene-extracted coal pitch as the research object, the oxidation of coal-pitch by ozone （03） in formic acid was studied. The coal-pitch sample and the oxidized pitch residue were characterized by elementary analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, while the small molecular products were analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer （GC-MS）. The results show that the highest oxygen content of oxidized coal pitch had been acquired at a reaction temperature of 50℃C, an 03 flow rate of 6300 mg/h and a reaction time of 4 h. Quite a lot of hydroxyls and carbonyls were introduced into the structure of the oxidized coal-pitch, while the small molecules produced mainly involve nonpolar aro- matic compounds, aromatic anhydride and quinone compounds. It is speculated that the mechanism is direct electrophilic oxidation in which the molecules of 03 directly attack the aromatic ring at its carbon atoms with high electron density, and then generate hydroxyl or carbonyl until the aromatic ring cracks. This study shows that 03 can make the fused aromatic ring of coal-pitch become oxidized and depoly- merized, and hence the ozonization of coal-pitch can be a potential method for obtaining oxygen- containing aromatic compounds.