Assessment of climate damage in China based on integrated assessment framework

Developing a localized and consistent model framework for climate loss and damage assessment is crucial for the policy-making of climate change mitigation and adaptation.This study introduces a comprehensive,multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Model(IAM)framework for evaluating climate damage in China,utilizing BCC-SESM climate model and FUND sectoral climate damage model under the SSP2-RCPs scenario.Employing a bottom-up approach,the research estimates climate damage across eight major sectors,recalibrates sectoral climate damage functions and parameters for China,and elucidates distinctions among direct climate loss,market climate loss,and aggregate climate loss.The findings reveal that the total climate damage function for China follows a quadratic pattern in response to temperature rise.By 2050,the estimated climate damage is projected to be 5.4%,5.7%,and 8.2%of GDP under RCP2.6,RCP4.5,and RCP8.5,respectively.Additionally,both direct and market climate losses are projected to remain below 2%of GDP by 2050,while the aggregate climate loss could reach as high as 8.2%,which is predominantly attributed to non-market sectors.From a sectoral perspective,under the RCP8.5 scenario,human health damage constitutes the largest share(61.9%)of the total climate loss by 2050,followed by sea-level rise damage(18.6%).This study sheds lights on the adaptation policy that should attach importance to the non-market sectors,particularly focusing on human health and sea-level rise.

Magnesium-based materials in orthopaedics:material properties and animal models

As a new generation of medical metal materials,degradable magnesium-based materials have excellent mechanical properties and osteogenic promoting ability,making them promising materials for the treatment of refractory bone diseases.Animal models can be used to understand and evaluate the performance of materials in complex physiological environments,providing relevant data for preclinical evaluation of implants and laying the foundation for subsequent clinical studies.To date,many researchers have studied the biocompatibility,degradability and osteogenesis of magnesium-based materials,but there is a lack of review regarding the effects of magnesium-based materials in vivo.In view of the growing interest in these materials,this review briefly describes the properties of magnesium-based materials and focuses on the safety and efficacy of magnesium-based materials in vivo.Various animal models including rats,rabbits,dogs and pigs are covered to better understand and evaluate the progress and future of magnesium-based materials.This literature analysis reveals that the magnesium-based materials have good biocompatibility and osteogenic activity,thus causing no adverse reaction around the implants in vivo,and that they exhibit a beneficial effect in the process of bone repair.In addition,the degradation rate in vivo can also be improved by means of alloying and coating.These encouraging results show a promising future for the use of magnesium-based materials in musculoskeletal disorders.