A perspective review on the biosynthesis of plant-based secondary metabolites and their application as potent drugs

Many phytochemicals and their derived metabolites produced by plants are extensively employed in commercial goods,pharmaceutical products as well as in the environmental and medicalfields.However,these secondary metabolites obtained from plants are in low amounts,and it is difficult to synthesize them at the industrial level.Despite these challenges,they may be utilized for a variety of medicinal products that are either available in the market or are being researched and tested.Secondary metabolites are complex compounds that exhibit chirality.Further,under controlled conditions with elicitors,desired secondary metabolites may be produced from plant cell cultures.This review emphasizes the various aspects of secondary metabolites including their types,synthesis,and applications as medicinal products.The article aims to promote the use of plant secondary metabolites in the management and treatment of various diseases.

View Types and Visual Communication Cues for Remote Collaboration

Over the last several years,remote collaboration has been getting more attention in the research community because of the COVID-19 pandemic.In previous studies,researchers have investigated the effect of adding visual communication cues or shared views in collaboration,but there has not been any previous study exploring the influence between them.In this paper,we investigate the influence of view types on the use of visual communication cues.We compared the use of the three visual cues(hand gesture,a pointer with hand gesture,and sketches with hand gesture)across two view types(dependent and independent views),respectively.We conducted a user study,and the results showed that hand gesture and sketches with the hand gesture cueswerewell matchedwith the dependent viewcondition,and using a pointer with the hand gesture cue was suited to the independent view condition.With the dependent view,the hand gesture and sketch cues required less mental effort for collaborative communication,had better usability,provided better message understanding,and increased feeling of co-presence compared to the independent view.Since the dependent view supported the same viewpoint between the remote expert and a local worker,the local worker could easily understand the remote expert’s hand gestures.In contrast,in the independent view case,when they had different viewpoints,it was not easy for the local worker to understand the remote expert’s hand gestures.The sketch cue had a benefit of showing the final position and orientation of the manipulating objects with the dependent view,but this benefit was less obvious in the independent view case(which provided a further view compared to the dependent view)because precise drawing in the sketches was difficult from a distance.On the contrary,a pointer with the hand gesture cue required less mental effort to collaborate,had better usability,provided better message understanding,and an increased feeling of co-presence in the independent view condition than in the dependent view condition.The pointer cue could be used instead of a hand gesture in the independent view condition because the pointer could still show precise pointing information regardless of the view type.

Natural products:a rising star for treating primary dysmenorrhea?

In the current scenario,dysmenorrhea is a very frequent gynecological condition among women.At least one in every four women suffers from severe abdominal cramps,which are referred to as dysmenorrhea or menstrual cramps.Hence,in this review we compile the data from several reviews and research papers about dysmenorrhea,its pathogenesis,along with all treatment approaches.It was found in a survey that normally women treated these cramps with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines or oral contraceptives,but lately it was found that these medications have a 20%to 25%failure rate as well as unpleasant side effects.Hereby,in this review,we concluded all the possible treatments,including pharmacological treatment,non-pharmacological treatment,and herbal treatments for dysmenorrhea.Many women are looking for alternatives to conventional treatments,such as the use of herbs,vitamins,minerals,nutritional supplements,analgesics,anti-inflammatory agents,and aromatherapy agents,which can have a significant impact when taken on a regular basis.The active constituents of these medicinal plants help the body fight cramps and pain associated with menstruation,as well as alleviate these issues in the most calming and effective way possible.

Improved Enhanced Chain Based Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Network

In this paper, we have proposed an energy efficient chain based protocol which is an improvement over ECBSN (Energy Efficient Chain Based Sensor Network). ECBSN protocol has certain deficiencies like the non optimal selection of leader nodes in rounds, aggregation and transmission of data by head nodes that leads to unbalanced energy consumption. Aiming at these problems, an improved chain based protocol is proposed. IECBSN adopts a new method of selection of leader nodes based on selection value (SV) parameter .To lower energy consumption further, one more level of hierarchy has been added with a head leader node, which will aggregate data from the leader nodes and pass it to the base station. IECBSN shows an improvement of 20% - 35% as compare to PEGASIS (Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System) and 5% t to 7% from ECBSN on energy consumption and improves network lifetime.

Contamination of Heavy Metals and Nutrients in Sediment, Sludge and Sewage of India

The stagnant water bodies in India are sink for contaminant i.e. detergent, fertilizer, nutrients, heavy metal, pesticide, microbe, etc. The contamination and sources of elements i.e. Al, K, P, S, Cl, As, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in the sediment, sludge and sewage materials of the most industrialized cities of central India i.e. Raipur, Bhilai and Korba is described. The dominated metals i.e. Al, K, Ca, Ti, Fe and Mn in the geowaste materials (n = 20) contributed in the range of 4.8% - 36.3% with mean value of 10.2% ± 2.9%. The ∑4 concentration of nutrients i.e. P, K, S and Cl ranged from 1.2 - 12.5 g/kg with mean value of 7.9 ± 1.3 g/kg. The concentration of other heavy metals (HMs) i.e. As, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb ranged from 12 - 105, 35 - 175, 88 - 392, 14 - 77, 32 - 185, 38 - 626 and 18 - 228 mg/kg with mean value of 644 ± 78, 83 ± 15, 182 ± 41, 44 ± 7, 68 ± 18, 199 ± 71 and 85 ± 25 mg/kg, respectively. The spatial and vertical distribution, enrichment and sources of the elements in the sediments are discussed.

Studies on selected polymeric materials using the photoacoustic spectroscopic technique

Polymethylmethacrylat-graft-polybisphenol A-carbonate （PMMA-G-PC） with 50% grafting is synthesized. The graft co-polymerization of methyhnethacrylate （0.036 mol. lit-1） onto polybisphenol-A-carbonate （0.5 g） in the presence of a redox couple formed from potassium persulphate （40 mol-lit-1） and thio-urea （30 mmol. lit-1） in aqueous nitric acid （0.18 M, 100 ml） in air at （45±2）℃ for 3.0 h. Condensation of （PMMA-G-PC） with N- [p-（carboxyl phenyl amino acetic acid）] hydrazide （PCPH） affords polybisphenol-A-carbonate-graft-polymethylmethacrylate hydrazide （PCGH）. The photoacoustic （PA） spectra of （PCGH） are recorded in a wavelength range from 200 nm to 800 nm at a modulation frequency of 22 Hz, and compared with those of pure polybisphenol-A-carbonate （PC）, （PMMA-G-PC） and （PCPH）. In the present work, a non-destructive and non-contact analytical method, namely the photoacoustic technique, is successfully implemented for optical and thermal characterization of selected polymeric materials. The indigenous PA spectrometer used in the present study consists of a 300-W xenon arc lamp, a lock-in amplifier, a chopper, a （1/8）-m monochromator controlled by computer and a home-made PA cell.

Evaluation of Phytoremediation Potential of <i>Catharanthus roseus</i>with Respect to Chromium Contamination

A major environmental concern due to dispersal of industrial and urban wastes generated by human activities is the contamination of soil. The release of heavy metals into the terrestrial ecosystem is a major problem. Accumulation of heavy metals in environment and particularly in soil is a serious environmental concern, as the accumulated heavy metal ions can find their way into living organisms via contamination of ground water or food chain. This praxis urgently requires and demands governmental regulations in India. Two samples of sludge were collected from Banthar Industrial Pollution Control Company (BIPCC), UP State Industrial Development Corporation (UPSIDC), Leather Technology Park, Banthar, Unnao, India. In the present study, the phytoremediation potential of Catharanthus roseus, a valued medicinal plant, with respect to chromium has been analyzed. C. roseus was shown to absorb up to about 38% of the amount of Cr present in primary and secondary sludge amended soil through roots and accumulate it to about 22% in leaves. Effect of chromium concentration on the status of antioxidant enzyme peroxidase (POD) and detoxification enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) from C. roseus leaves was also observed and determined. Increased expressions of POD and GST were observed on native PAGE under stress conditions as compared to control. C. roseus can well tolerate low amounts of chromium (and accumulate it to about 22% in leaves) and can, thus, prove useful in the reclamation and remediation of chromium contaminated soil and land.

A New Approach to Disk Scheduling Using Fuzzy Logic

Disk scheduling is one of the main responsibilities of Operating System. OS manages hard disk to provide best access time. All major Disk scheduling algorithms incorporate seek time as the only factor for disk scheduling. The second factor rotational delay is ignored by the existing algorithms. This research paper considers both factors, Seek Time and Rotational Delay to schedule the disk. Our algorithm Fuzzy Disk Scheduling (FDS) looks at the uncertainty associated with scheduling incorporating the two factors. Keeping in view a Fuzzy inference system using If-Then rules is designed to optimize the overall performance of disk drives. Finally we compared the FDS with the other scheduling algorithms.

Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Air as Substrate for S-Band Communication

A Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna model is proposed using air as a substrate to study the characteristics of designed antenna. The dimensions of designed antenna are 17 mm × 16.66 mm with substrate at frequency 3.525 GHz. In this paper, the simulation is performed by using software Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave studio based on finite difference time domain technique. The characterization of the designed antenna was analyzed in terms of return loss, bandwidth, directivity, gain, radiation pattern, VSWR.

Contamination of Arsenic and Other Heavy Metals in Rhizospheric Soil

The contamination of arsenic (As) and other heavy metal (HMs) in soil causes serious health hazard to the ecosystem. In this work, the contamination of As and other heavy metals (i.e. Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) in rhizospheric soil of 14 plants of the severely As contaminated area of Central India is described. Among them, high content of As in the rhizospheric soils was observed, ranging from 0.22 to 4.60 g/kg with mean value of 1.6 ± 0.7 g/kg. The concentration variation, enrichment indices and toxicities of the metals in the soil are described.

A New Type Four-Fold Microstrip Hairpin Line Bandpass Filter at 1.82 GHz for TranslReceive Communication Systems

A conventional hairpin-line resonator size is normally very large. This paper presents the design, simulation/optimization and measured results of a four-resonator multi-folded hairpin line microstrip bandpass filter at 1.82 GHz, with great reduction in size compared to the conventional hairpin line structure. In the proposed filter, the cross couplings have been realized between adjacent and non-adjacent resonators.

Development of Latent Fingerprints by Nanomaterial: An Update

With the development of science and technology,forensics has become a more attractive scientific subject to study,and the field of nanoforensic research has seen a lot of interest in nanomaterials.Fingerprints are crucial pieces of evidence at each crime scene,and future fingerprint investigations could greatly benefit from nano-based procedures.In terms of tangible evidence for proving a person’s identity,fingerprints have historically been and now are considered to be the most valuable sort.The prints left behind at a crime scene are typically latent(invisible)fingerprints;therefore,the distinctive ridge details of fingerprints can be obtained by coating various object surfaces with various nanoparticles,with gold being the most popular choice.These nanoparticles include silver,zinc oxide,silicon dioxide,aluminum oxide,gold,carbon,and silica.Latent fingerprints can be made better and more stable using nanoparticles.This review study concentrates on the employment of various nanomaterials in the creation and identification of latent fingerprints as a consequence.

Exploring the Potential of Syzygium cumini(L.)Skeels(Jamun)Seed Powder as an Eco-Friendly Agent for Developing Friction Ridges on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces

Background:Development of obscured fingerprints on a diverse range of surfaces is a crucial aspect of forensic investigations.Aims and Objectives:In this particular study,the utilization of Syzygium cumini(L.)Skeels(Jamun)seed powder was examined for the purpose of revealing hidden fingerprints on a variety of surfaces,including both permeable and impermeable substrates.Materials and Methods:The seed powder was extracted using a simple process and was analysed using multiple analytical techniques.The efficacy of the jamun seed powder in developing latent fingerprints was evaluated.Results:The findings of this investigation demonstrate that the jamun seed powder was capable of producing fingerprint patterns of exceptional quality and clarity on numerous surfaces.Conclusion:This research highlights the potential use of jamun seed powder as a practical and effective alternative for the development of hidden fingerprints in forensic investigations,while also providing cost-effectiveness.

Impact of metallic nanoparticles on gut microbiota modulation in colorectal cancer:A review

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the third most prevalent cancer.Ongoing research aims to uncover the causes of CRC,with a growing focus on the role of gut microbiota(GM)in carcinogenesis.The GM influences CRC development,progression,treatment efficacy,and therapeutic toxicities.For example,Fusobacterium nucleatum and Escherichia coli can regulate microbial gene expression through the incorporation of human small noncode RNA and potentially contribute to cancer progression.Metallic nanoparticles(MNPs)have both negative and positive impacts on GM,depending on their type.Several studies state that titanium dioxide may increase the diversity,richness,and abundance of probiotics bacteria,whereas other studies demonstrate dose‐dependent GM dysbiosis.The MNPs offer cytotoxicity through the modulation of MAPK signaling pathways,NF‐kB signaling pathways,PI3K/Akt signaling pathways,extrinsic signaling pathways,intrinsic apoptosis,and cell cycle arrest at G1,G2,or M phase.MNPs enhance drug delivery,enable targeted therapy,and may restore GM.However,there is a need to conduct well‐designed clinical trials to assess the toxicity,safety,and effectiveness of MNPs‐based CRC therapies.

Color-preserving passive radiative cooling for an actively temperature-regulated enclosure

Active temperature control devices are widely used for the thermal management of enclosures,including vehicles and buildings.Passive radiative cooling has been extensively studied;however,its integration with existing actively temperature regulated and decorative enclosures has slipped out of the research at status quo.Here,we present a photonic-engineered dual-side thermal management strategy for reducing the active power consumption of the existing temperature-regulated enclosure without sacrificing its aesthetics.By coating the exterior and interior of the enclosure roof with two visible-transparent films with distinctive wavelength-selectivity,simultaneous control over the energy exchange among the enclosure with the hot sun,the cold outer space,the atmosphere,and the active cooler can be implemented.A power-saving of up to 63%for active coolers of the enclosure is experimentally demonstrated by measuring the heat flux compared to the ordinary enclosure when the set temperature is around 26℃.This photonic-engineered dual-side thermal management strategy offers facile integration with the existing enclosures and represents a new paradigm toward carbon neutrality.

Bacteriocins as antimicrobial and preservative agents in food:Biosynthesis,separation and application

Emerging evidence shows the trend of using safe and natural preservatives like bacteriocins in food processing.The increasing demand by the food industry to extend keeping quality and prevent spoilage of various food products has appealed for new preservatives and new methods of conservation.Further,to discover the novel spectrum of antimicrobial compounds that could effectively battle food-borne pathogens,bacteriocins have been intensively studied in the last few years.Recently,great attention has been paid to the application of lactic acid-bacterial bacteriocins targeting food spoilage-causing or pathogenic microorganisms with no significant side effects.Different mechanisms of action like pore-formation,retarding cell-wall/nucleic acid/protein synthesis have been proposed and described for diverse bacteriocins.Therefore,the syntheses,purification of bacteriocins in addition to their applications as antimicrobial and preservative agents in food processing are reviewed in detail.The review will also discuss the preservative effect of bacteriocins and their combinations having multiple modes of action(hurdle approach)to reduce the microbial load as well as antimicrobial resistance.

High performance of low voltage controlled ring oscillator with reverse body bias technology

In complementary metal oxide semiconductor （CMOS） nanoscalc technology, power dissipation is becoming important metric. In this work low leakage voltage controlled ring oscillator circuit system was proposed for critical communication systems with high oscillation frequency. An ideal approach has been presented with substrate biasing technique for reduction of power consumption. The simulation have been completed using cadence virtuoso 45 nm standard CMOS technology at room temperature 27~C with supply voltage Vc^d = 0.7 V. The simulation results suggest that voltage controlled ring oscillator has characterized with efficient low power voltage controlled oscillator （VCO） in term of minimum leakage power （1.23 nW） and maximum oscilla- tion frequency （4.76 GHz） with joint positive channel metal oxide semiconductor and negative channel metal oxide semiconductor （PMOS and NMOS） reverse sub- strate bias technique. PMOS, NMOS and joint reverse body bias techniques have been compared in the presented work.

Ground bounce noise reduction aware combinational multi threshold CMOS circuits for nanoscale CMOS multiplier

Multi-threshold complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor （MTCMOS） is ofbn used to reduce the leakage current in idle circuit. Ground bounce noise produced during a transition mode （sleep-to-active） is an important challenge in MTCMOS. In this paper, various noise-aware combinational MTCMOS circuit was used to evaluate the ground bounce noise. An intermediate mode was applied in the sleep-to-active mode transition to reduce the charge stored on virtual lines to real ground. The dependence of ground bounce noise on voltage, transistor size and temperature was investigated with different MTCMOS circuit technique. The peak amplitude of ground bounce noise was reduced up to 78.82%. The leakage current of the circuit was decreased up to 99.73% and the active power of the circuit was reduced up to 62.32%. Simulation of multiplier with different MTCMOS circuit techniques was performed on 45nm CMOS technology.

Gate leakage current reduction in IP3 SRAM cells at 45 nm CMOS technology for multimedia applications

We have presented an analysis of the gate leakage current of the IP3 static random access memory （SRAM） cell structure when the cell is in idle mode（performs no data read/write operations） and active mode （performs data read/write operations）,along with the requirements for the overall standby leakage power,active write and read powers.A comparison has been drawn with existing SRAM cell structures,the conventional 6T,PP, P4 and P3 cells.At the supply voltage,V_（DD） = 0.8 V,a reduction of 98%,99%,92%and 94%is observed in the gate leakage current in comparison with the 6T,PP,P4 and P3 SRAM cells,respectively,while at V_（DD） = 0.7 V,it is 97%,98%,87%and 84%.A significant reduction is also observed in the overall standby leakage power by 56%〉, the active write power by 44%and the active read power by 99%,compared with the conventional 6T SRAM cell at V_（DD）= 0.8 V,with no loss in cell stability and performance with a small area penalty.The simulation environment used for this work is 45 nm deep sub-micron complementary metal oxide semiconductor（CMOS） technology,t_（ox） = 2.4 nm,K_（thn） = 0.22 V,K_（thp） = 0.224 V,V_（DD） = 0.7 V and 0.8 V,at T = 300 K.