Microwave shock motivating the Sr substitution of 2D porous GdFeO_(3) perovskite for highly active oxygen evolution

The incorporation of partial A-site substitution in perovskite oxides represents a promising strategy for precisely controlling the electronic configuration and enhancing its intrinsic catalytic activity.Conventional methods for A-site substitution typically involve prolonged high-temperature processes.While these processes promote the development of unique nanostructures with highly exposed active sites,they often result in the uncontrolled configuration of introduced elements.Herein,we present a novel approach for synthesizing two-dimensional(2D)porous GdFeO_(3) perovskite with A-site strontium(Sr)substitution utilizing microwave shock method.This technique enables precise control of the Sr content and simultaneous construction of 2D porous structures in one step,capitalizing on the advantages of rapid heating and cooling(temperature~1100 K,rate~70 K s^(-1)).The active sites of this oxygen-rich defect structure can be clearly revealed through the simulation of the electronic configuration and the comprehensive analysis of the crystal structure.For electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction application,the synthesized 2D porous Gd_(0.8)Sr_(0.2)FeO_(3) electrocatalyst exhibits an exceptional overpotential of 294 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)and a small Tafel slope of 55.85 mV dec^(-1)in alkaline electrolytes.This study offers a fresh perspective on designing crystal configurations and the construction of nanostructures in perovskite.

How do nitrogen-limited alpine coniferous forests acquire nitrogen?A rhizosphere perspective

Background:Alpine coniferous forest ecosystems dominated by ectomycorrhizal(ECM)tree species are generally characterized by low soil nitrogen(N)availability but stabilized plant productivity.Thus,elucidating potential mechanisms by which plants maintain efficient N acquisition is crucial for formulating optimized management practices in these ecosystems.Methods:We summarize empirical studies conducted at a long-term field monitoring station in the alpine coniferous forests on the eastern Tibetan Plateau,China.We propose a root-soil interaction-based framework encompassing key components including soil N supply,microbial N transformation,and root N uptake in the rhizosphere.Results:We highlight that,(i)a considerable size of soil dissolved organic N pool mitigates plant dependence on inorganic N supply;(ii)ectomycorrhizal roots regulate soil N transformations through both rhizosphere and hyphosphere effects,providing a driving force for scavenging soil N;(iii)a complementary pattern of plant uptake of different soil N forms via root-and mycorrhizal mycelium-pathways enables efficient N acquisitions in response to changing soil N availability.Conclusions:Multiple rhizosphere processes abovementioned collaboratively contribute to efficient plant N acquisition in alpine coniferous forests.Finally,we identify several research outlooks and directions to improve the understanding and prediction of ecosystem functions in alpine coniferous forests under on-going global changes.

Landslide Risk Analysis and Reduction for Sustainable Disaster Management:Components and Requests

Landslides continue to be a major natural disaster causing loss of life,extensive human suffering and economic losses,despite advances in understanding of mechanisms,monitoring and mitigation technologies related to landslides.However,landslides characteristics differ according to climatic,geological

Compost Barns for Dairy Cows—Aspects of Animal Welfare

Compost barns for dairy cows are showing increased popularity also in Central Europe. A compost barn is used mainly as a two-area system with a bedded lying area and a solid feeding alley. Sawdust or dry fine wood shavings or wood chips are mostly used as bedding material, which has to be stirred twice a day. Stirring aerates and mixes faeces and urine into the bedding material, the mixture decomposes by means of aerobic microorganisms. A joint research project between the Agricultural Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein (HBLFA) and the Institute for Sustainability Sciences T&#228nikon (ISS) analyzed amongst other things, the cleanliness of the animals, integument alterations, lying behaviour and the current lameness situation of animals. A total of 138 cows were examined on five Austrian dairy farms. All cows were visually scored and animal behaviour was observed by data loggers as well as by direct observation. The mean value concerning cleanliness of animals was 0.44, while the udder was the cleanest and the lower leg the dirtiest area. Only a few lesions in carpal and tarsal joints could be found. Cows showed no differences in lying behaviour between times of day and temperatures. Large differences in lying behaviour were evident among farms. While on the compost barn farms only around 25% of all cows were scored to be lame, on cubicle-housing system farms 31% - 46% of the cows fell into that category (p < 0.001). From the present results, the compost barn can be seen as an animal-friendly system. In further investigations other factors affecting animal health and to resolve any outstanding issues concerning economy and alternative litter materials should be analyzed.

Microwave-assisted exploration of the electron configuration-dependent electrocatalytic urea oxidation activity of 2D porous NiCo_(2)O_(4) spinel

Urea holds promise as an alternative water-oxidation substrate in electrolytic cells.High-valence nickelbased spinel,especially after heteroatom doping,excels in urea oxidation reactions(UOR).However,traditional spinel synthesis methods with prolonged high-temperature reactions lack kinetic precision,hindering the balance between controlled doping and highly active two-dimensional(2D)porous structures design.This significantly impedes the identification of electron configuration-dependent active sites in doped 2D nickel-based spinels.Herein,we present a microwave shock method for the preparation of 2D porous NiCo_(2)O_(4)spinel.Utilizing the transient on-off property of microwave pulses for precise heteroatom doping and 2D porous structural design,non-metal doping(boron,phosphorus,and sulfur)with distinct extranuclear electron disparities serves as straightforward examples for investigation.Precise tuning of lattice parameter reveals the impact of covalent bond strength on NiCo_(2)O_(4)structural stability.The introduced defect levels induce unpaired d-electrons in transition metals,enhancing the adsorption of electron-donating amino groups in urea molecules.Simultaneously,Bode plots confirm the impact mechanism of rapid electron migration caused by reduced band gaps on UOR activity.The prepared phosphorus-doped 2D porous NiCo_(2)O_(4),with optimal electron configuration control,outperforms most reported spinels.This controlled modification strategy advances understanding theoretical structure-activity mechanisms of high-performance 2D spinels in UOR.

Atomistic calculations of surface and interfacial energies of Mg_(17)Al_(12)-Mg system

It is well known that precipitation hardening in magnesium(Mg)alloys is far less effective than in aluminum alloys.Thus,it is important to understand the surface and interfacial structure and energetics between precipitates and matrix.In upscale modeling of magnesium alloys,these energy data are of great significance.In this work,we calculated the surface and interfacial energies of Mg_(17)Al_(12)-Mg system by carefully selecting the surface or interface termination,using atomistic simulations.The results show that,the higher fraction of Mg atoms on the surface,the lower the surface energy of Mg_(17)Al_(12).The interfacial energy of Mg/Mg_(17)Al_(12)was calculated in which the Burgers orientation relationship(OR)was satisfied.It was found that the(011)P|(0002)Mg interface has the lowest interfacial energy(248 mJ/m 2).Because the Burgers OR breaks when{10¯12}twin occurs,which reorients the matrix,the interfacial energy for Mg_(17)Al_(12)and a{10¯12}twin was also calculated.The results show that after twinning,the lowest interfacial energy increases by 244 mJ/m^(2),and the interface becomes highly incoherent due to the change in orientation relationship between Mg_(17)Al_(12)and the matrix.

低温燃料电池的纳米电催化材料:综述(英文)

Low temperature fuel cells are an attractive technology for transportation and residential applica-tions due to their quick start up and shut down capabilities. This review analyzed the current status of nanocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells and alkaline membrane fuel cells. The preparation process influences the performance of the nanocatalyst. Several synthesis methods are covered for noble and non-noble metal catalysts on various catalyst supports including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, nanowires, and graphenes. Ex situ and in situ characterization methods like scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and fuel cell testing of the nanocatalysts on various supports for both proton exchange and alkaline membrane fuel cells are discussed. The accelerated durability estimate of the nanocat-alysts, predicted by measuring changes in the electrochemically active surface area using a voltage cycling method, is considered one of the most reliable and valuable method for establishing durabil-ity.

Fatigue Strength Evaluation of Resin-Injected Bolted Connections Using Statistical Analysis

Different strategies can be used to perform reparations and reinforcements of ancient bolted and riveted metallic bridges. As the riveting process is not currently a common practice, it requires proper equipment and skilled workers. Another solution is the use of welding. However, the weldability of old steels is poor. Bolts are very attractive alternative solutions, and are most commonly used to repair old metallic bridges. Fitted bolts are expensive solutions; the alternative is the use of resin-injected bolts. The behavior of bolted joints with preloaded resin-injected bolts has been studied using quasi-static and creep tests; however, few studies on the slip and fatigue behavior of these joints can be found in the literature. This paper presents an overview of a few experimental programs that were carried out by several authors aiming at evaluating the fatigue behavior of single and double shear resin-injected bolted connections. A comparison between the experimental data of joints with preloaded standard bolts and preloaded resin- injected bolts shows a fatigue strength reduction in the latter. Since Eurocode 3 （EC3） suggests the same fatigue strength curve for joints made of resin-injected bolts and standard bolts, this may raise some con- cerns. Furthermore, research on the feasibility of using both bonded and bolted connections is shown. This last study was performed with high-strength low-alloy structural steel plates and an acrylic struc- tural adhesive for metal bonding. For both case studies, a statistical analysis is performed on fatigue experimental data using linearized boundaries and the Castillo and Fernandez-Canteli model. Fatigue design curves are proposed and compared with the design suggestions of several European and North American standards,

The Use of Data Mining Techniques in Rockburst Risk Assessment

Rockburst is an important phenomenon that has affected many deep underground mines around the world. An understanding of this phenomenon is relevant to the management of such events, which can lead to saving both costs and lives. Laboratory experiments are one way to obtain a deeper and better understanding of the mechanisms of rockburst. In a previous study by these authors, a database of rockburst laboratory tests was created; in addition, with the use of data mining （DM） techniques, models to predict rockburst maximum stress and rockburst risk indexes were developed. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of a database of in situ cases of rockburst in order to build influence diagrams, list the factors that interact in the occurrence of rockburst, and understand the relationships between these factors. The in situ rockburst database was further analyzed using different DM techniques ranging from artificial neural networks （ANNs） to naive Bayesian classifiers. The aim was to predict the type of rockburst-that is, the rockburst level-based on geologic and construction characteristics of the mine or tunnel. Conclusions are drawn at the end of the paper.

可生物降解包装材料的性能及应用研究

0引言 可生物降解聚合物分为合成生物降解聚合物（如某些聚酯）和天然生物降解聚合物（如淀粉）。现代可生物降解包装材料可以通过合成、加工等工艺获得与传统合成包装材料相似的性能。因此，其可广泛应用于包装领域，如食品、化妆品以及药品包装等。

风电发展不能只讲“速度”不要“质量”

风电作为国家确定的战略性新兴产业,处于成长阶段,我国风电在经过＂十一五＂时期的急速发展过后,较为严峻的问题集中显现。在＂十二五＂的开局之年,我国风电脱网事故频发、限电弃风达到了前所未有的规模、并网难尚未克服甚至更为严峻的一系列困扰风电健康发展的问题摆在我们面前。笔者认为,

Short-and long-term sediment transport in western Bohai Bay and coastal areas

Sediment cores （-40-100 cm） were collected at 12 locations in the western Bohai Bay, the Haihe River estuary, the Yongding River estuary and the Tianjin Harbor, China, during 24-26 July 2007, and analyzed for ^7Be and ^210pb activities. Due to localized hydrodynamic patterns and frequent disturbance from dredging activities, steady-state sedimentation features were not observed in this study. As demonstrated in the VBe and ^210pb profiles, the temporal and spatial variations of these radionuclides support a non-steady state depositional environment in the study area. By comparing ^7Be and ^210pb inventories in the sediments with those of the atmospheric source, we found that： 1） sediments dredged from the Tianjin Harbor or eroded from nearby estuarine and coastal areas are retained in the western Bohai Bay for relatively short intervals （several months）, as reflected in the relatively high ^7Be inventories in the western Bohai Bay; 2） over the long-term （years to decades）, ^210Pb inventories in the sediments imply that there is a net on-shore transport of sediments, and the sediments are mass-balanced in the entire study area. Overall, our results suggest that the sediments are retained in the estuaries and the western Bohai Bay despite local variability in sediment dynamics and disturbance due to human activities.

Effects of puddling on percolation and rice yields in rainfed lowland paddy cultivation: Case study in Khammouane province, central Laos

We investigated the effects of puddling on percolation and rice yields in rainfed lowland paddy cultivation. We selected a study village in Khammouane province, central Laos, and set up non-puddling and puddling plots from high to low positions. Even when puddling was conducted carefully, the ponding water in the plots disappeared in the case of little rainfall. Further, percolatifons during the later periods of rice growth increased drastically. Therefore, it is difficult to overcome drought stresses only by conducting puddling. We also compared the water conditions in the non-puddling and puddling plots. In the puddling plots at high position and low position along a stream, the number of days without ponding water in the puddling plots was less than that in the non-puddling field in July, suggesting the possibility of a different transplanting date. We tried to estimate the effects of transplanting date on the rice yields and found that transplanting 15 days earlier leads to an increase of 0.5 t/ha in the rice yields. Moreover, the profits from the increased yields exceed the puddling costs considerably, leading to a definite increase in income. Because the transplanting date has no effects in the fields with high ground water, puddling is effective in paddy fields where ponding does not occur to a significant degree.

Artificial intelligence for geoscience:Progress,challenges,and perspectives

This paper explores the evolution of geoscientific inquiry,tracing the progression from traditional physics-based models to modern data-driven approaches facilitated by significant advancements in artificial intelligence(AI)and data collection techniques.Traditional models,which are grounded in physical and numerical frameworks,provide robust explanations by explicitly reconstructing underlying physical processes.However,their limitations in comprehensively capturing Earth’s complexities and uncertainties pose challenges in optimization and real-world applicability.In contrast,contemporary data-driven models,particularly those utilizing machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL),leverage extensive geoscience data to glean insights without requiring exhaustive theoretical knowledge.ML techniques have shown promise in addressing Earth science-related questions.Nevertheless,challenges such as data scarcity,computational demands,data privacy concerns,and the“black-box”nature of AI models hinder their seamless integration into geoscience.The integration of physics-based and data-driven methodologies into hybrid models presents an alternative paradigm.These models,which incorporate domain knowledge to guide AI methodologies,demonstrate enhanced efficiency and performance with reduced training data requirements.This review provides a comprehensive overview of geoscientific research paradigms,emphasizing untapped opportunities at the intersection of advanced AI techniques and geoscience.It examines major methodologies,showcases advances in large-scale models,and discusses the challenges and prospects that will shape the future landscape of AI in geoscience.The paper outlines a dynamic field ripe with possibilities,poised to unlock new understandings of Earth’s complexities and further advance geoscience exploration.

A review on the development of electrolytes for lithiumbased batteries for low temperature applications

The aerospace industry relies heavily on lithium-ion batteries in instrumentation such as satellites and land rovers.This equipment is exposed to extremely low temperatures in space or on the Martian surface.The extremely low temperatures affect the discharge characteristics of the battery and decrease its available working capacity.Various solvents,cosolvents,additives,and salts have been researched to fine tune the conductivity,solvation,and solid-electrolyte interface forming properties of the electrolytes.Several different resistive phenomena have been investigated to precisely determine the most limiting steps during charge and discharge at low temperatures.Longer mission lifespans as well as self-reliance on the chemistry are now highly desirable to allow low temperature performance rather than rely on external heating components.As Martian rovers are equipped with greater instrumentation and demands for greater energy storage rise,new materials also need to be adopted involving next generation lithiumion chemistry to increase available capacity.With these objectives in mind,tailoring of the electrolyte with highercapacity materials such as lithium metal and silicon anodes at low temperatures is of high priority.This review paper highlights the progression of electrolyte research for low temperature performance of lithium-ion batteries over the previous several decades.

Assessment of postcombustion carbon capture technologies for power generation

A significant proportion of power generation stems from coal-combustion processes and accordingly represents one of the largest point sources of CO_(2)emissions worldwide.Coal power plants are major assets with large infrastructure and engineering units and an operating life span of up to 50 years.Hence,any process design modification to reduce greenhouse gas emissions may require significant investment.One of the best options to utilize existing infrastructure is to retrofit the power station fleet by adding a separation process to the flue gas,a practice known as postcombustion capture(PCC).This review examines the recent PCC development and provides a summary and assessment of the state of play in this area and its potential applicability to the power generation industry.The major players including the various institutes,government,and industry consortia are identified along with flue gas PCC demonstration scale plants.Of the PCC technologies reviewed,amine-based absorption is preeminent,being both the most mature and able to be adapted immediately,to the appropriate scale,for power station flue gas with minimal technical risk.Indeed,current commercial applications serve niches in the merchant CO_(2)market,while a substantial number of smaller scale test facilities are reported in the literature with actual CO_(2)capture motivated demonstrations now commencing.Hybrid membrane/absorption systems,also known as membrane contactors,offer the potential for the lowest energy requirements,possibly 10%of current direct scrubbers but are at an early stage of development.Other methods being actively pursued as R&D projects include solid absorbents,solid adsorbents,gas membrane separators,and cryogenic separation.The variety and different maturities of these competing technologies make technical comparison largely subjective,but useful insights could be gained through the development and application of econometric techniques such as‘real options’within this context.Despite these limitations,it is clear from this review that amine scrubbing is likely to be adapted first into the existing power station fleet,while less mature technologies will grow and become integrated with the development of future power stations.

A holistic decision support tool for remanufacturing： end-of-life （EOL） strategy planning

Remanufacturing is a key enabler for sustainable production due to its effectiveness in closing the loop on material flows, extending product life cycle and reducing production waste and emission. In this paper, a holistic decision support tool to facilitate the product end-of-life （EOL） strategy planning, specifically using remanufactur- ing as a key strategy is presented. The proposed model incorporates checklist methods to evaluate the viability of conducting remanufactufing for a product and its compo- nents. An optimization model for determining the Pareto set of optimal EOL strategies that correspond to maximum economic profit and minimum environmental impact is presented. Since determination of this Pareto set via enu- meration of all EOL strategies is prohibitively time-con- suming, even for a product with a small number of components, genetic algorithm （GA）, specifically NSGA-II has been utilized to achieve rapid calculation of the set of optimum EOL strategies. This NSGA-II method permits extensive sensitivity analysis to understand thoroughly the impact of situational variables, such as reverse logistic cost, technology and replacement part availability, etc., on the EOL decision making, i.e., Pareto front, and thus leading to improved strategy planning and better product design. The case study involving EOL treatment of two types of desktop phones is described to illustrate the utility of the proposed methodology.

Improving ITS sequence data for identification of plant pathogenic fungi

Plant pathogenic fungi are a large and diverse assemblage of eukaryotes with substantial impacts on natural ecosystems and human endeavours.These taxa often have complex and poorly understood life cycles,lack observable,discriminatory morphological characters,and may not be amenable to in vitro culturing.As a result,species identification is frequently difficult.Molecular(DNA sequence)data have emerged as crucial information for the taxonomic identification of plant pathogenic fungi,with the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer(ITS)region being the most popular marker.However,international nucleotide sequence databases are accumulating numerous sequences of compromised or low-resolution taxonomic annotations and substandard technical quality,making their use in the molecular identification of plant pathogenic fungi problematic.Here we report on a concerted effort to identify high-quality reference sequences for various plant pathogenic fungi and to re-annotate incorrectly or insufficiently annotated public ITS sequences from these fungal lineages.A third objective was to enrich the sequences with geographical and ecological metadata.The results-a total of 31,954 changes-are incorporated in and made available through the UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi(http://unite.ut.ee),including standalone FASTA files of sequence data for local BLAST searches,use in the next-generation sequencing analysis platforms QIIME and mothur,and related applications.The present initiative is just a beginning to cover the wide spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi,and we invite all researchers with pertinent expertise to join the annotation effort.

Dt1-SWEET10a partner:Photoperiodic control of seed weight in soybean

Seed weight and size are critical agronomic traits essential for determining yield and composition,receiving significant attention throughout domestication(Meyer et al.,2012).Seed weight serves as a reliable indicator of average seed size due to their positive correlation.Regulation of seed weight involves both developmental and environmental cues,affecting cell proliferation or expansion(Li et al.,2019).

Chalcogenoviologen Enhanced Host–Guest Recognition

In the field of supramolecular chemistry,cyclophanes with novel properties are highly sought after since they can be tailored to fulfill specific tasks.In this article,we incorporate chalcogenoviologen-based units into tetracationic cyclophanes,resulting in enhanced host–guest recognition.The cyclophanes can be tuned through the addition of chalcogen bridging atoms—S,Se,and Te—which enhance their rigidity,regulate bond rotation and introduce additional steric bulk.Three cyclophanes containing chalcogen bridging atoms were synthesized and characterized in both the solution and solid states.The energy barriers for their interconversion between syn-and anti-conformations in solution were found to be correlated with chalcogen atom size.The photophysical properties of the cyclophanes are strongly dependent on the chalcogen atomic number,with intersystem crossing rates increasing from S to Se to Te.UV–vis-NIR spectroscopic and fluorometric titrations revealed that the chalcogenoviologenbased cyclophanes exhibit significantly stronger binding with electron-rich guests compared to the well-known,unsubstituted cyclobis(paraquat-pphenylene).This enhancement in binding can be attributed to restricted rotation within the chalcogenoviologen units.This research provides insight into the rational design and tailored synthesis of cationic cyclophanes.