Determination of Indoxacarb Residue in Foodstuffs of Plant and Animal Origin by GC-ECD and LC-MS/MS

An effective method for the trace analysis of indoxacarb residue in foodstuffs of plant and animal origin [grapefruit, ginger, fresh soybean, bamboo shoot, qing-gen-cai （cruciferous vegetable）, chicken, fish, and pork] was developed using gas chromatography （GC-ECD） and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS）. Samples were extracted using acetone and n-hexane mixed solvent （1：2, v/v） and then purified using solid-phase extraction （SPE） columns. The extracts were analyzed using GC-ECD and LC-MS/MS. The multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） scheme used involved transitions of the precursor ions to selected two product ions in which one pair for identification was m/z 529 → 293 and another pair for quantification was m/z 529 → 249. The detection limits （LODs） of the method were 0.0015 and 0.0006 mg kg^-1, and the quantification limits （LOQs） were 0.005 and 0.002 mg kg^-1 for GC-ECD and LC-MS/MS, respectively. The relative standard deviations （RSDs） of recovery for indoxacarb were lower than 15% in 10 types of agro-products. Ten repetitive determinations of recovery achieved good reproducibility for indoxacarb and the recovery ranged from 72.08 to 113.74%. The proposed procedure was applied to the analysis of several real samples of different origin from Fujian Province, China, and 299 samples were screened for indoxacarb residue, of which 5 positive samples were found.

Emerging frontier technologies for food safety analysis and risk assessment

Access to security and safe food is a basic human necessity and essential for a sustainable world. To perform hi-end rood safety analysis and risk assessment with state of the art technologies is of utmost importance thereof. With applications as exemplified by microfiuidic immunoassay, aptasensor, direct analysis in real time, high resolution mass spectrometry, benchmark dose and chemical specific adjustment factor, this review presents frontier food safety analysis and risk assessment technologies, from which both food quality and public health will benefit undoubtedly in a foreseeable future.

Improving Geese Production Performance in “Goose-Fish” Production System by Competitive Reduction of Pathogenic Bacteria in Pond Water

This study investigated whether competitive reduction of pathogenic bacteria growth in pond water alleviates lipopolysaccharide （LPS） contamination and improves geese production performances in the ＂goose-fish＂ production system, thereby providing the potential for an improved technique for ecological water fowl production. In the first experiment, 240 Magang goslings of 15-d age were randomly and equally allocated into 16 ＂yard and pond＂ pens using a 2-2 factorial design with 4 replications per treatment. In the 55-d experimental period, the goslings received 2 main treatments： supplementation of Bacillus subtilis spores in the feed and addition of photosynthetic bacteria （PSB） to the pond water. Both B. subtilis spores and PSB treatments significantly suppressed water counts of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella, and LPS concentrations in pond water and in gosling blood （P〈0.05）. As the result, the two treatments significantly improved gosling weight gain and carcass quality, marked by enhanced breast and leg muscle percentages and reduced subcutaneous fat proportions （P〈0.05）. Moreover, the improved effects of B. subtilis spores and PSB treatments were additive. In the second experiment, 1 160 adult geese were induced to start egg laying from May throughout the summer months. The geese were separated equally into control and experimental flocks to fit into 2 integration production units, with a density of 1 bird m-2 meter on pond water. Experimental flock geese were treated with B. subtilis spores in feed and PSB in the pond water for the duration of the study. Such treatment combination significantly depressed the growth of E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella in the pond water and reduced LPS concentrations both in pond water and in geese blood （P〈0.01）. As a result, egg fertility, fertile and set egg hatchabilities were all improved in the treated flock. Results from both growing goslings and breeding geese demonstrated that water bacteria pollution can be competitively reduced by supplementation with B. subtilis spores via the feed and addition of PSB in pond water, each of which reduces LPS contamination to geese and improves production performances. Micro- ecological agents such as B. subtilis spores and PSB improve water quality and provide a simple ecological technique for the ＂water fowl-fish＂ integrative production system.

A Review of Botulism in China

The epidemiological characteristics and etiology of botulisin in China, as well as the distribution of different types of Clustridium bolulinum in China; are described.Through 1989, 15 provinces and autonomous regions reported the occurrence of botulism.There were 2861 cases involved in 745 outbreaks.Among the cases 421 died, with a case fatality of 14.7%.The main epidemiological characteristics of botulism in China are: (i) the major foods causing botulism are homemade fermented bean products which accounted for 62.6% of the cases; (ii) the incubation period is longer (3 h-54 days) than that described in the western literature (mostly 2-7 days); (iii) the peak occurrence is from February to May; (iv) the progression of symptoms and signs is slower than that of western cases.All types of C.bolulinum.with the exception of type G, have been found in China.The distribution of various types of C.botnlinum is significantly different between southern and northern China; this is related to the latitude and is correlated with the prevalence of this disease.Most of the botulism outbreaks occurred above 30° north latitude in northern China and outbreaks rarely occurred below 30° north latitude.Nationwide surveys showed that the average detection rate of C bolulinum spores in soil and foods in the northern parts of China was 14.8%.while it was only 2.5% in the south.C.bolulinum types A, B, E.and F, which are involved in human botulism, were frequently found in the North, while types C and D, which are involved only in animal intoxication, were found more frequently in the south. 1990 Academic Press.Inc.

Degradation of Chlorpyrifos and Fipronil in Rice from Farm to Fork and Risk Assessment

Degradation of pesticide residues （chlorpyrifos and fipronil） in rice from farm to fork and risk assessment for human health were studied to reveal the magnitude of risks faced by different populations of interest, so that appropriate measures can be taken to control the risks, and to refine and update the human health risk assessment data while helping to determine the maximum residue level （MRL） value and harvest interval. Different dosages and treatments were used in field trials for the harvest residue test. Residue levels of postharvest-applied chlorpyrifos and fipronil during storage, exposure to sunlight, washing and boiling processes （boiled rice） were investigated for brown rice. The dietary exposure evaluation model （DEEM） was employed to estimate acute and chronic risks faced by different populations of interest. Percent of reference dose （POR） and margin of exposure （MOE） were calculated. A positive correlation between pesticide residues and the dosage and application frequency of pesticide was found in the field trials. Risk quotients indicate that multiple applications and double dosages of chlorpyrifos increase the risks to the entire population and prolong exposures to toxic concentrations. The concentration of pesticide residues decreased as a function of time, after sunlight exposure, storage, washing, and boiling processes. 91.6 and 96.16% degradations were achieved at the end of the experimental period for fipronil and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The boiling process played an important role in the degradation of these pesticides. The result of risk assessment to human health showed that harvest residues of chlorpyrifos in rice and acute dietary risks of chlopyrifos were of concern. The acute dietary （food only） risk estimated for chlorpyrifos as percent of acute population adjusted dose （aPAD） was frequently over 100%. The risk faced by boys under the age of 14 was higher than that for girls of the same age. For the subpopulation above age 14, the risk reversed. The chronic dietary risk from food alone showed that dietary exposures with fipronil were below the level of concern for the entire population, including children. The risk faced by rural residents was more serious than that for urbanite residents with the most sensitive populations being children and male residents who faced higher acute dietary risk than the other subpopulation groups. The harvest interval was found to be the critical measure to mitigate risk for all populations for safe rice eating. All risk levels decreased to acceptable levels when the harvest interval was extended to 14 d. To address these risks, a number of measures including reduced application rates （should not be doubled at single application）, increased retreatment intervals （longer than 7 d） and extended interval of harvest （at least 14 d） will be needed. The MRL for fipronil in rice is recommended to be 0.01 mg kg 1 in accordance with Codex （ref）.

Development and evaluation of immunoassay for zeranol in bovine urine

A high affinity polyclonal antibody-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was developed for the quantification of zeranol in bovine urine. On the basis of urine matrix studies, the optimized dilution factors producing insignificant matrix interference were selected as 1：5 in pretreatment. In the improved ELISA, the linear response range was between 0.02 and 1 μg/ml, and the detection limit was 0.02 μg/ml for the assay. The overall recoveries and the coefficients of variation （CVs） were in the range of 82%-127% and 3.5%-8.8%, respectively. Thirty-six bovine urine samples spiked with zeranol （ranging from 0.2 to 10 μg/ml） were detected by the ELISA and liquid chromatography （LC） method, and good correlations were obtained between the two methods （R^2=0.9643）. We conclude that this improved ELISA is suitable tool for a mass zeranol screening and can be an altemative for the conventional LC method for zeranol in bovine urine.

Potential influence of carbohydrate and amino acid intake by adults on the population dynamics of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is a key lepidopteran pest of rice. However, little is known about the nutritional requirements of the adult or the effects of adult-derived nutrients on reproduction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of carbohydrates and amino acids on the reproductive and demographic parameters of C. medinalis. Different feeding solutions significantly influenced adult survival and reproduction. All the sources of carbohydrates used in the treatments(fructose, glucose, and sucrose) were sufficient to increase adult longevity and fecundity, and benefited the development of ovaries in the adult stage. The positive impact of carbohydrates on lifetime fecundity was due to the prolonged oviposition period and the increased daily fecundity. The intrinsic rate of increase(rm) of C. medinalis increased from 0.103 in waterfed individuals to approximately 0.138 when adults were fed with solutions containing carbohydrates. In contrast, amino acid intake by adult insects exhibited no effect on the longevity, fecundity, ovarian development or population growth, even showing an impact of decreasing longevity of females. As nectar secreted by the flowering plant is generally rich in sugars, the potential effects of nectar on the adults of C. medinalis and other pests have to be considered during the development of biological control by applying flowering plants as a microhabitat and food source for natural enemies in rice fields.

Stable Isotope Dilution Analysis of Gibberellin Residues in Tomato Paste by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

An accurate and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of gibberellic acid（GA3）, gibberellin A4（GA4） and gibberellin A7（GA7） residues in tomato paste was developed by coupling solid phase extraction to high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（LC-MS/MS） with electrospray ionization based stable isotope dilution analysis（SIDA）. The isotope labeled internal standard can compensate for the losses during the extraction and cleanup steps and for discrimination due to ion suppression. After extraction from methanol, hydrophile lipophilic balance（HLB） solid phase extraction（SPE） column was tested for the capacity of the cleanup of the tomato paste in compared with C18 SPE column which is the common way to the detection of GAs, and the former gained better result. Spiked experiments were performed in the non-contaminated tomato pastes and the recoveries of GA3, GA4 and GA7 were 42.6%―75.0% in external standard method（ESM） and 91.1%―103.8% in internal standard method（ISM） respectively. The validities of this method were investigated and good analytical performance for the three GAs was obtained, including low limits of method detection（2 ng/g for GA3 and GA4, 0.3 ng/g for GA7）, excellent linear dynamic ranges（5―500 ng/g for GA3 and GA4, 1―100 ng/g for GA7） and good relative standard deviation ranges（4.8%―9.4% for the intra-day test and 3.5%―11.9% for the inter-day test）.

Hair growth-promotion effects and antioxidant activity of the banana flower extract HappyAngel^(■):double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Banana flowers contain various bioactive components, including several antioxidants with anti-inflammatory effects. However, it is unclear whether they can reduce and prevent hair loss. This study examines the effect of banana flower extracts on preventing hair loss and strengthening hair roots. The banana flower extract(HappyAngel^(■))was used to treat human hair follicle dermal papilla cells(HFDPCs)and the expression of reactive oxygen species(ROS), dihydrotestosterone(DHT), and hair-related genes(SRD5A1, SRD5A2, AR, and KROX20)were monitored. Fifty subjects were divided into a placebo group and a banana flower group. The experimental group consumed banana flower extract daily for twelve weeks and then underwent hair testing, hair-related genes analysis, collection of hair loss, and questionnaires. The results showed that the banana flower extract significantly increased hair cell growth and decreased the expression of ROS, DHT, and hair follicle growth inhibition-related SRD5A1, SRD5A2, and AR genes, and significantly increased the expression of hair growth-related KROX20 gene in HFDPCs. Consuming banana flower extract for twelve weeks increased the hair root diameter and reduced hair loss and scalp redness compared to the placebo group. Thus, banana flower extract(HappyAngel^(■))can stimulate hair growth and inhibit the activation of hair loss genes.

Potential Benefits of Bioactive Compounds of Traditional Rice Grown in South and Southeast Asia:A Review

Traditional rice varieties have been widely cultivated and popularly consumed by Asian people for a very long time and have recently garnered increased consumer concern.Traditional or indigenous rice varieties are known to be rich in a wide range of bioactive compounds,particularly phenolic compounds,flavonoids,tannins,anthocyanins,proanthocyanidins,phytic acids,andγ-oryzanol.We have identified 32 phenolic acids,including hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives,and 7 different flavonoids in rice varieties.These bioactive compounds have unique physiological effects on human health.Additionally,rice grains exhibit nutraceutical potential for antidiabetic,antiarthritic,anti-inflammatory,antibacterial,and antitumor activities.In this review,we critically analyzed the bioactive components of traditional rice and their nutraceutical potential in protecting against harmful microbial activities.To ensure that future generations have access to these beneficial substances,it is crucial to preserve traditional rice varieties.

Construction of a telomerase-immortalized porcine tracheal epithelial cell model for swine-origin mycoplasma infection

Primary porcine tracheal epithelial cells(PTECs) are an appropriate model for studying the molecular mechanism of various porcine respiratory diseases, including swine-origin mycoplasmas, which are isolated from respiratory tract of pigs and mainly found on the mucosal surface surrounding swine trachea. However, the short proliferation ability of primary PTECs greatly limits their lifespan. In this study, primary PTECs were carefully isolated and cultured, and immortal PTECs were constructed by transfecting primary PTECs with the recombinant constructed plasmid pEGFPhTERT containing human telomerase reverse transcriptase(hTERT). Immortal PTECs(hTERT-PTECs) maintained both the morphological and functional characteristics of primary PTECs, as indicated by the expression of cytokeratin 18, cellcycle analysis, proliferation assay, Western blotting, telomerase activity assay, karyotype analysis and quantitative RTPCR. Compared to primary PTECs, hTERT-PTECs had an extended replicative lifespan, higher telomerase activity, and enhanced proliferative activity. In addition, this cell line resulted in a lack of transformed and grown tumors in nude mice, suggesting that it could be safely applied in further studies. Moreover, hTERT-PTECs were vulnerable to all swineorigin mycoplasmas through quantitative analysis as indicated by 50% color changing unit(CCU_(50)) calculation, and no significant differences of adhesion ability between primary and immortal PTECs were observed. For the representative swine mycoplasma Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae(Mhp), except for DNA copies quantitative real-time PCR assay, indirect immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting analysis also depicted that hTERT-PTECs was able to adhere to different Mhp strains of different virulence. In summary, like primary PTECs, hTERT-PTECs could be widely used as an adhesion cell model for swine-origin mycoplasmas and in infection studies of various porcine respiratory pathogens.

Occurrence of Legionella pneumophila in Hot Potable Water in Latvia

Legionellae are found in freshwater environments or wet soil, but the major reservoirs are man-made aquatic environments, particularly warm water systems. Our aim was to study the occurrence of Legionella contamination in hot potable water supply systems in apartment and public buildings. Correlations between Legionella spp. positive cases and water source, sampling point and temperature of hot water at the point of consumption were studied. A total of 149 hot water samples were collected in 16 cities and districts of Latvia. Only Legionella pneumophila was isolated. L. pneumophila was found in 63 out of 149 （42%） hot water samples. From all Legionella spp. positive samples, 17% represented L. pneumophila serogroup 1 and 78% L. pneumophila serogroups 2-14 （15）. In 5% of Legionella spp. positive samples, both serogroups 1 and 2-14（15） were isolated. Statistically significant differences were observed in the distribution of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 in samples from various water sources. L. pneumophila was found in 45% of samples from private apartments and in 27% of samples from public buildings. Data analysis confirmed that the temperature of hot water significantly affects the frequency of L. pneumophila positive cases （p 〈 0.05）. Data showed that 85% of consumers received hot water at a temperature below 50°C.

Incidence of Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Cow Milk Produced by Cattle Farms in Fieri Region in Albania

One hundred and five raw cow milk samples were collected from cattle farms located in Fieri from 2007 to 2009 and have been analyzed for presence of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. Nineteen samples were confirmed positive for the presence of this pathogen. Stapylococcus aureus isolates identified appeared typically and atypically characteristics of growth colonies in Baird Parker agar plates at 37°C for 24-48 h. 6 out of 19 strains showed typical characteristics and 13 out 19 （68%） isolates had atypical characteristics. Coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus was found in 18% （1911 05） of fresh milk samples. Milk produced by cows with subclinical mastitis largely influences Staphylococcus aureus count of bulk tank milk than contamination of milking and milk handling equipment by this pathogen. All S. aureus isolates were coagulase positive. 5 （or about 25%） of isolates of S. aureus identified were resistant to penicillin, 7 out 19 isolates or 36% resistant to methicilin and 9 out 19 strains or 47% resistant to vancomycin. Another objective of this study was the evaluation of the number of S. aureus per mL raw milk. The results confirmed that II （57.8%） out of 19 positive cases had more than 100 cfu/mL, indicating a possible risk for intoxication caused by production of entertoxines of coagulase positive S. aureus.

Listeria monocytogenes in Live Mytillis galloprovincialis Collected from Butrinti Lagoon Located in South Part of Albania

In 2009, 201 samples of live bivalve mussels （Mytillus galloprovincialis） were analyzed for presence of Listeria monocytogenes. The samples were collected from three sampling points （BM l-south, BM l-north and BMl-west） in Butrinti lagoon located in the south of Albania. The examination confirmed incidence of this pathogen with average value 4.5%. Based on the results, high incidence was reported in winter with 6.7% of analyzed samples. The incidence of L. monocytogenes was also reported respectively in spring of 2009 with 4.35% and in autumn with 2.3% of controlled samples. There is no big difference in values of incidence of L. monocytogenes between summer and autumn. The northern part of the lagoon was more indicated by contamination of L. monocytogenes. Examination of 67 samples of M. galloprovincialis, collected in the northern part of this lagoon, showed five cases or about 7.5% of them to be confirmed as positive. Referring to the study results, periodic controls of the sea products, particularly of live bivalve mollusks, for presence ofL. monocytogenes remains a necessary objective of food inspection in Albania.

The Microflora of Gills, Gut and Skin of European Eels （Anguilla anguilla） in Lakes of Latvia

The microbial contamination of fish is the most important factor in assurance of food safety. The microflora on the surface of skin, gills and gut of fish is constantly under the influence of the water environment and this may cause colonization of microorganisms on fish. The goal of this study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination level on the skin, gills and gut of the European eel （Anguilla anguilla）, i.e., detecting total bacteria count （TBC） and Enterobacteriaceae counts, as well as Listeria spp, and Salmonella spp. in freshly caught fish. Among the three lakes, TBC on skin, gills and gut varied from 0.66 CFU/cm2 to 4.93 CFU/cm~, from 0.40 CFU/cm2 to 5.51 CFU/cm2 and from 0.30 CFU/cm2 to 6.37 CFU/cm2, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae count on skin, gills and gut was from 0 CFU/cm2 to 4.30 CFU/cm2, from 0 CFU/cm2 to 2.47 CFU/cm2 and from 0 CFU/cm2 to 1.72 CFU/cm2, respectively. The highest mean count of TBC on gills, skin and gut was found in samples from Sivers lake, while the lowest was in samples from Aluksne lake. Values among the lakes were significanty （P 〈 0.05） different. Also the highest mean counts of Enterobacteriaceae were found on gills and skin of eels from Sivers lake, but the highest count on gut was found in Usma lake. All tested samples were Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. negative. TBC and Enterobacteriaceae counts of skin, gills and gut were typical for wild fish in fresh water. Foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes, have not been found in the present study, indicating that fish are safe for human consumption.

Evaluation of Disk Potentiation Test (DPT) and Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) for The Detection of Metallo-β-Lactamases (MBLs) in Clinical Isolates of Bangladesh

Objective: Increasing the emergence of Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producing gram-negative bacteria and their dexterous horizontal transmission demands rapid and accurate detection. This study was conducted to determine a suitable method to promptly detect MBL-producing gram-negative bacteria. Methods: A total of 103 gram-negative bacteria were identified from various clinical samples at a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city. MBL producers were detected by two phenotypic methods, the Disk Potentiation Test (DPT) and the Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) based on β-lactam chelator combinations where EDTA/SMA has been used as an inhibitor and Imipenem, Ceftazidime as substrates. Results: 103 isolates which were identified as Escherichia coli spp, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas spp, Acinetobacter spp, Proteus spp, Providencia spp were found to be multidrug-resistant in antibiogram test. Isolates showed complete resistance (100%) to Imipenem, Meropenem, and Amoxiclav. The highest carbapenem-resistant etiological agents were Acinetobacter spp 40 (38.8%) followed by Pseudomonas spp 27 (26.2%), Klebsiella spp 26 (25.2%), Escherichia coli 8 (7.8%), Proteus spp 1 (1%) and Providencia spp 1 (1%). DPT method detected significantly (p = 0.000009) a higher number of MBL-producers (Imipenem with 0.5 M EDTA n = 61, 59.2% & Ceftazidime with 0.5 M EDTA n = 56, 54.4%) compared to the DDST method (Imipenem -0.5 M EDTA n = 43, 41.7%, Imipenem – SMA n = 38, 36.9% & Ceftazidime -0.5 M EDTA n = 15, 14.6%). Conclusion: Pieces of evidence suggest that DPT is a more sensitive method than DDST and could be recommended for identifying MBL-producing bacteria in Bangladeshi hospitals for the proper management of patients, to reduce time constraints and treatment costs.

Evaluation of Estrogenic Receptor (ER) and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Agonists in Three Gorges Reservoir, China Using SPMD-Based Virtual Organisms

The evaluation of estrogenic activities and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists in water from Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) China was conducted by in vitro bioassays combined with SPMD-based virtual organisms (VO). VOs were deployed at seven sites in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China for two periods in 2009. The estrogenic activity was assessed using a rapid yeast estrogen bioassay, based on the expression of a green fluorescent reporter protein (yEGFP). The AhR activity was detected employing rat hepatoma cell line (H4IIE). The results indicate that AhR agonists distributed widely in water of TGR and almost homogenously distributed in most area of TGR. Weak antiestrogenic activities were also found homogenously distributed in water of TGR. Further studies are needed to determine the identities of these estrogenic compounds and AhR agonists and their potential adverse effects on wild biota in TGR.

Composition of Cereal Bars

The aim of this study was to analyze ingredients of cereal bars--as indicated on the labels of these products, and to perform a factual analysis of nutritional values indicated therein. The analysis of the nutrients of cereal bars was performed at the laboratory of the Institute BIOR （BIOR Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment）. Results showed that information about nutrients indicated on the labels mostly does not correspond to the actual values, however, they lie within the tolerance range and are lower than the actual determined value. Cereal bars are a source of fiber, but have high sugar content.

Recent advances in magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers and their application in the food safety analysis

Food safety is a worldwide concern and is directly related to human health.Therefore,convenient,effective,and economical methods and technologies for food safety analysis have been developed continuously.Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers(MMIPs)have gained extensive attention in recent years,as they have high selectivity,high adsorption capacity,and are easy to isolate from food samples.Recently,advanced strategies for the synthesis of MMIPs have been proposed to solve problems of template leakage and non-specific adsorption,and to increase the biocompatibility,adsorption rate,as well as adsorption capacity of the imprinted materials.In this review,we focus on new attempts at modification of magnetic core and MMIPs’surfaces,and the selection of template,functional monomer,cross-linker as well as porogen.Studies are summarized that used advanced MMIPs for the recognition and adsorption of pesticide residues,veterinary drug residues,mycotoxins,contaminants,and adulterations in foodstuffs over the last 5 years.Finally,some still existing challenges and future prospects to further promote MMIPs properties are also discussed.

Enhanced protective effect of selenium-biofortified peptide RYNA(Se)MNDYT compared with its native peptide RYNAMNDYT in lipopolysaccharide-injured murine gut microbiota

Selenopeptides may be a valuable bioactive compound to promote gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic methods for intestinal disease and hepatopathy.However,limited information is available on the utilization of selenopeptides by gut microbiota,especially Selenium(Se)function.For this purpose,the present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of selenopeptide(RYNA(Se)MNDYT,Se-P2,purity of≥95%)and its original peptide(RYNAMNDYT,P2,purity of≥95%)in vivo by the microbiota-metabolite axis and further analyze the potential contribution of Se biofortification to Se-P2 bioactivity.The results showed that Se-P2 exhibits a higher protective effect on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation than P2,including pathology of the colon and liver,which suggested that the bioactivity of P2 was promoted by the organic combination of Se.Notably,gut microbiota composition tended to be a healthy structure by Se-P2 pretreatment in LPS-injured mice,which had a positive effect on LPS-induced gut microbiota dysbacteriosis.Additionally,only Se-P2 promoted an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus,Alistipes,and Roseburia and a decrease in the relative abundance of Akkermansia,Erysipelatoclostridium,and Bacteroides in LPS-injured mice.The changes in gut microbiota were obviously correlated with the changes in metabolites and affected the metabolic pathways of valine,leucine,isoleucine,phenylalanine,tyrosine,and tryptophan biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism.This may be one of the key reasons for Se-P2 to exert bioactivity through the microbiota-metabolite axis.Furthermore,Se-biofortification in Se-enriched Cordyceps militaris affected the parental proteins of Se-P2 to modulate mitogen-activated protein kinase,GPI anchored protein,and carbohydrate metabolism,translation,folding,sorting and degradation,which may contribute to the bioactivity of Se-P2.Our study provides information on the effect of Se on selenopeptides in vivo,which further promotes the prospective applications of selenopeptides as dietary supplements.