Measurement and Evolution of High-quality Development Level of Marine Fishery in China

High-quality development of marine fisheries provides an important advantage for China to build itself into a maritime power and implement the Blue Granary Plan effectively.Based on the concepts of‘new development’,‘food security’,and the six dimensions of‘openness,innovation,coordination,green,sharing,and security’,in this study,we established an evaluation index system for the high-quality development of China’s marine fishery sector.We applied the entropy method to evaluate the high-quality development level of China’s marine fishery sector from 2000 to 2016 and explored its spatial and temporal evolution rules.Our results indicated that:1)from 2000 to 2016,China’s marine fishery sector was in the primary stage of high-quality development;2)spatially,the highquality development of marine fisheries showed an upward trend in all provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities in the country(not including Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan of China),and with time,the distribution pattern changed from single to multi-polarization;3)temporally,the development level of high-quality marine fisheries fluctuated during the study period.From 2000 to 2010,the growth rate in openness was relatively slow,but after 2010,it increased rapidly.Notably,innovation is the driving force for high-quality development.The green and security factors provide a solid guarantee for high-quality development.In the high-quality development of a region,economic development is better coordinated,and the distribution of benefits is more inclusive.This study provides a theoretical basis to formulate effective marine fishery policies for the high-quality development of the marine fishery sector in China.Exploring the high-quality development and evolution process of marine fishery is conducive to promoting the sustainable development of marine fishery industry,ensuring marine fishery food security,and alleviating global food crisis.

Coordination Mechanism and Empirical Research on Marine Science Technology Innovation and Marine Eco-civilization:A Case Study of Coastal Areas of China

Marine science technology innovation provides power and guarantees for marine eco-civilization construction,which provides direction and material support for marine science technology innovation.Therefore,the coordinated development of the two is of great significance to the marine economy sustainable development in China’s coastal areas.On the basis of clarifying the connotations of marine science technology innovation and marine eco-civilization in China’s coastal areas from 2006 to 2019,the mechanism for their coordinated development was analysed.A comprehensive indicator system based on the connotation of the two was constructed,and the coordinated development relationship was empirically tested using the coupled coordination model and the panel vector autoregressive(PVAR)model.The results show that:1)the level of China’s coastal marine science technology innovation continues to improve,gradually forming the core of the development of marine science technology innovation in the north,east and south of Shandong,Shanghai and Guangdong;the level of marine eco-civilization development fluctuating upward trend,showing obvious spatial differentiation characteristics.2)The degree of coordination of marine science technology innovation and marine eco-civilization is growing over time.There is no causal relationship between marine science technology innovation and marine eco-civilization in the northern marine economic circle,but there is a two-way causal relationship between the two in the eastern and southern marine economic circles.3)Marine eco-civilization shows a significant positive and continuous impact on marine science technology innovation,and marine science technology innovation shows a long-term,continuous,fluctuating,and lagging impact on marine eco-civilization.The overall role of marine eco-civilization on marine science technology innovation is dominant,and there are significant differences in the impact effects of the two major marine economic circles.

Evolution and Governance of the Structure of Marine Economic Networks in China’s Coastal Areas: Based on Sea-related A-share Listed Companies

Data on discrete,isolated attributes of the marine economy are often used in traditional marine economic research.However,as the focus of urban research shifts from internal static attributes to external dynamic linkages,the importance of marine economic net-work research is beginning to emerge.The construction of the marine economic network in China’s coastal areas is necessary to change the flow of land and sea resources and optimize regional marine economic development.Employing data from headquarters and branches of sea-related A-share listed enterprises to construct the marine economic network in China,we use social network analysis(SNA)to discuss the characteristics of its evolution as of 2010,2015,and 2020 and its governance.The following results were obtained.1)In terms of topological characteristics,the scale of the marine economic network in China’s coastal areas has accelerated and expan-ded,and the connections have become increasingly close;thus,this development has complex network characteristics.2)In terms of spatial structure,the intensity of the connection fluctuates and does not form stable development support;the group structure gradually becomes clear,but the overall pattern is fragmented;there are spatial differences in marine economic agglomeration radiation;the radi-ation effect of the eastern marine economic circle is obvious;and the polarization effect of northern and southern marine economic circles is significant.On this basis,we construct a framework for the governance of a marine economic network with the market,the government,and industry as the three governing bodies.By clarifying the driving factors and building objectives of marine economic network construction,this study aims to foster the high-quality development of China’s marine economy.

Can climate change influence agricultural GTFP in arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China?

There are eight provinces and autonomous regions(Gansu Province,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Tibet Autonomous Region,Qinghai Province,Shanxi Province,and Shaanxi Province)in Northwest China,most areas of which are located in arid and semi-arid regions(northwest of the 400 mm precipitation line),accounting for 58.74%of the country's land area and sustaining approximately 7.84×10^6 people.Because of drought conditions and fragile ecology,these regions cannot develop agriculture at the expense of the environment.Given the challenges of global warming,the green total factor productivity(GTFP),taking CO2 emissions as an undesirable output,is an effective index for measuring the sustainability of agricultural development.Agricultural GTFP can be influenced by both internal production factors(labor force,machinery,land,agricultural plastic film,diesel,pesticide,and fertilizer)and external climate factors(temperature,precipitation,and sunshine duration).In this study,we used the Super-slacks-based measure(Super-SBM)model to measure agricultural GTFP during the period 2000-2016 at the regional level.Our results show that the average agricultural GTFP of most provinces and autonomous regions in arid and semi-arid regions underwent a fluctuating increase during the study period(2000-2016),and the fluctuation was caused by the production factors(input and output factors).To improve agricultural GTFP,Shaanxi,Shanxi,and Gansu should reduce agricultural labor force input;Shaanxi,Inner Mongolia,Gansu,and Shanxi should decrease machinery input;Shaanxi,Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang,and Shanxi should reduce fertilizer input;Shaanxi,Xinjiang,Gansu,and Ningxia should reduce diesel input;Xinjiang and Gansu should decrease plastic film input;and Gansu,Shanxi,and Inner Mongolia should cut pesticide input.Desirable output agricultural earnings should be increased in Qinghai and Tibet,and undesirable output(CO2 emissions)should be reduced in Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang,Gansu,and Shaanxi.Agricultural GTFP is influenced not only by internal production factors but also by external climate factors.To determine the influence of climate factors on GTFP in these provinces and autonomous regions,we used a Geographical Detector(Geodetector)model to analyze the influence of climate factors(temperature,precipitation,and sunshine duration)and identify the relationships between different climate factors and GTFP.We found that temperature played a significant role in the spatial heterogeneity of GTFP among provinces and autonomous regions in arid and semi-arid regions.For Xinjiang,Inner Mongolia,and Tibet,a suitable average annual temperature would be in the range of 7℃-9℃;for Gansu,Shanxi,and Ningxia,it would be 11℃-13℃;and for Shaanxi,it would be 15℃-17℃.Stable climatic conditions and more efficient production are prerequisites for the development of sustainable agriculture.Hence,in the agricultural production process,reducing the redundancy of input factors is the best way to reduce CO2 emissions and to maintain temperatures,thereby improving the agricultural GTFP.The significance of this study is that it explores the impact of both internal production factors and external climatic factors on the development of sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions,identifying an effective way forward for the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.

Simulation and Analysis of Back Siltation in a Navigation Channel Using MIKE 21

The channel back-siltation problem has been restricting the development of channels,and its monitoring is limited by funds and natural conditions.Moreover,predicting the channel back-siltation situation in a timely and accurate manner is difficult.Hence,a numerical simulation of the back-siltation problem in the sea area near the channel is of great significance to the maintenance of a channel.In this study,the back siltation of a deep-water channel in the Lanshan Port area of the Port of Rizhao after dredging is predicted.This paper relies on the MIKE 21 software to establish the wave,tidal current,and sediment numerical models and uses measured data from two observation stations in the study area for verification.On this basis,taking one month as an example,the entire project channel was divided into five sections,and three observation points were set on each section.The results show that the area with offshore siltation is located in the northerly direction of the artificial anti-wave building.Siltation occurred on the northern seabed in the sea a little farther from the shore.Siltation occurred on the seabed surface far away from the shoreline,and with the increase in the distance from the shoreline,the amount of siltation in the south,center,and north became gradually closed,and the results can be used to guide actual engineering practices.This study will play a positive role in promoting the dredging project of Rizhao Lanshan Port.

Oil Spill Risk Assessment of Offshore Pipeline in the Bohai Sea Under the Perspective of Ecological Protection

In recent decades,the exploration and development of marine oil and gas resources have increased significantly to meet the increasing energy demand of mankind.The Bohai Sea is a semi-closed continental sea that has a weak water exchange capacity and high ecological fragility.However,at present,more than 200 oil platforms have been built in the Bohai Sea,with more than 270 offshore oil pipelines having a length exceeding 1600 km.The oil spill pollution of offshore platforms has a great impact on the marine environment and ecosystems.Therefore,a comprehensive assessment of its risks is of great practical significance.This paper systematically constructs a comprehensive oil spill risk assessment model that combines the oil spill risk probability model and the ocean hydrodynamic model.This paper uses the Bohai Sea offshore pipeline as an example to assess its oil spill risk.The high-risk-value areas of the Bohai Sea offshore pipeline are mainly distributed at the bottom of Liaodong Bay,the bottom of Bohai Bay,near the Caofeidian area,and the northern part of the Yellow River Estuary.

Simulation of transport mechanism of radium isotopes in aquifer on the southern coast of Laizhou Bay

Naturally occurring radium(^(223)Ra,^(224)Ra,^(226)Ra,and^(228)Ra)isotopes have been widely applied as geochemical tracers in marine environments,especially when estimating the submarine groundwater discharge(SGD).In this sense,the influencing factors and transport mechanism of radium isotope activity in aquifers can be key information for SGD estimation.This work evaluates the adsorption/desorption behavior of^(224)Ra and^(226)Ra in the solid-liquid phase through a leaching experiment and analysis of field data.The results suggested that radium isotope activity was positively correlated with salinity and grain size,in the case of abundant sediments.Through ion analysis,we found that the ions(Na^(+),Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+),and Ba^(2+))exchanged with radium isotopes in the process of transport.A 1-D reactive transport model was established to simulate the transport process of radium isotope in aquifers.The model successfully simulated the variation of radium isotope desorption activity with salinity and was subsequently verified in the field.This study contributes to the understanding of the geochemical behavior of radium isotopes in aquifers and provides guidance for selecting a suitable groundwater endmember in SGD estimation.

Endogenous Explanation for Random Fluctuation of Stock Price and Its Application: Based on the View of Repeated Game with Asymmetric Information

In this paper, we characterize the players’ behavior in the stock market by the repeated game model with asymmetric information. We show that the discount price process of stock is a martingale driven by Brownian motion, and give an endogenous explanation for the random fluctuation of stock price: the randomizations in the market is due to the randomizations in the strategy of the informed player which hopes to avoid revealing his private information. On this basis, through studying the corresponding option pricing problem furtherly, we can give the expression of function φ.

Construction and Characterization of Gal-Chitosan Graft Methoxy Poly(Ethylene Glycol)(Gal-CS-mPEG) Nanoparticles as Efficient Gene Carrier

In the present study, galactosylated chitosan(Gal-CS) was conjugated with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)(m PEG) as a hydrophilic group. The structure of Gal-CS-m PEG polymer was characterized and the nanoparticles(NPs) were prepared using ironic gelation method. The study was designed to investigate the characteristics and functions of Gal-CS-m PEG NPs. The morphology of Gal-CS-m PEG NPs was observed by SEM and it was a compact and spherical shape. The size of the NPs was approximately 200 nm in diameter under the ideal process parameters. The interaction between Gal-CS-m PEG NPs and p DNA, and the protection of p DNA against DNase I and serum degradation by Gal-CS-m PEG NPs were evaluated. Agarose gel electrophoresis results showed that Gal-CS-m PEG NPs had strong interaction with p DNA at the weight ratio of 12:1, 4:1 and 2:1 and could protect p DNA from DNase I and serum degradation. Gal-CS-m PEG NPs exhibited high loading efficiency and sustainable in vitro release. The blood compatibility studies demonstrated that Gal-CS-m PEG NPs had superior compatibility with erythrocytes in terms of aggregation degree and hemolysis level. Gal-CS-m PEG NPs showed no cytotoxicity on L929 cells, which is a normal mouse connective tissue fibroblast, but showed inhibitory effects on the proliferation of Bel-7402 cells, which is a liver cancer cell line. In conclusion, Gal-CS-m PEG NP is a bio-safe and efficient gene carrier with potential application in gene delivery.

Effects of westward shoaling pycnocline on characteristics and energetics of internal solitary wave in the Luzon Strait by numerical simulations

An internal gravity wave model was employed to simulate the generation of internal solitary waves(ISWs)over a sill by tidal flows.A westward shoaling pycnocline parameterization scheme derived from a three-parameter model was adopted,and then 14 numerical experiments were designed to investigate the influence of the pycnocline thickness,density difference across the pycnocline,westward shoaling isopycnal slope angle and pycnocline depth on the ISWs.When the pycnocline thickness on both sides of the sill increases,the total barotropic kinetic energy,total baroclinic energy and ratio of baroclinic kinetic energy(KE)to available potential energy(APE)decrease,whilst the depth of isopycnal undergoing maximum displacement and ratio of baroclinic energy to barotropic energy increase.When the density difference on both sides of the sill decreases synchronously,the total barotropic kinetic energy,ratio of baroclinic energy to barotropic energy and total baroclinic energy decrease,whilst the depth of isopycnal undergoing maximum displacement increases.When the westward shoaling isopycnal slope angle increases,the total baroclinic energy increases whilst the depth of turning point almost remains unchanged.When the depth of westward shoaling pycnocline on both sides of the sill reduces,the ratio of baroclinic energy to barotropic energy and total baroclinic energy decrease,whilst the total barotropic kinetic energy and ratio of KE to APE increase.When one of the above four different influencing factors was increased by 10%while the other factors keep unchanged,the amplitude of the leading soliton in ISW Packet A was decreased by 2.80%,7.47%,3.21%and 6.42%respectively.The density difference across the pycnocline and the pycnocline depth are the two most important factors in affecting the characteristics and energetics of ISWs.

Long-Term Extreme Wave Characteristics in the Water Adjacent to China Based on ERA5 Reanalysis Data

Extreme waves have a profound impact on coastal infrastructure;thus,understanding the variation law of risky analysis and disaster prevention in coastal zones is necessary.This paper analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of extreme wave heights adjacent to China from 1979 to 2018 based on the ERA5 datasets.Nonstationary extreme value analysis is undertaken in eight repre-sentative points to investigate the trends in the values of 50-and 100-year wave heights.Results show that the mean value of extreme waves is the largest in the eastern part of Taiwan Island and the smallest in the Bohai Sea from 1979 to 2018.Only the extreme wave height in the northeastern part of Taiwan Island shows a significant increase trend in the study area.Nonstationary analysis shows remarkable variations in the values of 50-and 100-year significant wave heights in eight points.Considering the annual mean change,E1,E2,S1,and S2 present an increasing trend,while S3 shows a decreasing trend.Most points for the seasonal mean change demon-strate an increasing trend in spring and winter,while other points show a decreasing trend in summer and autumn.Notably,the E1 point growth rate is large in autumn,which is related to the change in typhoon intensity and the northward movement of the typhoon path.

WHITHER BRICS COOPERATION

Introduction The 2017 BRICS Summit will be held in September in Xiamen,China,which signifies that the BRICS cooperation mechanism will begin its second decade.As rotating presidency,China would like to turn the second decade of BRICS cooperation into a planned'Golden decade',aiming to provide

The United Nations in Global Ocean Governance:Role,Dilemma and Solution

The UN plays a significant role in formulating ocean governance initiatives,honoring contractual commitments of ocean governance,and enhancing compliance capacity of relevant stakeholders.Facing challenges posed by increasing diversity and complexity of global ocean governance,the UN should take a pragmatic approach to forging consensus,and improve institutional building to better exert leadership in global ocean governance.

THE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE SYSTEM AT TURMOIL: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

After the end of the Cold War, the bipolar pattern collapsed and global governance was on the rise. Through more than two decades of development, most profound changes since the end of the Cold War have happened to the current global governance system, among which there are both worrying crisis and positive improvement.

CHINA AND THE WTO:AN ACTIVE PLAYER IN FORMULATING NEW RULES FOR GLOBAL ECONOMY

WTO REFORM AGAINST THE BACKDROP OF GLOBAL TRADE TENSIONS The discussion surrounding the reform of the World Trade Organization （WTO） is hardly new. The WTO refbrm has occupied a central position in the discussion of its member states and prestigious think tanks for more than two decades since the organization commenced and especially in the past decade. Among them, the ＂WTO crisis＂, ＂WTO failure＂ and other diagnoses and warnings suggest the grave challenges facing the WTO.

COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND G20’S CRISIS RESPONSE

As a unique form of international cooperation,the original objective of the G20 at its formation is to prevent financial crisis from happening;its main mission also includes timely responding to and effectively managing the crisis.Since its official launching in 1999,the G20 has taken a journey of“crisis response”for 21 years.

The Effects of Tourism Industry Agglomeration on Tourism Environmental Carrying Capacity: Evidence from a Panel Threshold Model

By utilizing the panel data of 26 cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration of China from 2000 to 2018, this study constructs a panel threshold model to examine the nonlinear relationship between Tourism Environmental Carrying Capacity(TECC) and Tourism Industry Agglomeration(TIA). TECC is evaluated based on the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response(DPSIR) model, and TIA is estimated by the location quotient index.The analysis reveals that TIA and TECC both show growth trends and significant regional differences among the 26cities, but the latter fluctuates at certain stages. Moreover, TIA has a significant double threshold effect on TECC,which shows that the positive impact of TIA is enhanced initially but then weakens afterwards. Theoretically, this study contributes to enriching the current literature on TECC from the perspective of TIA. Practically, it could help local governments effectively arrange agglomerations to promote the sustainable development of the tourism industry in China.

Dynamic evolution trend of comprehensive transportation green efficiency in China:From a spatio-temporal interaction perspective

It is urgent and important to explore the dynamic evolution in comprehensive transportation green efficiency(CTGE)in the context of green development.We constructed a social development index that reflects the social benefits of transportation services,and incorporated it into the comprehensive transportation efficiency evaluation framework as an expected output.Based on the panel data of 30 regions in China from 2003-2018,the CTGE in China was measured using the slacks-based measure-data envelopment analysis(SBM-DEA)model.Further,the dynamic evolution trends of CTGE were determined using the spatial Markov model and exploratory spatio-temporal data analysis(ESTDA)technique from a spatio-temporal perspective.The results showed that the CTGE shows a U-shaped change trend but with an overall low level and significant regional differences.The state transition of CTGE has a strong spatial dependence,and there exists the phenomenon of“club convergence”.Neighbourhood background has a significant impact on the CTGE transition types,and the spatial spillover effect is pronounced.The CTGE has an obvious positive correlation and spatial agglomeration characteristics.The geometric characteristics of the LISA time path show that the evolution process of local spatial structure and local spatial dependence of China’s CTGE is stable,but the integration of spatial evolution is weak.The spatio-temporal transition results of LISA indicate that the CTGE has obvious transfer inertness and has certain path-dependence and spatial locking characteristics,which will become the major difficulty in improving the CTGE.

Aeromonas sobria regulates proinflammatory immune response in mouse macrophages via activating the MAPK,AKT,and NF-κB pathways

Aeromonas sobria,a Gram-negative bacterium that can colonize both humans and animals,is found in a variety of environments,including water,seafood,meat,and vegetables(Cahill,1990;Galindo et al.,2004;Song et al,2019).Aeromonas spp.are conditionally pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture,which can rapidly proliferate,causing disease and even death in fish,especially when the environment is degraded(Neamat-Allah et al,2020,2021a,2021b).In developing countries,Aeromonas spp.have been associated with a wide spectrum of infections in humans,including gastroen-teritis,wound infections,septicemia,and lung infections(San Joaquin and Pickett,1988;Wang et al,2009;Su et al,2013).Infections caused by Aeromonas spp.are usually more severe in immunocompromised individuals(Miyamoto et al,2017).