Gravity and the Nature of Physical Interactions

This work is a kind of thought experiment aimed at answering the question: what might a theory look like in which time and space (spacetime) are not fundamental? The article formulates theoretical frameworks that introduce the number of spacetime dimensions, the principle of equivalence of mass, and the value of the gravitational constant not as empirically given data, but as results of theoretical deduction. This analysis opens up potential connections between gravitational and electrostatic interactions, proposing a new approach to traditional physical assumptions. The theory is presented in a preliminary form, intended to inspire possible further research. The final part of the paper proposes experiments to verify these ideas.

World Industrial Revolutions and the Development of Artificial Intelligence System

The objective-scientific conclusions obtained from the researches conducted in various fields of science prove that era and worldview are in unity and are phenomena that determine one another,and era and worldview are the most important phenomena in the understanding of geniuses,historical events,including personalities who have left a mark on the history of politics,and every individual as a whole.And it is appropriate to briefly consider the problem in the context of human and personality factors.It is known that man has tried to understand natural phenomena since the beginning of time.Contact with the material world naturally affects his consciousness and even his subconscious as he solves problems that are important or useful for human life.During this understanding,the worldview changes and is formed.Thus,depending on the material and moral development of all spheres of life,the content and essence of the progress events,as the civilizations replaced each other in different periods,the event of periodization took place and became a system.If we take Europe,the people of the Ice Age of 300,000 years ago,who engaged in hunting to solve their hunger needs,in other words,the age of dinosaurs,have spread to many parts of the world from Africa,where they lived in order to survive and meet more of their daily needs.The extensive integration of agricultural Ice Age People into the Earth included farming,fishing,animal husbandry,hunting,as well as handicrafts,etc.,and has led to the revolutionary development of the fields.As economic activities led these first inhabitants of the planet from caves to less comfortable shelters,then to good houses,then to palaces,labor activities in various occupations,including crafts,developed rapidly.Thus,the fads of the era who differed from the crowd(later this class will be called personalities,geniuses...-Kh.G.)began to appear.If we approach the issue from the point of view of history,we witness that the world view determines the development in different periods.This idea can be expressed in such a way that each period can be considered to have developed or experienced a crisis according to the level of worldview.In this direction of our thoughts,the question arises:So,what is the phenomenon of worldview of this era-XXI century?Based on the general content of the current events,characterized as the globalization stage of the modern world,we can say that the outlook of the historical stage we live in is based on the achievements of the last stage of the industrial revolution.In this article,by analyzing the history of the artificial intelligence system during the world industrial revolutions,we will study both the concept of progress of the industrial revolutions and the progressive and at the same time regressive development of the artificial intelligence system.

The Black Protests in Poland: An Example of an Anti-pastoral Revolution

Michel Foucault in Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978 argues, that there has never been such a thing as an anti-pastoral revolution in Western societies. Yes, we have had revolutions against the disciplinary apparatus and legal devices of power (schools, hospitals, prisons) and we have had examples of revolutions against the economic foundations of social inequality, but there has never been a genuine revolution against pastoral power as a power relating to the conduct of individuals (but also entire social groups) and their disposition to “voluntary submission” to the will of external authorities. In my paper, I would like to reflect on this thesis, and taking it quite seriously, to look for examples of such revolutions. One of them is a women’s strike in Poland during the power of the conservative government of “Law and Justice”. Mainly referring to the texts of Silvia Federici and Paul Preciado, I will want to reflect on contemporary practices of reclaiming the body in contemporary capitalism. I will defend the thesis that regaining control over sexuality and reproduction means changing the material conditions of life and modern reproductive technologies.

Productivity of Poverty. Managing Poverty in Philosophy From Benjamin and Heidegger to Agamben, Negri and Hardt

The main task of the text is to find a new positive formula for“poverty”,which instead of addressing it in negative terms—as a threat,degradation,or humiliation—would reveal the potentiality and productivity of poverty.In my text I would like to rethink the status of poverty in four important texts that contribute to the history of 20th century philosophy.My main goal is to understand the philosophical revindication of the categories of“poverty”and“poverty”.Who is poor?Who are the poor and do they form a specific class,assemblage,community or collective?What is poverty?Does poverty of the poor regard possession,existence,life,experience,concept,agency,freedom,action?Do these different types of poverty,regarding various fields,have a common denominator?Is seeking poverty worthwhile?Is loyalty to poverty the only imperative of an ethical subject?Is philosophical praise of poverty possible?How,in what language,how can it be praised?In answering these questions,I will turn towards the texts of Benjamin,Heidegger,Agamben,Negri and Hardt.

Eco–Philosophy——The Theoretical Foundation of Ecological Civilization Construction

Eco–philosophy perceives the world from an ecological perspective, so it is also called the ecological world view. According to Eco–philosophy, the world is a complex "man–society–nature" ecosystem, a community of shared life that exists and works in the form of an integral whole as a living organic system. With the relationship among man, society, and nature being its basic problem, and the harmony of the three being its target, Eco–philosophy, as a holistic philosophical world view, goes beyond the modern philosophy of subject–object dichotomy and helps to facilitate the ecological civilization construction with its new world view, epistemology, methodology and axiology.

Medical Ethics in the Context of the Teachings of V.I.Vernadsky About the Earth’s Biosphere and Living Matter

The subject of medical ethics is usually considered within the binary doctor-patient relationship.In the context of V.I.Vernadsky’s teaching about the Earth’s biosphere and living matter,this relationship turns into a tripartite relationship.The third party is the natural environment around us,primarily the Earth’s biosphere.Thus,the problem of developing and improving medical ethics is connected with entropy-ecological issues.Against the background of this issue,the article draws attention to three issues:the issue of maintaining the chiral purity of living matter,the issue of coexistence and the fight against the world of viruses,and the issue of the danger of degradation of human intelligence under the influence of digitalization and robotization.All three questions relate to the physical and mental health of a person and correspond to what is included in the content of the concept of medical ethics.

Nanotechnoscience as Combination of the Natural and Engineering Sciences

This paper discusses the methodological specialty of the theoretical investigation in the nanotechnology. In the nanotechnoscience, on the one hand, similar with the classical natural science are created explanatory schemes of the natural phenomena and formulated predictions of the course of the definite natural events on the basis of mathematics and experimental data, and on the other, as in the engineering sciences are constructed not only the projects of the new experimental situations but also structural schemes of the new nanosystem unknown in nature and technology. The operation of nanotheory is realized by the iteration method. At first a special engineering problem is formulated. Then it is represented in the form of the structural scheme of the nanosystem which is transformed into the idea about the natural process reflecting its performance. To calculate and mathematically model this process a functional scheme is constructed. Consequently, the engineering problem is reformulated into a scientific one and then into a mathematical problem solved by the deductive method. This path from the bottom to the top represents the analysis of schemes （the bottom up approach）. The way in the opposite direction--the synthesis of schemes （the top down approach）--makes it possible to synthesize the ideal model of a new nanosystem from idealized structural elements, according to the appropriate rules of deductive transformation, to calculate basic parameters of the nanosystem and simulate its function. Nanotechnology is at the same time a field of scientific knowledge and a sphere of engineering activity, in other words--nanotechnoscience--similar with systems engineering as the analysis and design of large-scale, complex, man-machine systems, but now as micro- and nanosystems. Scanning tunneling microscope in the nanoexperiment is not only an arrangement of scientific investigation but also at the same time a facility to fabricate the electrically conducting bridges between an electrode and the selected nanotubes and computer modeling and the design of different artifacts.

Actual Costs of Uneconomic Growth of Marine Fisheries in China’s Pearl River Delta

As traditional economic theory is mainly based on neoliberal principles, whose failure is to ignore the ecological component in value assessment methods, it assumes that continuous economic growth exists with high level of employment and low inflation rate. Many ecological economists have criticized the blind pursuit of short-term economic interests in the last 30 years for leading to loss of natural capital and ecosystem services. This study demonstrates the concept of?“uneconomic growth”?by measuring the actual costs of fishing activities and fishery policy implemented in China’s Pearl River Estuary from economic, social, and ecological aspects. The results show that the costs of economic growth exceed the benefits of additional growth because of the limits of the ecosystem. The ecological system of the Pearl River Estuary has been degraded significantly by overfishing and is regarded to be under non-optimal conditions regarding both ecological and socio-economic objectives.

The Relationship between Marx and Marxism: the Relevance of the Issue: in the XXIst Century

The paper looks at the issue of the relationship between Marx and Marxism. Three approaches to the issue,which are widespread in contemporary Marxist literature and among marxologists are discussed. The first approach: the true Marx is the philosophy of Marx minus political theory. The second approach: the true Marx is the philosophy of Marx plus political theory of social-democratic parties. The third approach: the true Marx is the philosophy of Marx plus political theory,developed most fully by Lenin in the preparation of the R ussian revolution. The third approach,from our point of view,corresponds most to the essence of genuine Marxism,at least as applied to the twentieth century. The paper examines in detail the principal novelty of Lenin speaking of the need to translate Marx's materialistic theory of history to the political level as a theoretical issue. The author also notes the contribution of the Chinese leaders into further development of the political theory of Marxism closely connected with the issues of strategy and tactics of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. In conclusion,the paper states that world history nowbecomes increasingly complex and mixed. Therefore,the question of whether Marxist philosophers in this situation will be able to find ways of realization the 11th thesis of Marx "On Feuerbach"remains open.

Cultural Authenticity and Dynamic Sustainability -- Research on the Exploitation and Protection of Hani Terrace

As the agricultural heritage,Hani terrace is not only culturally authentic and non- renew able,but has its ow n characteristics. Firstly,it is a kind of economic and social mode of production. Secondly,it reflects the idea of harmonious and sustainable development betw een human beings and nature. T hirdly,the participation of human beings — or farmers is important. As a result,to exploit and protect the agricultural heritage,it is crucial to balance systematic protection and sustainable development in order to realize dynamic protection. In addition,the agricultural heritage shall be treated as the driving agent to coordinate the social and economic development. T hrough analyzing the characteristics of the agricultural heritage and the concept of protecting the agricultural heritage,this paper proposes to promote the protection of agricultural authenticity by alternative tourism development in order to balance the development and realize the sustainability of the agricultural dynamic system.

The Colonization and Decolonization of Time

The article addresses the issue of leisure in the sense of ancient ＂schole.＂ It strives to uncover the relationship between Aristotelian concept of theoretical activity and ＂schole＂ as vacuity. It shows a paradoxical character of ＂schole＂ as purposeless time that forms condition for a meaningful activity. How, then, to restore ＂schole＂ as vacuity today, when colonization of time expands？

The Current Metamorphosis of Instrumental Rationality

In the first part, the concept of instrumental reason is defended. Although we live in the age of pluralism, in which a tendency prevails to put all types of rationality on the same plane, there is a rationality that has a unique position： the instrumental rationality. The article then examines Luk^ics＇s roots of this concept and its elaboration by Adomo and Horkheimer. The second part refers to the current transformation of instrumental reason that these authors could not register. Instrumental reason changes so that it can connect several seemingly incoherent elements： postmodern non-objectivity, social and ecological normativity, and reified imperatives of capitalism. This formation is here called over-instrumental instrumental reason. In conclusion, the article deals with the question of how its non-instrumental component to exempt from its instrumental ones.

An Integrated Socio-Economic and Ecological Framework for Evaluating the Societal Costs and Benefits of Fishing Activities in the Pearl River Delta

This paper puts forward a model of Pearl River Delta (PRD) fishery in the South China Sea (SCS) that integrates the ecological, social and economic costs and benefits of fisheries activities in a multidisciplinary framework. In particular, an integrated ECOST model is composed of links between an ecological model constructed by Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) software and a region Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). Then the costs and benefits of five fishing methods are compared from economic, ecological and social three dimensions base on the ECOST model. The potential effects of fishing effort reduction on fishing communication are explored by a series of dynamic simulations for a 10-year period. Key results from prediction (2005-2015) and policy simulations illustrate that fisheries of PRE are geared toward short-term economic profits at the expense of ecological gains and the whole group of societal benefits associated with fishing. However, the status quo can be improved to better levels by reducing fishing efforts.

Non-state Political Theoretical Paradigm of African Union Citizenship

The charter that created the African Union came into effect in 2002. It is now 12 years in place but most Africans would not be sure whether they know the rationale and ultimate role of the AU in promoting good governance, peace, security and progress on the continent. Annual summits take place in Addis Ababa, and several resolutions are taken, but it is though the respective heads of states just return to their colonially engineered states to resume business as usual. As a result, poverty, conflicts （both internal and regional）, bad governance continue to plague the majority of the African countries with a few exceptions. Of late emerging economies such as China and India deal with Africa as if it were a one country--this could be the time for Africans to begin envisioning a new continental political architecture, with an African citizenship. The provisions of the African Union Charter are enshrined in the Constitutive Act, are summaries in Articles 3 and 4, that deal with objectives and principles. The objectives are （Desta, 2013, pp. 160-161）： （1） Achieve greater unity and solidarity between the African countries and peoples of Africa; （2） Defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its member states; （3） Accelerate the political and social-economic integration of the continent; （4） Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples; （5） Encourage intemational cooperation, taking due account of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; （6） Promote, peace, security and stability of the continent; （7） Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance; （8） Promote and protect human and people＇s rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples＇ Rights and other relevant human rights instruments; （9） Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations; （10） Promote sustainable development at the economic. Social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies; （11） Promote co-operation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples; （12） Coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union; （13） Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technology; （14） Work with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent. The principles of the AU Constitutive Act are （Ibid. 162-163）： （1） Sovereign equality and interdependence among Member Sates of the Union; （2） Respect for borders existing on achievement of independence; （3） Participation of the African peoples in the activities of the Union; （4） Establishment of a common defense policy for the African Continent; （5） Peaceful resolution of conflicts among Member States of the Union through such appropriate means as may be decided upon by the Assembly; （6） Prohibition of the use of force or threat to use force among Member States of the Union; （7） Non-interference by any Member State in the internal affairs of another; （8） The right of the Union to intervene in aMember State pursuant to a decision of the Assembly in respect of grave circumstances, namely： war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity; （9） Peaceful co-existence of Member States and their right to live in peace and security; （10） The right of Member States to request intervention from the Union in order to restore peace and security; （11） Promotion of self-reliance within the framework of the Union; （12） Promotion of gender equality; m. Respect for democratic principles, human rights, rule of law and good governance; （13） Promotion of social justice to ensure balanced economic development; （14） Respect for the sanctity of human life, condemnation and rejection of impunity and political assassination, acts of terrorism and subversive activities; （15） Condemnation and rejection of unconstitutional changes of governments. While there is mention of participation of African peoples in the activities of the Union as principle （c） and objective （g）, there is no explicit mention of civil society organizations （media, faith-based organizations, and NGOs） as principle actors in implementing the objectives of the Union. I want to argue that the failure of the respective African states to eradicate poverty, end armed conflicts, and address governance issues is caused by lack of a common regional integration model that takes an African Union citizenship seriously, but at the same time respecting the role of civil society and faith-based organizations, that predate the state in Africa. It is evident that Afi＇ican Unity （AU） and sub-regional integration groups such as East African Community （EAC）, Southern African Development Community （SADC）, Economic Community Of West African States （ECOWAS）, as well the New Partnership for Africa＇s Development （NEPAD）, are designed and operationalized from a statist political philosophical framework. Moreover, since the African states are largely contested as a colonial creation, the AU cannot successfully implement the institution of an African citizenship without acknowledging the role of and giving space to non-state actors in AU and other regional integration models and initiatives. This paradigm shift will require rethinking the relationship between the state and non-state actors in Africa.

Effects of Marxist Methodology on Social Science Researches Conducted by Vietnamese Scholars Before 1986

In the early twentieth century, Marxism was propagated into Vietnam through patriotic intellectuals. After the propagation into Vietnam, Marxism not only influenced national liberation movements, but also profoundly affected scholars, particularly scholars of social science. In fact, many of well-known Vietnamese scholars have relied on Marxism’s theory of social existence and social consciousness, infrastructure and superstructure, practical concept, concept of class struggle, etc. to comment on poetry, history, language, geography, philosophy, etc. In other words, the scholars have applied Marxist methodology to explore and study cultural and social life in Vietnam; and in that way, a generation of Marxist researchers in the field of social sciences has been formed. After the renovation of the country, the Government of Vietnam has implemented its policy of openness and international integration, and scholars have been therefore able to receive many other Western ideals and cultures, and the Marxist methodology was not the only one used in social science research. Consequently, some people expressed their skepticism about the role of Marxist methodology in academic research in Vietnam, even completely denied the historical significance of Marxist methodology to the academia in Vietnam. This article is intended, through Vietnamese Marxist scholars, especially the ones in the field of social sciences prior to 1986 （i.e., prior to the renovation of the country） to demonstrate the historical significance of the Marxist methodology to the Vietnamese academia. It is clear that the penetration of the Marxism and the Marxist methodology into Vietnam have created a revolution in the field of academic research （primarily in the field of social science）. It has promoted academicresearch from conservative toward innovative, from traditional to modern. With the presence of the French colonialism as well as the French culture, the Marxism and the Marxist methodology helped Vietnamese scholars break away from Chinese Confucian scholarship and shift to systematic scholarly studies based on practical bases, scientific bases and modern methods. Although there are still some certain drawbacks, it cannot be denied that the Marxism and the Marxist methodology have played an important role in the formation and development of modern social sciences in Vietnam today.

On the Historiographical Reform of General History of Chinese Science and Technologyin the Post-Needham Era

The research of General History of Chinese Science and Technology(GHCST) has so far failed to transcend the"positivist history", a program of historiography initiated by Joseph Needham. The historians after Needham have made important explorations on the historiographical reform of GHCST. However, nearly all of these explorations are still the methodological reflections of the positivist history perspective, failing to reflect metaphysically on such historiographical presuppositions as views of science, technology and history, which means they have failed to break away from the positivist history perspective. To go beyond the limitations of positivist history calls for the introduction of the perspective of phenomenology of body and reflecting on and criticizing the historiographical presuppositions of positivist history on a metaphysical level. Such reflection will lead us to a new program of historiography in the post-Needham era, that is"phenomenal history"or the GHCST from the perspective of the phenomenology of body.

The Scope and Type of Political Corruption in Mongolia(Analysis of Expert Evaluation)

Democratic culture is a matter of establishing rule of law and protecting human rights,as well as good governance,effective administration of state resources,proper use of power,and conflict of interest.Therefore,democracy is not only a manifestation of the globalization process,but also the pursuit of perfect democratic mechanisms and mechanisms in many democracies and the opportunity to fully monitor the integrity of governmental institutions and to strengthen their governance power.We aim to base this research paper on facts and the following aspects.It clarifies that the following approaches to:(i)the degree of corruption in the political sphere;(ii)the nature of political corruption,its status,and prospects,as well as the changes that have occurred in it,based on the analysis of the results of long-term research of expert opinions.The article based on the comparative analysis with experts and other research sources.It is series of article which is verifying the conditions and state of corruption types,spheres,relationship between political bodies and business groups and reasons and conditionality.The first chapter of the series of article attempted to underline the corruption sphere and corruption of types.The second chapter commenced the relationship with socio-political and politic-business groups and reasons for the conditionality of the corruption in Mongolia.

An Approach to Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics I:Set,Structure,System,Model

In the introduction a preliminary consideration of the sense of concepts“set”,“structure”,“system”,and“model”,as well as of the connection between them is proposed and on the basis of its results the task of investigation of abstract bases of system(in particular reconsideration of concept“abstract set”),of abstract structure,abstract system and of S-Model is formulated.The first section is devoted to formulation of an approach to construction of aggregate theory regarded as an analog of moderate constructive set theory:the relations“inclusion”and“equivalence”between aggregates and the operations on aggregates“union”,“intersection,“difference”and“compliment”are introduced.Definition of the concept“a-system”as well as of its a-structure on the space of aggregates is defined.A special attention is shown to similarity and essential difference between aggregate theory and set theory as well as to the fact that the famous paradoxes of Cantor and Russell in the Cantor’s set theory take no place in the aggregate theory.Further a variant of Cantor’s set theory called restricted discrete set theory is considered.The second section is devoted to formulation of an approach to construction of algebra of a-systems.At the end the concept of system of successive systems(SSS),is introduced.

The Construction of Value Identity Through Ritual Education:Its Internal Logic and Practice Approach Based on a Case Study of Ritual Education in Jiangsu

Ritual education has become an important social approach to disciplining individuals and constructing value identity because of its unique attributes and its capacity to reshape individual behaviors and values through ritual practice.Only by properly grasping the internal logic of the construction of value identity through ritual education can we accurately identify problems arising from ritual education and put forward practical countermeasures and suggestions accordingly.Through the“eight etiquette rules and four ceremonies”campaign and the national memorial ceremony for the Nanjing Massacre victims,Jiangsu has accumulated rich experience in ritual education.Still,in theory,there remain misconceptions;in practice,old problems persist,such as the preference of form to content and lack of refinement and effective use of ritual symbols.The solution to these problems must be based on a thorough understanding of the internal logic of the construction of value identity through ritual education.It is also necessary to further improve ritual space,ritual practices,ritual symbols,and ritual themes to develop an exemplary Jiangsu approach to ritual education in China.

The Normative Enlightenment of China's Human Rights Studies from the Space-Time Dimensions of the Chinese Dream

In order to gradually build a theoretical system of human rights with Chinese characteristics that conforms to the development of the times through rigorous academic research, researchers need to break through the basic think- ing tendency of ＂from idea to idea＂ step by step and finally establish the fundamental research orientation of ＂specifying human rights stud- ies.＂ Through comprehensive and systematic analysis and sorting out various basic concepts relating to human rights, researchers also need to finally establish a solid foundation and prerequisite for fruitful academic study.