Scarcity and Mental Health—Multiple Mediators of Sleep Quality and Life Satisfaction

Background:In the current social environment,scarcity,as a universally present objective state,profoundly impacts individuals’decision-making and health through the subjective feeling it induces,known as a“scarcity mindset.”Particularly,the feeling of scarcity related to money and sleep time is not only widespread but also directly linked to an individual’s mental health.Purpose:This study aims to delve into the relationship between the feeling of scarcity and mental health,with a specific focus on the relationship between the feeling of money scarcity or sleep time scarcity and mental health,as well as the role of sleep quality or life satisfaction in this relationship.Procedure:We determined the sampling quotas based on the population and economic development levels of each province in the“China Statistical Yearbook(2021)”(National Bureau of Statistics,2021).Participants were selected using the Probability Proportional to Size(PPS)sampling method.Data was collected by distributing online questionnaires to participants,and the relationships between the main variables were explored using structural equation modeling.Results:1.In China,the feeling of sleep time scarcity is stronger than the feeling of money scarcity among the public.2.The feeling of money scarcity is positively correlated with depression and anxiety,whereas the feeling of sleep time scarcity is only positively correlated with depression.3.The feeling of scarcity mainly leads to depression and self-denial through reducing life satisfaction,and it leads to anxiety through reducing sleep quality.Conclusion:The feeling of scarcity in money and sleep time is related to different dimensions of mental health.Therefore,reasonably planning financial allocation and ensuring an adequate amount of sleep can reduce the sense of scarcity,thereby improving mental health.Additionally,improving sleep quality and increasing life satisfaction can alleviate the adverse effects of scarcity on mental health.

Tourist boom and rural revival-Case study of Klodzko Region(SW Poland)

Rural areas in the K?odzko Region were subject to a long-term depopulation,marginalization,and long-lasting socio-economic decline since the 19th century.In recent years,however,the study area has been subject to a shift in socio-economic trends that show rural revival.The main goal of the research is to assess the actual role of tourism in socio-economic revival of rural areas in the K?odzko Region.To determine the dynamics of the tourism function development,statistical data were used and an inventory of tourism beds in accommodation facilities was conducted.The results show that there was a substantial development of the tourism function in the study area and its most intense scale was noted in the depopulating villages,as evidenced by the increase in the numbers of tourism facilities and numbers of tourism beds.Therefore,it can be concluded that the development of tourism contributed to the limitation of negative socioeconomic processes in the area and,in the case of some villages,even to the reversal of these trends,which might testify to the rural revival.Moreover,the improvement of the socio-economic situation is visible also in the villages that do not have significant tourist values but are in the neighbourhood of tourism hotspots.This observation might be important for forecasting future development and planning of rural areas.

Loneliness in Older Chilean People: Importance of Family Dysfunction and Depression

Loneliness is considered a public health problem that negatively affects wellbeing,especially in the older population.In Latin-American countries,most of the older population live with their family.Although this is thought to diminish feelings of loneliness,there is scarce data to support this.The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of loneliness and evaluate its association with objective social networks,family functioning and perception of social support,in a sample of older people from Santiago,Chile.A survey was conducted of a representative sample of community older people(60–97 years)from Santiago,Chile,using the UCLA abbreviated scale of loneliness.Logistic regression was performed to test the variables related to the loneliness of older people.A total of 1,217 older people were interviewed.88%were living with at least one person at home and 92%had living children.Using the UCLA abbreviated scale,45%were found to perceive feelings of loneliness at least some of the time.Logistic regression showed significant association between loneliness and family dysfunction;depressive symptoms;living alone;not having a partner(widowed,separated or single);having little contact with relatives and friends;feeling a lack of social support;and sensation of poor self-efficacy.Loneliness is a prevalent public health problem in this older Latin-American community.Living accompanied does not protect against loneliness,particularly in vulnerable groups such as those with depression,or when there are family conflicts.The high prevalence of loneliness strongly conveys the need for public health policies to address loneliness in older people.

Study on the Rual Migrant Workers＇ Willingness to Have Urban Hukou and the Choice of Urbanization Path of China in Recent Years

Based on the empirically analysis of the data from a nationwide survey in 2010 in China, the study found. （1） The overwhelming majority of rural migrant workers in China were not willing to convert their rural household registration （nongye hukou） to an urban or non-rural registration Orei nong hukou）. If they were required to return the rural land contract rights as precondition, only lOper cent were willing to be urban citizens. （2） For the small proportion of migrant workers who were willing to convert their rural household registration to urban household registration, ＇obtaining access to better education and more opportunities for the continuation of education for their children＇ is the major incentive. （3） The primary reason for retaining a rural hukou, on the other hand, is to keep their rural contract land. （4） Finally, there is no significant difference between the rural migrant workers who were born before 1980 and those after 1980, in term of the attitude toward converting rural hukou to urban hukou. The policy recommendations drew from the findings are as follows： 1） In order to promote the urbanization process, the government should choose the path of ＇urbanization based on the long term residence in the towns and cities＇ instead of the path of ＂urbanization based on household registration ＇. 2） The rural migrant workers should be converted into urban citizens without being forced to give up their contact land. 3） The government should give equal weight in policy making to the migrant workers born before 1980 and those born after 1980. Therefore, the policy emphasis of deepening the urbanization of China should focus on the ＇equalization of the resource allocation of the public services and social welfare＂ while the characteristics of the separation of the household registration system should not be strengthened any longer.

An Analysis of Factors Influencing Entrepreneurs’ Performance in Business after Returning Home——Empirical Study Based on a Sichuan Sample

This paper uses survey data regarding native Sichuan entrepreneurs who have developed businesses outside of Sichuan Province and then returned,along with their organizations,to Sichuan.Our goal was to identify and examine the factors influencing their entrepreneurial performance by using SEM-PLS.The results show that policy support,social relations and entrepreneurial self-efficacy have significant roles in entrepreneurial performance.No direct influence from the cultural or market environments was detected.Therefore,this study indicates that for entrepreneurs returning to their hometown the government should provide social and financial support for small and micro sized entrepreneurial ventures while the entrepreneurs should constantly strengthen their entrepreneurial selfefficacy by obtaining information through cultivated social relationships and market opportunities that will allow them to enhance their entrepreneurial performance.

Analysis of Migrant Population's Social Integration in Hangzhou

Since China began implementing reform and opening-up policies, along with a fast development of the national economy and great changes of social life, an increasing number of peasan＇s have kept flowing into cities and economically more developed regions. Aspiring to improve their life and yearning for a better urban life, they defy the restraint of the household registry system and, in the process of moving from one place to another, ignore economic and psychological costs. As early as in year 2000 China＇s migrant population reached 140 million, more than 10% of the total population. Since 2000 the migrant poptilation in Zhejiang Province, east China, has kept growing by 20% annually, the second fastest in the country for seven consecutive years.

Hero Hua Mulan With a Thousand Faces:Why Chinese Stories Can Move the World?Evidence From a Global Cross-Cultural Interview Survey

While people from Western countries do not always understand of the underlying cultural values of most Chinese stories,the Hua Mulan story has gained significant recognition from Western audiences.Therefore,it would be quite beneficial if we could understand the key elements that have contributed to the success of the Hua Mulan story so that we can employ similar elements in other intercultural communication programs and promote the communication and dissemination of cultures between China and the rest of the world.According to the findings from the interviews of 6,130 respondents from 107 countries,we found that the Hua Mulan story gains global acceptance because it represents a story of“a hero with a thousand faces,”which embodies the integration of Chinese traditions and contemporary spirit through sharing a global meaning while responding to various culturally common challenges.Five key cultural value dimensions are responsible for this Chinese story’s cross-cultural affinity and influence,which helped it win recognition and empathy worldwide.The five key cultural value dimensions are loyalty and patriotism,the courage to take responsibility,compatibility of individualism and collectivism,respondence to the multicultural appeal,and hero growth.These dimensions are then generalized as the value identity orientation grounded in a Global Shared Meaning(GSM)in this study.

Analysis and Commentary on Mao Zedong’s Views on Women’s Liberation in His Early Manuscripts

The Mao Zedong Zao Qi Wen Gao[Early Manuscripts of Mao Zedong]is a collection of young Mao Zedong’s manuscripts from 1912 to 1920 and is a record of his growth during his youth.It is worth mentioning that the views of women’s liberation and progress have a place in Mao Zedong’s early manuscripts.This study focuses on reviewing and discussing the motivation behind young Mao Zedong’s attention to women’s liberation and progress issues,his relevant views in these manuscripts,and how these views played a role in his growth into a Marxist.This study aims to explore,from the perspective of women’s studies,the thought basis and virtues that led young Mao Zedong to become a Marxist.

Social differentiation by age group and resource difficulties encountered in the rural system of family support for the elderly

This paper focuses on social equity issues among different age groups and generations in rural society and rural families in China. The researchers describe the material and social living condition of the elderly in rural areas, pointing out their relative poverty and the structural contradiction between the deterioration in their quality of life and socioeconomic position and the gradual improvement overall in rural living standards. They see this as evidence of social differentiation based on age and generation. The paper further provides an analysis of the resource difficulties encountered by the system of family support for the elderly that illustrates how economic, social and cultural developments affect the lives, power and rights of the elderly through changes in the rural family system and intergenerational familial relations.

Guanxilization or categorization： psychological mechanisms contributing to the formation of the Chinese concept of ＂us＂

Faced with rapid social transformation, the discipline of social psychology in China needs to choose its research topics from the perspective of both change and culture. A basic issue reflecting precisely these two perspectives is that of the formation of the social psychology mechanism of individual-group relations, namely the formation of the concept of ＂us＂ in Chinese society and culture, as well as the possibility and conditions for the transformation of this mechanism. Exploring this issue will not only help us to understand social cohesion and the logic of group behavior and to discuss the relationship between the state and the individual, society and the individual, and the category and the individual; it will also help cultivate social psychology resources and support systems at a time of social transition, and thus promote social cooperation.. Unlike previous analytical studies that focused on a unitary mechanism, this study uses the discussion of two cases to put forward a new framework for analysis： that is, the Chinese concept of ＂us＂ comes into being through the mingling of ＂guanxilization＂ and ＂categorization＂ under the influence of social context priming, value orientation and other factors.

Toward a socio-political approach to water management: successes and limitations of IWRM programs in rural northwestern China

In rural north-western China,the tension between economic growth and ecological crises demonstrates the limitations of dominant top-down approaches to water management.In the 1990s,the Chinese government adopted the Integrated Water Resources Management(IWRM)approach to combat the degradation of water and ecological systems throughout its rural regions.While the approach has had some success at reducing desertification,water shortage,and ecological deterioration,there are important limitations and obstacles that continue to impede optimum outcomes in water management.As the current IWRM approach is instituted through a top-down centralized bureaucratic structure,it often fails to address the socio-political context in which water management is embedded and therefore lacks a complete treatment of how power is embedded in the bureaucracy and how it articulates through economic growth imperatives set by the Chinese state.The approach has relied on infrastructure heavy and technocratic solutions to govern water demand,which has worked to undermine the focus on integration and public participation.Finally,the historical process through which water management mechanisms have been instituted are fraught with bureaucratic fragmentation and processes of centralization that work against some of its primary goals such as reducing uncertainty and risk in water management systems.This article reveals the historical,social,political,and economic processes behind these shortcomings in water management in rural northwestern China by focusing on the limitations of a top-down approach that rely on infrastructure,technology,and quantification,and thereby advances a more holistic,socio-political perspective for water management that considers the state-society dynamics inherent in water governance in rural China.

The Inequality Effect of Urbanization and Social Integration

On the basis of the China Social Survey （CSS2011） and related urban statistics, this article conducts an analysis of the ＂unequal＂ effects of urbanization and of problems in rural migrants＇ social integration with urban residents in the course of their urbanization. We found that although the increased rate of population urbanization did not produce a significant difference between ＂rural migrants＂ and ＂city people＂ in terms of income, migrants fare considerably worse than city people with regard to social security, cultural life, psychological acceptance and status identification. This kind of inequality transforms the original urban/rural dual structure into a new dichotomy that divides urban dwellers into the migrant population and residents with urban household registration, thereby impeding social integration. This finding will help us understand the causes of the social barriers in current urbanization and may provide theoretical and empirical reference material for ＂new-type urbanization,＂ particularly as it relates to the transformation of the rural migrant population into urban citizens.

Relations between Capital and Labor： Is China Returning to the Times of Karl Marx？

At the time when China chose to develop a market economy, some scholars warned of a great risk lurking in the market economy, one named ＂the clash between capital and labor,＂ which might cause the fruits of reform over long years to be destroyed in one day. The increasingly tense relations between capital and labor now remind us of this admonition and of the Marxism on which it is based.

The Growth Paths and Mechanisms of Chinese Private Enterprise

During the past forty years of reform and opening up,China’s private economy has made remarkable strides.This paper introduces start-up organizational processes into the study of elite mobility in emerging markets,exploring the relationship between the social origins of entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial outcomes.Our research finds that the initial scale,growth rate and current size of enterprises established by elite entrepreneurs are larger than those of grassroots entrepreneurs.With the deepening of economic reform and the growth of the private economy,the social origins of large business owners generally tend to be elitist and the scale advantage of the enterprises set up by elite entrepreneurs,especially endogenous or inside-track entrepreneurs,is ever more striking.The expansion of such enterprises’superior position is mainly due to their initial advantages of scale;after the start-up period,the advantage conferred by their pace of growth does not increase synchronously.In order to promote the further development of the private economy and release its innovative potential,it is necessary to give full play to the government’s function of regulating market operations and correcting market failure,and thus actively creating a good business environment.

Comparison of residents' committees in two Chinese cities:Shanghai and Shenyang

The residents＇ committee as an affiliate of the sub-district office actually plays a role much greater than that of a ＂self-governing mass organization＂ as defined by law. Owing to path dependence arising from their long-time role as agents of the government, residents＇ committee staff are naturally used to regarding daily political administration closely related to community development as part of internal community affairs. Therefore, community building is essentially the construction of a governance structure in grassroots society, which entails state forces vacating some space to allow the self-operation of grass-roots society. To realize this goal, the critical precondition rests in that the management and services of the functional departments of government must hit the mark. Creative institutional reform involves establishing a community governance system consisting of a ＂community-building guidance committee （government agency）, community management committee （social association）, community workers （professional service body）, community residents＇ committee （community self-governing organization）.＂

The Perception of Flood Risks: A Case Study of Babessi in Rural Cameroon

Although risk perception of natural hazards has been identified as an important determinant for sound policy design,there is limited empirical research on it in developing countries.This article narrows the empirical literature gap.It draws from Babessi,a rural town in the Northwest Region of Cameroon.Babessi was hit by a severe flash flood in 2012.The cross-disciplinary lens applied here deciphers the complexity arising from flood hazards,often embedded in contexts characterized by poverty,a state that is constrained in disaster relief,and market-based solutions being absent.Primary data were collected via snowball sampling.Multinomial logistic regression analysis suggests that individuals with leadership functions,for example,heads of households,perceive flood risk higher,probably due to their role as household providers.We found that risk perception is linked to location,which in turn is associated with religious affiliation.Christians perceive floods riskier than Muslims because the former traditionally reside at the foot of hills and the latter uphill;rendering Muslims less exposed and eventually less affected by floods.Finally,public disaster relief appears to have built up trust and subsequently reduced risk perception,even if some victims remained skeptical of state disaster relief.This indicates strong potential benefits of public transfers for flood risk management in developing countries.

SPECIAL ISSUE： SOCIAL CHANGE AND CHINESE WOMEN From State Dominance to Market Orientation： The Composition and Evolution of Gender Discourse

gender discourse. The three decades before the initiation of reform and opening up in 1978 and the three after have witnessed a clear transition in gender discourse in Chinese society, from state-dominated pan-politicization to a pan-marketization orientation. Marketization has changed the content and form of state discourse and led to an alliance of market discourse with traditional discourse. The changed gender discourse is essentially a discourse of quality, one that is no longer presented as an ideological myth of equality constructed by the state and discounted in practice but as a set of deliberate response strategies which are adopted to make independent choices balancing the three forces of the state, the market and traditional culture in the midst of appeals for modernity and individual freedom.

Building a harmonious community:public services,social integration and expression of residents' views- a study of cases from Ningbo,Dalian and Beijing

Through case studies in Ningbo, Dalian and Beijing, this article discusses how to promote public services, social integration and expression of residents＇ views in the construction of harmonious communities. The Ningbo case shows the origin, scale and effect of a government-led community public service network; the Dalian case describes the emergence, development and functions of community-led autonomous organizations as a means of promoting socially disadvantaged groups＇ integration into society; and the Beijing case reveals the value orientation, methods and constructive experience of community development evaluation based on the expression of residents＇ views.

The Rise and Impact of Financial Capitalism:A Sociological Analysis of New Forms of Capitalism

Compared with Karl Polanyi’s first Great Transformation,the emergence of the even more influential financial capitalism can be called the second Great Transformation.The global expansion of financial capitalism has extended its power beyond the remit of nation-states as governments,firms,families and individuals are increasingly guided and reshaped by financial markets,producing a trend toward the financialization of social life.An important social consequence is the ever more marked separation of financial markets from society,a separation that has gradually eroded the power of the state,trade unions and civil society and aggravated the employment crises,the polarization of rich and poor and the structural inequality of developed capitalist countries.In the face of society’s erosion by financial capital,the West has taken measures of social self-protection,but these have so far had little effect.To establish a new financial and market governance structure at the global level that will effectively cope with the negative impact of financial capitalism is a long and arduous task.

The Social Composition of China's Private Entrepreneurs: Class and Cohort Differences

On the basis of survey data on Chinese private enterprises over the years,we try to respond to the classic subject of“the social composition of private entrepreneurs(siyingqiyezhu私营企业主).”In nearly forty years of development,the overall composition of private entrepreneurs has undergone major changes.The group contains a growing proportion of people who have a market background and higher education and are non-political CPCs.On further classifying the occupational mobility of private entrepreneurs into categories such as“xiahai下海”(jump into business),“gaizhi改制”(restructuring),“kuajie跨界”(crossover),“tiaoban跳板”(springboard)and“caogen草根”(grassroots),we find there are significant differences in the occupational mobility of entrepreneurs in large,medium,and small enterprises in terms of what they did before they founded their businesses.In particular,entrepreneurs in large enterprises are more likely to have“jumped into business”from inside the government system or after restructuring,while most small and medium entrepreneurs develop outside the system.Multiple regression and coefficient clustering analysis shows that education level and political status have varying effects on the occupational mobility of entrepreneurs in terms of class and cohort.