This study mainly investigates the environmental efficiency of 267 Chinese cities from 2004 to 2012 through a metafrontier,directional and super-efficiency approach. First,we explore the regional and time heterogeneit...This study mainly investigates the environmental efficiency of 267 Chinese cities from 2004 to 2012 through a metafrontier,directional and super-efficiency approach. First,we explore the regional and time heterogeneity of environmental efficiency. Then,we compare the technological gap ratio in different regions and years. Lastly,we analyze the technological and management potential in different regions. We determine that the gap between environmental efficiency under group frontier and metafrontier widened from 2009 to 2012,indicating that environmental efficiency varies in different regions in China. The technology gap ratio has decreased in the four regions. This result confirms that the regional heterogeneity of environmental efficiency has increased. Thus,strengthening environmental management is crucial. China must improve green innovation to decrease energy consumption and abate carbon emissions.展开更多
With the worldwide growing interest and commercial value of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)industries and products,the protection issue of TCM knowledge is increasingly concerned by Chinese government.Here,we invest...With the worldwide growing interest and commercial value of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)industries and products,the protection issue of TCM knowledge is increasingly concerned by Chinese government.Here,we investigated the current situation and trend of TCM development and knowledge protection in China through accessing academic research tools including China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Data,VIP China Science and Technology Journal Database(VIP)and Google Scholar,analyzing the latest data released by National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,China Statistical Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and China Statistical Yearbook.Our results demonstrate that current administration in China is continuing to support TCM development by increasing investment and expanding the scale in TCM research and administration.The increasing attention of Chinese scholars and government has led to laws and regulations issued more densely to strengthen TCM knowledge protection and promote fair use and fast development.展开更多
A cinematographic work and the work performed in a similar way are the types protected by the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Each member state is entitled to develop the ownership ...A cinematographic work and the work performed in a similar way are the types protected by the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Each member state is entitled to develop the ownership system of the ＂cinematographic work＂ in accordance with domestic law. In the copyright law of common law system, the ownership of right in ＂cinematographic work＂ applies to the ＂work for hire＂ doctrine. The author and scriptwriter of the original work are treated as ＂employees ＂; who are just actual creators and do not enjoy the copyright of the new cinematographic work. Therefore, the original work does not constitute a new work, and the original author is not the author of the new work. In the copyright law of civil law system, the scriptwriter is generally treated as the creator of the cinematographic work, and the co-author of new cinematographic work. Consequently, the original work constitutes a new work, and the original author is the author of the new work. The existing legal system of ＂cinematographic work＂ does not clarify the relationship between the original work and the new work, which results in problems such as ＂dual copyrights＂ and ＂dual rights of authorship＂ and simultaneously contradicts with the copyright theory that ＂the author enjoys the right of authorship＇： It is necessary to stipulate clearly in the Copyright Law of China that ＂the original work is the composition or material of the cinematographic and audiovisual work rather than the cinematographic and audiovisual work themselves, and the original author is not the author of the cinematographic and audiovisual work, who is not entitled to the right of authorship ＂：展开更多
文摘This study mainly investigates the environmental efficiency of 267 Chinese cities from 2004 to 2012 through a metafrontier,directional and super-efficiency approach. First,we explore the regional and time heterogeneity of environmental efficiency. Then,we compare the technological gap ratio in different regions and years. Lastly,we analyze the technological and management potential in different regions. We determine that the gap between environmental efficiency under group frontier and metafrontier widened from 2009 to 2012,indicating that environmental efficiency varies in different regions in China. The technology gap ratio has decreased in the four regions. This result confirms that the regional heterogeneity of environmental efficiency has increased. Thus,strengthening environmental management is crucial. China must improve green innovation to decrease energy consumption and abate carbon emissions.
基金supported by the Chongqing Technology and Business University High-Caliber Personnel ResearchInitiation Project,entitled Research on Industry Self-Regulation Issues in Intellectual Property (Grant No.2055011)。
基金Supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(No.16ZDA235)。
文摘With the worldwide growing interest and commercial value of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)industries and products,the protection issue of TCM knowledge is increasingly concerned by Chinese government.Here,we investigated the current situation and trend of TCM development and knowledge protection in China through accessing academic research tools including China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Data,VIP China Science and Technology Journal Database(VIP)and Google Scholar,analyzing the latest data released by National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,China Statistical Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and China Statistical Yearbook.Our results demonstrate that current administration in China is continuing to support TCM development by increasing investment and expanding the scale in TCM research and administration.The increasing attention of Chinese scholars and government has led to laws and regulations issued more densely to strengthen TCM knowledge protection and promote fair use and fast development.
文摘A cinematographic work and the work performed in a similar way are the types protected by the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Each member state is entitled to develop the ownership system of the ＂cinematographic work＂ in accordance with domestic law. In the copyright law of common law system, the ownership of right in ＂cinematographic work＂ applies to the ＂work for hire＂ doctrine. The author and scriptwriter of the original work are treated as ＂employees ＂; who are just actual creators and do not enjoy the copyright of the new cinematographic work. Therefore, the original work does not constitute a new work, and the original author is not the author of the new work. In the copyright law of civil law system, the scriptwriter is generally treated as the creator of the cinematographic work, and the co-author of new cinematographic work. Consequently, the original work constitutes a new work, and the original author is the author of the new work. The existing legal system of ＂cinematographic work＂ does not clarify the relationship between the original work and the new work, which results in problems such as ＂dual copyrights＂ and ＂dual rights of authorship＂ and simultaneously contradicts with the copyright theory that ＂the author enjoys the right of authorship＇： It is necessary to stipulate clearly in the Copyright Law of China that ＂the original work is the composition or material of the cinematographic and audiovisual work rather than the cinematographic and audiovisual work themselves, and the original author is not the author of the cinematographic and audiovisual work, who is not entitled to the right of authorship ＂：
