Standardization of reference specification in English-language scientific journals in China

The correctness of bibliographic references and citations for retrieving information is essential.However,many journals are still receiving manuscripts with reference formats different to those specified in the journal guidelines.Consequently,this increases the difficulty for editors to process the manuscripts and restricts the production process.This paper discussed the specification format of bibliographic references and citations in English-language scientific journals from the perspective of the reference specification itself.Based on the current four mainstream styles used in the bibliographic references and citations of international English-language scientific journals,combined with the reference examples of ten English-language scientific journals launched in China and our work experience,we suggested the specific suggestions on the standardization of reference specification in English-language scientific journals in China.It is recommended to simplify the essential information(author’s name,article title,journal title,and year of publication)for bibliographic references and citations,add a hyperlink to the homepage of the reference cited,and prioritize adding the digital object identifier(DOI)of all the references.This standardization suggested can speed up the information processing of references,which can reduce the burden on authors and readers,save more time for editors to provide more services for scholars,and better realize the article links and communications on the Internet.

Effects of chitosan inhibitor on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel

The effects of chitosan inhibitor on the corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel were studied by electrochemical measurements, immersion tests, and stereology microscopy. The influences of immersion time, temperature, and chitosan concentration on the corrosion inhibition performance of chitosan were investigated. The optimum parameters of water-soluble chitosan on the corrosion inhibition performance of 2205 duplex stainless steel were also determined. The water-soluble chitosan showed excellent corrosion inhibition performance on the 2205 duplex stainless steel. Polarization curves demonstrated that chitosan acted as a mixed-type inhibitor. When the stainless steel specimen was immersed in the 0.2 g/L chitosan solution for 4 h, a dense and uniform adsorption film covered the sample surface and the inhibition efficiency(IE) reached its maximum value. Moreover, temperature was found to strongly influence the corrosion inhibition of chitosan; the inhibition efficiency gradually decreased with increasing temperature. The 2205 duplex stainless steel specimen immersed in 0.4 g/L water-soluble chitosan at 30°C displayed the best corrosion inhibition among the investigated specimens. Moreover, chitosan decreased the corrosion rate of the 2205 duplex stainless steel in an FeCl_3 solution.

A method for observing the three-dimensional morphologies of inclusions in steel

A method for observing the three-dimensional morphologies of inclusions by deeply eroding a steel sample with a kind of organic solution composed of bromine water, acetone, and HCl （volume ratio, 45：45：10） was introduced. Four different kinds of inclusions in ultra low carbon steel were compared by metallographic observation and erosion observation. The results show that the three-dimensional morphologies of different kinds of inclusions could be observed clearly and simply after erosion. The method is useful for the observation and analysis of inclusions made by deep erosion. It also provides a new way to control and remove inclusions based on the true morphologies of inclusions.

Friction and wear properties of copper matrix composites reinforced by tungsten-coated carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes （CNTs） were coated by tungsten layer using metal organic chemical vapor deposition process with tungsten hexacarbonyl as a precursor. The W-coated CNTs （W-CNTs） were dispersed into Cu powders by magnetic stirring process and then the mixed powders were consolidated by spark plasma sintering to fabricate W-CNTs/Cu composites. The CNTs/Cu composites were fabricated using the similafprocesses. The friction coefficient and mass wear loss of W-CNTs/Cu and CNTs/Cu composites were studied. The results showed that the W-CNT content, interfacial bonding situation, and applied load could influence the friction coefficient and wear loss of W-CNTs/Cu com- posites. When the W-CNT content was 1.0 wt.%, the W-CNTs/Cu composites got the minimum friction coefficient and wear loss, which were decreased by 72.1% and 47.6%, respectively, compared with pure Cu specimen. The friction coefficient and wear loss of W-CNTs/Cu composites were lower than those of CNTs/Cu composites, which was due to that the interracial bonding at （W-CNTs）-Cu interface was better than that at CNTs-Cu interface. The friction coefficient of composites did not vary obviously with increasing applied load, while the wear loss of composites increased significantly with the increase of applied load.

Different techniques for harvesting grafts for living donor liver transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on minimally vs conventional invasive techniques for harvesting grafts for living donor liver transplantation. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched comprehensively for studies comparing MILDH with conventional living donor hepatectomy (CLDH). Intraoperative and postoperative outcomes (operative time, estimated blood loss, postoperative liver function, length of hospital stay, analgesia use, complications, and survival rate) were analyzed in donors and recipients. Articles were included if they: (1) compared the outcomes of MILDH and CLDH; and (2) reported at least some of the above outcomes. RESULTS Of 937 articles identified, 13, containing 1592 patients, met our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. For donors, operative time [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 20.68, 95% CI: -6.25-47.60, p = 0.13] and blood loss (WMD = -32.61, 95% CI: -80.44-5.21, p = 0.18) were comparable in the two groups. In contrast, analgesia use (WMD = -7.79, 95% CI: -14.06-1.87, p = 0.01), postoperative complications [odds ratio (OR) = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.44-0.89, p = 0.009], and length of hospital stay (WMD): -1.25, 95% CI: -2.35-0.14, p = 0.03) significantly favored MILDH. No differences were observed in recipient outcomes, including postoperative complications (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.66-1.31, p = 0.68) and survival rate (hr = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.27-3.47, p = 0.95). Funnel plot and statistical methods showed a low probability of publication bias. CONCLUSION MILDH is safe, effective, and feasible for living donor liver resection with fewer donor postoperative complications, reduced length of hospital stay and analgesia requirement than CLDH.

Thermal behaviors and growth of reduced ferronickel particles in carbon-laterite composites

The thermal behaviors of single laterite ore and graphite-laterite mixtures were investigated by thermogravimetry （TG）, derivative thermogravimetry （DTG）, and differential thermal analysis （DTA）. Four mass loss steps maximized at about 78, 272, 583, and 826℃ are observed for the laterite ore, representing the vaporization of free water, the dehydroxylation of goethite, the decomposition of serpentines, and the second dehydroxylation of serpentines, respectively. The reduction reactions of the graphite-laterite mixtures start at around 700℃ and can be divided into three major temperature regions. Coal-laterite composites with an addition of 10 wt.% CaO were roasted at 1100-1350℃ for 30 min, and the reduced samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results indi- cate that the reduction reactions proceed more completely at higher temperatures. The growth of the reduced ferronickel particles is greatly influenced by the roasting temperature, Obvious growth of the reduced ferronickel particles appears with the formation of worm-like crystals for the sample reduced at 1250℃ and spheric particles are observed for the sample reduced at 1300℃. When the reduction temperature increases to 1350℃, the reduced ferronickel particles agglomerate to ferronickel granules of 3-8 mm in diameter. The main elements in the granules include iron, nickel, chromium, carbon, and sulfur, with the content of nickel and that of iron of 9.08 wt.% and 85.21 wt.%, respectively.

Dielectric properties of spark plasma sintering AlN-W composite ceramics

In order to develop AlN composites suitable for high average power electronic tube, AlN-W materials were prepared by spark plasma sintering. The effects of manufacture parameters on dielectric loss tangent and permittivity constant were investigated, which include powder-mixed method, milling time of high-energy ball milling, starting powder particle size, sintering temperature and holding time and adding amount of the conductive second phase. The results showed that A1N-W materials sintered at the temperature of 1700℃ holding for 5 min with 10 vol.% W showed the best dielectric loss tangent larger than 0.81 at the frequency 1 kHz-1 MHz. In addition, magnetic stirring mixed powder and lower sintering temperature led to the better propelties because of the higher porosity. The samples sintered from the starting AlN powder with smaller particle size also had the better properties.

Periodic flow characteristics during RH vacuum circulation refining

The circulation period of RH vacuum refining was studied to promote the refining efficiency. The influences of the lift gas flow rate and submersion depth of snorkels on the circulation period, and the relationship between mixing time and circulation flow were dis- cussed. The effects of the lift gas flow rate and submersion depth on the degassing rate in one circulation period were studied by water modeling. The results show that the circulation period is shortened by increasing the lift gas flow rate. The circulation period is the shortest when the submersion depth of snorkels is 560 mm. The whole ladle can be mixed thoroughly after three times of circulation. Increasing the lift gas flow rate can enhance the degassing rate of RH circulation.

Effects of BN content on the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline 3Y-TZP/Al_(2)O_(3)/BN dental ceramics

3Y-TZP/3wt%Al_(2)O_(3) powder was coated with varying amounts of BN using the urea and borate reaction sintering method,and then multiphase ceramics were prepared by hot pressing sintering.The micro-topography and the compositional analysis of synthesized ceramics were conducted through scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.A mechanical tester was used to analyze the Vickers hardness,fracture toughness,and bending strength of the synthesized ceramics.The results showed that the ceramic with a BN content of 12wt%showed the best processability,but had diminished mechanical properties(such as fracture toughness and bending strength).The ceramic with a BN content of 9wt%showed better processability than those with 3wt%and 6wt%BN.However,the fracture toughness was affected by the addition of 9wt%BN,making this ceramic only usable as a base material for a three-unit fixed bridge.In contrast,the ceramics with a BN content of 3wt%or 6wt%fulfilled the criteria for use in multi-unit restoration,but their low processability made them unsuitable for milling after sintering.

Research Progress of Catalysts and Initiators for Promoting the Cracking of Endothermic Hydrocarbon Fuels

Catalytic/initiated cracking of endothermic hydrocarbon fuels is an eff ective technology for cooling a hypersonic aircraft with a high Mach number(over 5).Catalysts and initiators can promote fuel cracking at low temperatures,increase fuel conversion and the heat sink capacity,and suppress coke deposition,thereby reducing waste heat.Catalysts mainly include metal oxide catalysts,noble metal catalysts and metal nanoparticles,zeolite catalysts,nanozeolite catalysts,and coating catalysts.Moreover,initiators roughly include nitrogenous compounds,oxygenated compounds,and hyperbranched polymer initiators.In this review,we aim to summarize the catalysts and initiators for cracking endothermic hydrocarbon fuels and their mechanisms for promoting cracking.This review will facilitate the development of the synthesis and exploration of catalysts and initiators.

Density functional theory analysis of electronic structure and optical properties of La-doped Cd_2SnO_4 transparent conducting oxide

The electronic structural, effective masses of carriers, and optical properties of pure and La-doped Cd2SnO4 are calculated by using the first-principles method based on the density functional theory. Using the GGA＋U method, we show that Cd2SnO4 is a direct band-gap semiconductor with a band gap of 2.216 eV, the band gap decreases to 2.02 eV and the Fermi energy level moves to the conduction band after La doping. The density of states of Cd2SnO4 shows that the bottom of the conduction band is composed of Cd 5s, Sn 5s, and Sn 5p orbits, the top of the valence band is composed of Cd 4d and O 2p, and the La 5d orbital is hybridized with the O 2p orbital, which plays a key role at the conduction band bottom after La doping. The effective masses at the conduction band bottom of pure and La-doped Cd2SnO4 are 0.18m0 and 0.092m0, respectively, which indicates that the electrical conductivity of Cd2SnO4 after La doping is improved. The calculated optical properties show that the optical transmittance of La-doped Cd2SnO4 is 92%, the optical absorption edge is slightly blue shifted, and the optical band gap is increased to 3.263 eV. All the results indicate that the conductivity and optical transmittance of Cd2SnO4 can be improved by doping La.

Technology and Culture in the Digital Era

Digital technology has significantly facilitated the development of the cultural industry,and the cultural industry has also become one of the most important fields to which digital technology is applied.Conducting an analysis of how digital technology empowers consumers,creators,producers,social interaction and cultural communication can help us understand how it has improved the efficiency of the cultural industry,propelling digital contents into becoming the mainstay of the cultural industry and making digital communication the principal channel of cultural transmission.Digital technology has reshaped the structure of the cultural industry,leading to marked changes in the structure of cultural consumption,cultural production,the cultural market,and the proportion of domestic to foreign culture.However,whether this powerful digital technology will result in impressive technological results but lackluster cultural content remains a question.In fact,creative people's pursuit of cultural content and consumers'desire for such content will constantly give rise to outstanding cultural works with rich connotations and lasting influence in the digital era.The integration of digitization and technology can not only foster an open cultural plain filled with diverse and vibrant cultures,but can also create cultural peaks that will exhibit profound thought and superb artistic expression.

Separation and Recovery of Phosphorus from P-bearing Steelmaking Slag

In order to recycle the phosphorus from P-bearing steelmaking slag, the influences of magnetic field inten- sities, slag particle sizes and slag compositions were investigated by magnetic separation experiments. SiO2, A1203 and TiO2 melting modification of converter slag was made respectively and phosphorus-rich phase was extracted by magnetic separation. The results show that MgO, MnO, Na2 0 and CaF2 have little effect on the phosphorus recovery, whereas the addition of SiO2, Al2 03, and TiO2 has great effect on phosphorus enrichment in slag and magnetic separation. With adding the reagent of SiO2 Al2 03 and TiO2, recycled non-magnetic substances are increased obviously and P2 05 content in nowmagnetic substances and phosphorus recovery rate are also increased. The phosphorus recovery rates of modified slag No. 8 （SiO2 modification）, slag No. 10 （AI2 03 modification） and slag No. 11 （TiO2 modification） are 84.75 %, 82.16 % and 74.46 %, respectively. Then, most of phosphorus was recycled.

The Path to Common Prosperity:Rising Social Construction and Livelihood Expenditure

Since 2000,China has undergone a“golden age”of livelihood security construction similar to that of the Western industrialized countries in the 1960s to 1980s.Nowadays,China has built up the world's largest social security and housing support systems;the coverage of compulsory education has reached the average level of high-income countries;and the main health indicators are generally better than the average of middle-and highincome countries.Obviously,China is nolongera“low-welfare”country.Livelihood expenditure,with a share of GDP close to the level of developed countries around 1980,has become the principal part of public expenditure,and the central government is also playing an increasingly prominent role in ensuring people's livelihoods.China is building a new livelihood security system with responsibility shared among multiple levels of government.

From Function to Structure: A Reverse Solution to the Mind-Brain Problem

Starting from the tension and integration between cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology, this paper analyzes the waxing and waning of physicalism versus mentalism over the last century and defends an anti-reductionist ontology of the mind. It first argues that “function logically precedes structure” and then refutes two classic arguments about the mind-brain problem. The paper shows that if structure is treated as the logical premise of function, discussions of the mind-brain problem will inevitably lead to dualism or reductionism. Structure cannot explain its own occurrence;instead, if function, which logically precedes structure, is taken as the starting point of the explanation, then the principle of the “ladder of explanation” will be satisfied. A higher-level theory can explain lower-level observed facts, and lower-level observed facts are the cognitive starting point leading to a theory through induction. We conclude that function logically precedes structure;therefore, logically, “the mind shapes the brain.” The logical sequence from function to structure represents a reverse strategy for solving the mind-brain problem.

On the “International Law-Based International Order”

In recent years,some countries have advocated a“rules-based international order.”However,they have not explicitly defined the“rules”here as“international law”and thereupon elaborated on their view of the rules for the international order.In fact,a series of legal practices implemented by these countries indicate that what they pursue is largely a view of rules that prioritizes domestic law over international law and regional international law over universal international law,and that politicizes international law.This view of rules undermines the role of international law in the international order and violates the requirements of the times for improving global governance and promoting the establishment of a more just and reasonable international order.To correct the view of rules pursued by these countries through the advocacy of a“rules-based international order,”China proposes an“international law-based international order.”The view of rules embodied in the“international law-based international order”recognizes that international law based and centered on the UN Charter is the authoritative system of rules governing international relations,while not excluding the role in the international order of other rules that do not violate international law.

New Perspectives in the Comparative Study of East Asian Culture

Historically,Chinese characters were used throughout the East Asian region,giving rise to a common cultural sphere.Since early modern times,the written languages of East Asia have developed in a diversity of ways,shaped by nation,geography and culture,among other factors.Strengthening research on the long-term history of East Asian cultural development is thus very necessary.Komine Kazuaki has long been engaged in the study of medieval Japanese literature.Over the past two decades,he has projected a holistic academic approach to the study of culture in East Asia,conducting comparative research on the classical East Asian cultures.This paper takes a methodological approach to the discussion of the subjects,methods,techniques and goals of such research.In the study of East Asian cultural exchange,comparison enables us to undertake holistic investigations;it is not simply a tactic for unilateral studies.The study of texts and of images can be mutually enhancing;for example,the Japanese emaki is a medium that mixes literature and painting.Methods of researching environmental literature provide new insights for re-interpreting classical and modern literary works.Lastly,we need to examine the value of classical East Asian literature from the standpoint of East Asia as a whole;this is an urgently needed direction in contemporary research in this field.

The Feudal Contract and the Monarchy in Medieval England

In interpreting the feudal contract between kings and nobles in medieval Western Europe,Western historians have tended to elaborate on its interaction,equivalence,and even equality,with an emphasis on the resulting restrictions on the king's authority.However,this was not the case in England during this period.After the Norman Conquest,“imported feudalism”became a strong support for the English monarchy.On this basis,the feudal contract between kings and nobles evolved from an oral to a textual contract and from“personal commitment”to“collective negotiation,”in a process strongly marked by the coercion and inequality bestowed on such contracts by hierarchical feudal roles.In the course of this process,the English kings ceaselessly consolidated their power by breaking down the feudal customs reflected in agreements between the two sides.Although the Magna Carta,as a text-based feudal contract,made explicit provision for feudal customs,it failed to effectively constrain royal power.History shows that if we seek to elaborate on the reciprocity and even equality of the feudal contract from the perspective of modern social contract theory and thus exaggerate the nobles'right to resist the king,we will inevitably construct a mythical“feudal contract determinism.”

Three Decades of Social Transformation in Russia:From a Totalist Society to a Civil Society

To review and evaluate the transformation of Russia at the historical juncture of the 30th anniversary of the Soviet collapse is an essential task.Compared with political and economic transformation,social transformation is more complex,slower,and more uncertain.This paper seeks to examine Russia’s social transformation from a totalitarian to a civil society from the perspective of the state-society relationship.Viewed from Western theories of civil society,the social transformation of Russia has not been a success:citizens have a low level of self-organization,civil rights are not genuinely guaranteed,and state power constantly intervenes in civil society.However,this transformation has achieved the goal of social solidarity.We need to reflect upon the concept of social transformation and gain an understanding of the structure of and changes in Russian society by taking into account its cultural logic and historical context.

Ronald Egan's Research on the History of the Northern Song Ci Poetry from a GenderPerspective

Ronald C.Egan,a renowned American sinologist,is best known for his accurate English translations,exquisite readings,and innovative perspectives on the aesthetic ideas and pursuits of ci poets such as Ouyang Xiu,Su Shi,and Li Qingzhao,as well as the scholarofficial group of the Northern Song dynasty.However,through his longitudinal study of specific ci poets,he also shows a unique understanding of the development and evolution of ci lyric poetry in the Northern Song.An integrated analysis of Egan's scattered articles on Northern Song ci poetry indicates that gender is key to his understanding of the evolution of ci in the Northern Song.On this basis,Egan has conducted in-depth research on three aspects:the gender perspective of the lyrical protagonists described by ci poets;changes in the form,content,and patterns of writing ci poetry;and new phenomena in ci criticism.His research further enriches the details of the evolution of Northern Song ci poetry and expands its historical research horizon.