Twenty lactating cows of two to five parity having an average live weight of 290.00 to 330.00 kg and an average milk production of 4.54 kg/head/day to 4.66 kg/head/day were selected from the Central Cattle breeding St...Twenty lactating cows of two to five parity having an average live weight of 290.00 to 330.00 kg and an average milk production of 4.54 kg/head/day to 4.66 kg/head/day were selected from the Central Cattle breeding Station and Dairy Farm. The four dietary treatment were： SlooTo （Straw 100： Triticale 0 as control）; $5oT5o （Straw 50： Triticale 50）; $25T75 （Straw 25： Triticale 75） and SoTloo （Straw 0： Triticale 100）. It was observed that the roughage dry matter intake （DMI） （2.61 ~ 0.07 kg） in percent live weight was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $25T75 and the lowest （1.76 ~ 0.018 kg） in the control group （SlooTo） and the differences were significant among the dietary treatments except $5oT5o and SoTloo. The total DMI was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in SoT^oo （13.36 i 0.13 kg） followed by $25T75, $5oT5o and SlooTo, respectively. The digestibility of crude protein （CP） was slightly higher in $25T75 （75.48 ~ 0.96） compared to SoTtoo （75.31 ~ 1.45） and the difference was non-significant （P 〉 0.05）. Milk production was significantly （P 〈 0.05） the highest in $5oT5o and the lowest in SlooTo followed by SoTloo, $25T75, respectively. The percent increased in milk yield was also the highest in $5oT5o （67.68%） and the lowest in SlooTo （28.85%）. The 4% fat corrected milk was also significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $5oT5o followed by SoTloo, $25T75 and SlooTo, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that triticale and straw at a ratio of 50：50 may be fed for better production performance of dairy cows.展开更多
Poultry production clusters (PPC) in Nong Khai raise layer chickens in the poultry houses constructed over fish ponds. Layer farmers use chicken manure to feed their fish. However, unbalance between chicken raising an...Poultry production clusters (PPC) in Nong Khai raise layer chickens in the poultry houses constructed over fish ponds. Layer farmers use chicken manure to feed their fish. However, unbalance between chicken raising and the size of fish pond or number of fish results in low water quality, which affects fish production and the community’s public water resource. In this field study, data was collected from layer farms in three poultry production clusters in Nong Khai province in the northeast of Thailand (a total of 90 farms) between April and August 2013. Data collected consisted of observations of dissolved oxygen (DO) values of water in the fish ponds, the number of egg-laying chickens raised above the fish ponds, the number of fish and size of the fish ponds. When all of these four observations were analyzed, mathematical equations for calculating the number of chickens raised, the number of fish per one rai (1600 m2), and the size of pond suitable for the number of chickens and fish were obtained as follows: 1) number of fish/rai = 5796 + 1097(size of pond) (R2 = 0.71), 2) number of chicken/rai = 513 + 223(size of pond) (R2 = 0.48) and 3) size of pond =-0.328474 + 0.000262(Fish) + 0.00117(Chicken) (R2 = 0.40). When pond = desired pond size, fish = number of fish to be raised and chicken = number of chickens to be raised.展开更多
Currently,antimicrobial drug resistance is a problem that deserves thoughtful consideration.Especially in the swine production industry,many pig farms tend to release wastewater into natural water sources,which villag...Currently,antimicrobial drug resistance is a problem that deserves thoughtful consideration.Especially in the swine production industry,many pig farms tend to release wastewater into natural water sources,which villagers use for their livelihood.This study aimed to demonstrate the occurrence of phenotypic and genotypic resistance characteristics of E.coli,as well as antibiotic residues in manure and wastewater on swine farms in Prachinburi Province,Thailand.Samples were collected in 2020 and 2021 during the rainy and summer seasons.The results of a questionnaire showed that farmers used antibiotics for disease treatment and prevention at a ratio of 2/4(50%).The most common antibiotic used was amoxicillin(4/4,100%),followed by Enrofloxacin(75%)and colistin(25%).The analysis of antibiotic residue in wastewater by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(LCMS,LC-MS)during the rainy season revealed that amoxicillin(54%)was the highest,followed by florfenicol(14%)and tiamulin(13%).While oxytetracycline(59%),amoxicillin(20%),and florfenicol(11%)were the highest in the summer.The study of Risk Quotient(RQ)indicated that water resources present a risk of antibiotic contamination by sulfonamides,trimethoprim,b-lactam,quinolones,and tetracycline at high levels(SRQ>1)during both seasons.The minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs)were determined by an antibiotic susceptibility test(AST),analyzed by microdilution technique,and VITEK®2 Compact.The test result indicated that a total of 143 isolates were found in manure(45/143),pre-treatment(51/143),and final effluent(posttreatment,47/143).ESBL-positive resistance was detected at 13%.However,an immensely high percentage of antimicrobial resistance was found for ampicillin(90%),whereas imipenem did not show any drug resistance(0%).The average MIC value towards colistin in all samples was 2.71 mg/ml,while mcr1 was not found in any samples.Furthermore,MDR was expressed in E.coli at as high as 76.22%(109/143).The highest MDR pattern detected was AMP-TETeFFCeSXT.The PCR technique detected that the diversity and abundance of AMR genes were not significantly different from animal manure and wastewater at the swine farms.The bla-TEM was found more frequently than bla-PS.While the tetracycline group(tetA,tetB)and aminoglycoside(aadA1,aadA2,aadB)represented a major proportion,respectively.The PFGE study revealed the possibility of similar genetic morphology from the different isolates found in this study.展开更多
Lumpy skin disease(LSD)is a transboundary disease affecting cattle and has a detrimental effect on the cattle industries in numerous countries in Africa,Europe and Asia.In 2021,LSD outbreaks have been reported in almo...Lumpy skin disease(LSD)is a transboundary disease affecting cattle and has a detrimental effect on the cattle industries in numerous countries in Africa,Europe and Asia.In 2021,LSD outbreaks have been reported in almost all of Thailand's provinces.Indeed,fitting LSD occurrences using mathematical models provide important knowledge in the realm of animal disease modeling.Thus,the objective of this study is to fit the pattern of daily new LSD cases and daily cumulative LSD cases in Thailand using mathematical models.The first-and second-order models in the forms of Lorentzian,Gaussian and Pearson-type VII models are used to fit daily new LSD cases whereas Richard's growth,Boltzmann sigmoidal and Power-law growth models are utilized to fit the curve of cumulative LSD cases.Based on the root-mean-squared error(RMSE)and Akaike information criterion(AIC),results showed that both first and second orders of Pearson-type VII models and Richard's growth model(RGM)were fit to the data better than other models used in the present study.The obtained models and their parameters can be utilized to describe the LSD outbreak in Thailand.For disease preparedness purposes,we can use the first order of the Pearson-type VII model to estimate the time of maximum infected cases occurring when the growth rate of infected cases starts to slow down.Furthermore,the period when the growth rate changes at a slower rate,known as the inflection time,obtained from RGM allows us to anticipate when the pandemic has peaked and the situation has stabilized.This is the first study that utilizes mathematical methods to fit the LSD epidemics in Thailand.This study offers decision-makers and authorities with valuable information for establishing an effective disease control strategy.展开更多
文摘Twenty lactating cows of two to five parity having an average live weight of 290.00 to 330.00 kg and an average milk production of 4.54 kg/head/day to 4.66 kg/head/day were selected from the Central Cattle breeding Station and Dairy Farm. The four dietary treatment were： SlooTo （Straw 100： Triticale 0 as control）; $5oT5o （Straw 50： Triticale 50）; $25T75 （Straw 25： Triticale 75） and SoTloo （Straw 0： Triticale 100）. It was observed that the roughage dry matter intake （DMI） （2.61 ~ 0.07 kg） in percent live weight was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $25T75 and the lowest （1.76 ~ 0.018 kg） in the control group （SlooTo） and the differences were significant among the dietary treatments except $5oT5o and SoTloo. The total DMI was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in SoT^oo （13.36 i 0.13 kg） followed by $25T75, $5oT5o and SlooTo, respectively. The digestibility of crude protein （CP） was slightly higher in $25T75 （75.48 ~ 0.96） compared to SoTtoo （75.31 ~ 1.45） and the difference was non-significant （P 〉 0.05）. Milk production was significantly （P 〈 0.05） the highest in $5oT5o and the lowest in SlooTo followed by SoTloo, $25T75, respectively. The percent increased in milk yield was also the highest in $5oT5o （67.68%） and the lowest in SlooTo （28.85%）. The 4% fat corrected milk was also significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in $5oT5o followed by SoTloo, $25T75 and SlooTo, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that triticale and straw at a ratio of 50：50 may be fed for better production performance of dairy cows.
文摘Poultry production clusters (PPC) in Nong Khai raise layer chickens in the poultry houses constructed over fish ponds. Layer farmers use chicken manure to feed their fish. However, unbalance between chicken raising and the size of fish pond or number of fish results in low water quality, which affects fish production and the community’s public water resource. In this field study, data was collected from layer farms in three poultry production clusters in Nong Khai province in the northeast of Thailand (a total of 90 farms) between April and August 2013. Data collected consisted of observations of dissolved oxygen (DO) values of water in the fish ponds, the number of egg-laying chickens raised above the fish ponds, the number of fish and size of the fish ponds. When all of these four observations were analyzed, mathematical equations for calculating the number of chickens raised, the number of fish per one rai (1600 m2), and the size of pond suitable for the number of chickens and fish were obtained as follows: 1) number of fish/rai = 5796 + 1097(size of pond) (R2 = 0.71), 2) number of chicken/rai = 513 + 223(size of pond) (R2 = 0.48) and 3) size of pond =-0.328474 + 0.000262(Fish) + 0.00117(Chicken) (R2 = 0.40). When pond = desired pond size, fish = number of fish to be raised and chicken = number of chickens to be raised.
文摘Currently,antimicrobial drug resistance is a problem that deserves thoughtful consideration.Especially in the swine production industry,many pig farms tend to release wastewater into natural water sources,which villagers use for their livelihood.This study aimed to demonstrate the occurrence of phenotypic and genotypic resistance characteristics of E.coli,as well as antibiotic residues in manure and wastewater on swine farms in Prachinburi Province,Thailand.Samples were collected in 2020 and 2021 during the rainy and summer seasons.The results of a questionnaire showed that farmers used antibiotics for disease treatment and prevention at a ratio of 2/4(50%).The most common antibiotic used was amoxicillin(4/4,100%),followed by Enrofloxacin(75%)and colistin(25%).The analysis of antibiotic residue in wastewater by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(LCMS,LC-MS)during the rainy season revealed that amoxicillin(54%)was the highest,followed by florfenicol(14%)and tiamulin(13%).While oxytetracycline(59%),amoxicillin(20%),and florfenicol(11%)were the highest in the summer.The study of Risk Quotient(RQ)indicated that water resources present a risk of antibiotic contamination by sulfonamides,trimethoprim,b-lactam,quinolones,and tetracycline at high levels(SRQ>1)during both seasons.The minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs)were determined by an antibiotic susceptibility test(AST),analyzed by microdilution technique,and VITEK®2 Compact.The test result indicated that a total of 143 isolates were found in manure(45/143),pre-treatment(51/143),and final effluent(posttreatment,47/143).ESBL-positive resistance was detected at 13%.However,an immensely high percentage of antimicrobial resistance was found for ampicillin(90%),whereas imipenem did not show any drug resistance(0%).The average MIC value towards colistin in all samples was 2.71 mg/ml,while mcr1 was not found in any samples.Furthermore,MDR was expressed in E.coli at as high as 76.22%(109/143).The highest MDR pattern detected was AMP-TETeFFCeSXT.The PCR technique detected that the diversity and abundance of AMR genes were not significantly different from animal manure and wastewater at the swine farms.The bla-TEM was found more frequently than bla-PS.While the tetracycline group(tetA,tetB)and aminoglycoside(aadA1,aadA2,aadB)represented a major proportion,respectively.The PFGE study revealed the possibility of similar genetic morphology from the different isolates found in this study.
文摘Lumpy skin disease(LSD)is a transboundary disease affecting cattle and has a detrimental effect on the cattle industries in numerous countries in Africa,Europe and Asia.In 2021,LSD outbreaks have been reported in almost all of Thailand's provinces.Indeed,fitting LSD occurrences using mathematical models provide important knowledge in the realm of animal disease modeling.Thus,the objective of this study is to fit the pattern of daily new LSD cases and daily cumulative LSD cases in Thailand using mathematical models.The first-and second-order models in the forms of Lorentzian,Gaussian and Pearson-type VII models are used to fit daily new LSD cases whereas Richard's growth,Boltzmann sigmoidal and Power-law growth models are utilized to fit the curve of cumulative LSD cases.Based on the root-mean-squared error(RMSE)and Akaike information criterion(AIC),results showed that both first and second orders of Pearson-type VII models and Richard's growth model(RGM)were fit to the data better than other models used in the present study.The obtained models and their parameters can be utilized to describe the LSD outbreak in Thailand.For disease preparedness purposes,we can use the first order of the Pearson-type VII model to estimate the time of maximum infected cases occurring when the growth rate of infected cases starts to slow down.Furthermore,the period when the growth rate changes at a slower rate,known as the inflection time,obtained from RGM allows us to anticipate when the pandemic has peaked and the situation has stabilized.This is the first study that utilizes mathematical methods to fit the LSD epidemics in Thailand.This study offers decision-makers and authorities with valuable information for establishing an effective disease control strategy.
