Immune tolerance deletes or suppresses autoreactive lymphocytes and is established at multiple levels during the development,activation and effector phases of T and B cells.These mechanisms are cell-intrinsically prog...Immune tolerance deletes or suppresses autoreactive lymphocytes and is established at multiple levels during the development,activation and effector phases of T and B cells.These mechanisms are cell-intrinsically programmed and critical in preventing autoimmune diseases.We have witnessed the existence of another type of immune tolerance mechanism that is shaped by lifestyle choices,such as diet,microbiome and microbial metabolites.Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)are the most abundant microbial metabolites in the colonic lumen and are mainly produced by the microbial fermentation of prebiotics,such as dietary fiber.This review focuses on the preventive and immunomodulatory effects of SCFAs on autoimmunity.The tissue-and disease-specific effects of dietary fiber,SCFAs and SCFA-producing microbes on major types of autoimmune diseases,including type I diabetes,multiple sclerosis,rheumatoid arthritis and lupus,are discussed.Additionally,their key regulatory mechanisms for lymphocyte development,tissue barrier function,host metabolism,immunity,autoantibody production,and inflammatory effector and regulatory lymphocytes are discussed.The shared and differential effects of SCFAs on different types and stages of autoimmune diseases are discussed.展开更多
A mounting body of evidence indicates that dietary fiber(DF)metabolites produced by commensal bacteria play essential roles in balancing the immune system.DF,considered nonessential nutrients in the past,is now consid...A mounting body of evidence indicates that dietary fiber(DF)metabolites produced by commensal bacteria play essential roles in balancing the immune system.DF,considered nonessential nutrients in the past,is now considered to be necessary to maintain adequate levels of immunity and suppress inflammatory and allergic responses.Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),such as acetate,propionate,and butyrate,are the major DF metabolites and mostly produced by specialized commensal bacteria that are capable of breaking down DF into simpler saccharides and further metabolizing the saccharides into SCFAs.SCFAs act on many cell types to regulate a number of important biological processes,including host metabolism,intestinal functions,and immunity system.This review specifically highlights the regulatory functions of DF and SCFAs in the immune system with a focus on major innate and adaptive lymphocytes.Current information regarding how SCFAs regulate innate lymphoid cells,T helper cells,cytotoxic T cells,and B cells and how these functions impact immunity,inflammation,and allergic responses are discussed.展开更多
文摘Immune tolerance deletes or suppresses autoreactive lymphocytes and is established at multiple levels during the development,activation and effector phases of T and B cells.These mechanisms are cell-intrinsically programmed and critical in preventing autoimmune diseases.We have witnessed the existence of another type of immune tolerance mechanism that is shaped by lifestyle choices,such as diet,microbiome and microbial metabolites.Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)are the most abundant microbial metabolites in the colonic lumen and are mainly produced by the microbial fermentation of prebiotics,such as dietary fiber.This review focuses on the preventive and immunomodulatory effects of SCFAs on autoimmunity.The tissue-and disease-specific effects of dietary fiber,SCFAs and SCFA-producing microbes on major types of autoimmune diseases,including type I diabetes,multiple sclerosis,rheumatoid arthritis and lupus,are discussed.Additionally,their key regulatory mechanisms for lymphocyte development,tissue barrier function,host metabolism,immunity,autoantibody production,and inflammatory effector and regulatory lymphocytes are discussed.The shared and differential effects of SCFAs on different types and stages of autoimmune diseases are discussed.
基金supported,in part,by the NIH(R01AI121302,R21AI14889801,R01AI074745,and R01AI080769)Kenneth and Judy Betz Professorship at the Mary H.Weiser Food Allergy Center at the University of Michigan to C.H.K.
文摘A mounting body of evidence indicates that dietary fiber(DF)metabolites produced by commensal bacteria play essential roles in balancing the immune system.DF,considered nonessential nutrients in the past,is now considered to be necessary to maintain adequate levels of immunity and suppress inflammatory and allergic responses.Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),such as acetate,propionate,and butyrate,are the major DF metabolites and mostly produced by specialized commensal bacteria that are capable of breaking down DF into simpler saccharides and further metabolizing the saccharides into SCFAs.SCFAs act on many cell types to regulate a number of important biological processes,including host metabolism,intestinal functions,and immunity system.This review specifically highlights the regulatory functions of DF and SCFAs in the immune system with a focus on major innate and adaptive lymphocytes.Current information regarding how SCFAs regulate innate lymphoid cells,T helper cells,cytotoxic T cells,and B cells and how these functions impact immunity,inflammation,and allergic responses are discussed.
