新马歇特(Mon 7400)对秧田与直播稻田秧苗的安全作用和应用技术

本文采用田间试验与室内测定相结合的方法,研究了新马歇特和丁草胺对秧田、直播稻田水稻秧苗的安全作用和应用技术。用抑制水稻中浓度的研究方法,明确了新马歇特保护水稻安全出苗的部位是种芽,保护作用的大小为:催芽>浸种>不浸种;还明确了该除草剂只有当土壤湿度为35％-50％时,这种保护作用才能显示出来;该药用于秧田、直播稻田均能随播随用,既可充分灭草,又能保护稻种安全出苗,生长;在施药剂量、时间、方法相同的条件下,新马歇特与丁草胺具有同样的除草效果。说明新马歇特是秧田、直播稻田的优良除草剂之一。

二硫代磷酸盐对天然橡胶的硫化促进作用

以前的工作表明,O,O-二丁基二硫代磷酸锌在天然橡胶中与苯并噻唑类促进剂并用时,可获得优异的抗返原性。然而,这样的促进剂组合的焦烧安全性很小。加入N-环己基硫代邻苯二甲酰亚胺,可以改善焦烧安全性。这是由于二丁基二硫代磷酸锌 被转化成O,O-二丁基三硫代过二磷酸环己酯(不对称二硫化物),后者是一种不焦烧共促进剂,并赋予胶料优良的抗返原性。 分析研究表明,二丁基二硫代磷酸(或其盐)在橡胶加工过程中充当自动催化的促进剂,与2-巯基苯并噻唑相似。这两类促进剂的组合,在增加交联速度上有叠加作用。基于这一概念,二硫代磷酸盐类促进剂体系的系统开发已经开始,以研究这些体系对各种功能性能的影响。本论文介绍了用统计学方法设计试验的结果,并且认为二硫代磷酸盐促进剂与半有效硫化体系相似。

压缩应力松弛—橡胶密封效能的一种直接量度法

许多橡胶制品必须长时间地起密封作用,所要求的密封能力可以是连续的或间断的。多年来人们积极寻找预测橡胶制品密封性能的可靠方法。密封制品必须柔软而有弹性,并在预定的使用环境下长期使用后保持其弹性和耐变形性。

Insect Diapause： A Review

Diapause is defined as a period of suspended development in insects and other invertebrates during unfavorable environmental conditions. Diapause is commonly confused with term ＂quiescence＂ as both are dormant development stages. Here this paper aimed to review the research work done on different aspects of diapause. Attempt was made to explain definitions of diapause, incidence, stages and termination of diapause, genetic control, factors affecting diapauses, including temperature, photoperiod, moisture and food, etc..

Genotyping-by-sequencing application on diploid rose and a resulting high-density SNP-based consensus map

Roses,which have been cultivated for at least 5000 years,are one of the most important ornamental crops in the world.Because of the interspecific nature and high heterozygosity in commercial roses,the genetic resources available for rose are limited.To effectively identify markers associated with QTL controlling important traits,such as disease resistance,abundant markers along the genome and careful phenotyping are required.Utilizing genotyping by sequencing technology and the strawberry genome(Fragaria vesca v2.0.a1)as a reference,we generated thousands of informative single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers.These SNPs along with known bridge simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers allowed us to create the first high-density integrated consensus map for diploid roses.Individual maps were first created for populations J06-20-14-3דLittle Chief”(J14-3×LC),J06-20-14-3דVineyard Song”(J14-3×VS)and“Old Blush”דRed Fairy”(OB×RF)and these maps were linked with 824 SNPs and 13 SSR bridge markers.The anchor SSR markers were used to determine the numbering of the rose linkage groups.The diploid consensus map has seven linkage groups(LGs),a total length of 892.2 cM,and an average distance of 0.25 cM between 3527 markers.By combining three individual populations,the marker density and the reliability of the marker order in the consensus map was improved over a single population map.Extensive synteny between the strawberry and diploid rose genomes was observed.This consensus map will serve as the tool for the discovery of marker–trait associations in rose breeding using pedigree-based analysis.The high level of conservation observed between the strawberry and rose genomes will help further comparative studies within the Rosaceae family and may aid in the identification of candidate genes within QTL regions.

Omics Technologies Reveal Abundant Natural Variation in Metabolites and Transcripts among Conventional Maize Hybrids

In this report we have evaluated metabolite and RNA profiling technologies to begin to understand the natural variation in these biomolecules found in commercial-quality, conventional (non-GM) maize hybrids. Our analyses focus on mature grain, the article of commerce that is most typically subjected to the rigorous studies involved in the comparative safety assessment of GM products. We have used a population of conventionally-bred maize hybrids that derive from closely related inbred parents grown under standard field conditions across geographically similar locations. This study highlights the large amount of natural variation in metabolites and transcripts across conventional maize germplasm grown under normal field conditions, and underscores the critical need for further extensive studies before these technologies can be seriously considered for utility in the comparative safety assessment of GM crops.

Control of Glyphosate and Acetolactate Synthase Resistant Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) in Soybean (Glycine max L.) with Preplant Herbicides

A population of common ragweed in Ontario was confirmed to be resistant to glyphosate in 2011. Group 2 [acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors] resistant common ragweed was first confirmed in Ontario in 2000. Previously, glyphosate provided excellent control of common ragweed in glyphosate resistant soybean but with the confirmation of glyphosate resistant (GR) common ragweed, alternative herbicides need to be evaluated. Eight field trials with preplant herbicides were completed over two years (2013 and 2014) in fields with confirmed GR common ragweed. Tank-mixes of glyphosate and linuron or metribuzin provided 88% - 99% and 86% - 98% control 4 weeks after application (WAA) and 80% - 92% and 80% - 95% control 8 WAA, respectively. However, these herbicides also had among the highest environmental impact of the herbicides tested. Based on the results of these studies, GR common ragweed can be controlled with residual herbicides when applied preemergence in soybean. Currently, there are no post emergence herbicides that provide adequate control of GR common ragweed, therefore, preemergence herbicides with residual are essential for full season control.

Technological,environmental and biological factors:referent variance values for infrared imaging of the bovine

Background： Despite its variety of potential applications, the wide implementation of infrared technology in cattle production faces technical, environmental and biological challenges similar to other indicators of metabolic state. Nine trials, divided into three classes （technological, environmental and biological factors） were conducted to illustrate the influence of these factors on body surface temperature assessed through infrared imaging. Results： Evaluation of technological factors indicated the following： measurements of body temperatures were strongly repeatable when taken within ]0 s; appropriateness of differing infrared camera technologies was influenced by distance to the target; and results were consistent when analysis of thermographs was compared between judges. Evaluation of environmental factors illustrated that wind and debris caused decreases in body surface temperatures without affecting metabolic rate; additionally, body surface temperature increased due to sunlight but returned to baseline values within minutes of shade exposure. Examination/investigation/exploration of animal factors demonstrated that exercise caused an increase in body surface temperature and metabolic rate. Administration of sedative and anti-sedative caused changes on body surface temperature and metabolic rate, and during late pregnancy a foetal thermal imprint was visible through abdominal infrared imaging. Conclusion： The above factors should be considered in order to standardize operational procedures for taking thermographs, thereby optimizing the use of such technology in cattle operations.

Mixed Model, AMMI and Eberhart-Russel Comparison via Simulation on Genotype ×Environment Interaction Study in Sugarcane

Brazil is the world leader in sugarcane production and the largest sugar exporter. Developing new varieties is one of the main factors that contribute to yield increase. In order to select the best genotypes, during the final selection stage, varieties are tested in different environments (locations and years), and breeders need to estimate the phenotypic performance for main traits such as tons of cane yield per hectare (TCH) considering the genotype × environment interaction (GEI) effect. Geneticists and biometricians have used different methods and there is no clear consensus of the best method. In this study, we present a comparison of three methods, viz. Eberhart-Russel (ER), additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and mixed model (REML/BLUP), in a simulation study performed in the R computing environment to verify the effectiveness of each method in detecting GEI, and assess the particularities of each method from a statistical standpoint. In total, 63 cases representing different conditions were simulated, generating more than 34 million data points for analysis by each of the three methods. The results show that each method detects GEI differently in a different way, and each has some limitations. All three methods detected GEI effectively, but the mixed model showed higher sensitivity. When applying the GEI analysis, firstly it is important to verify the assumptions inherent in each method and these limitations should be taken into account when choosing the method to be used.

Glyphosate-Resistant Giant Ragweed(Ambrosia trifida L.)in Ontario:Dose Response and Control with Postemergence Herbicides

Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) is competitive with agronomic crops and can cause significant yield losses. Rapid adoption of glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops and a concomitant increase in the reliance on glyphosate for weed management has led to the evolution of GR giant ragweed in Ontario, Canada. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the level of resistance in giant ragweed biotypes from Ontario, and to evaluate the effectiveness of various postemer-gence (POST) herbicides in soybean (Glycine max L.). The effective dose (ED) to provide 50%, 80% and 95% giant ragweed control was up to 1658, 9991 and >43200 g?a.e.?ha–1 4 weeks after application (WAA), respectively. For effective control, growers would need to apply glyphosate 18 times greater than the recommended field application dose. Glyphosate applied at the recommended field dose of 900 g?a.e.?ha–1 provided up to 57% control and resulted in soybean yield equivalent to the weedy check. Cloransulam-methyl applied POST provided up to 99% control, reduced giant ragweed density 98%, reduced giant ragweed shoot dry weight 99% and resulted in soybean yield equivalent to the weedfree check. Chlorimuron-ethyl, fomesafen, imazethapyr and imazethapyr plus bentazon applied alone or with glyphosate did not provide adequate control of GR giant ragweed. Based on these results, some GR giant ragweed biotypes from Ontario have evolved a high level of resistance to glyphosate. Cloransulam-methyl applied POST was the only herbicide that provided adequate control and suggests that additional weed management tactics will need to be implemented in order to effectively manage GR giant ragweed.

改善硫化测试

在将来,减小胶料偏差将成为橡胶厂改进产品质量、满足用户需要、避免损失时间及不合格材料的关键因素,橡胶厂减小胶料偏差的能力取决于材料偏差和测试试验。借助于下面推荐的测试仪器,硫化仪测试数据的偏差能明显减小。改进测量硫化的数据有助于减小数据偏差,但进一步的改善则要求重新设计仪器。ODR 2000和NDR 2000型硫化仪由于改进设计能提高仪器的性能水平。2000型系列硫化仪对操作者影响不敏感。附加了很多新的功能以便提高试验效率并维持硫化仪最佳性能。随着更多重复测试数据的出现,硫化仪测试能在更高要求的未来世界继续服务于橡胶加工过程。

热塑性弹性体的光明未来

引言 目前橡胶工业中正在发生一种重要的全球性变化。尽管这种变化还局限于橡胶工业的非轮胎方面,但是,它的重要性也许能和半世纪以前合成橡胶出现以来的任何事件相媲美。

迟延硫化作用的共活化作用——Ⅰ.促进剂-硫磺硫化体系的聚合型非迁移性硫化共活化剂

本工作的一个目的是开发迟延作用促进剂-硫磺硫化体系的共活化剂。这类助剂是要使交联键形成的速度增加,而几乎不改变混炼胶的抗焦烧性能及其硫化胶的性能。本工作的另一个目的是使所提供的硫化体系的共活化剂,除具有迟延活化作用外,不会从复合橡胶制品(如轮胎)的一个部位迁移或扩散到另一个部分。 本工作的开始部分是评价一些高分子量的乙烯基吡啶-二烯烃乳液共聚物作为乳聚丁苯橡胶(SBR)硫化的共活化剂的行为。这些共聚物中的大部分在室温下是类橡胶物质,它容易与SBR共混。使用乙烯基吡啶共聚物的早期结果是令人鼓舞的。

Control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in soybean with preplant herbicides

Giant ragweed was the first glyphosate resistant weed identified in Canada. It is a very competetive weed in row crop production and has been found to drastically reduce yields of soybean;therefore, control of this competitive weed is essential. The objective of this study was to determine effective control options for glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in soybean with herbicides applied preplant. Eighteen herbicide combinations were evaluated in field studies conducted in 2011 and 2012 at five locations with confirmed glyphosate resistant giant ragweed. Glyphosate plus 2,4-D ester or amitrole provided the best control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed 4 WAA. Glyphosate plus 2,4-D ester provided 98 to 99% control and was equivalent to the weed free check at all locations. Glyphosate plus amitrole provided 90% to 93% control and was equivalent to the weed free check at 4 of 5 locations. Herbicides providing residual activity provided variable control across all locations. Of the herbicides with residual activity evaluated, glyphosate plus linuron provided the best control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed;however, control was inconsistent across locations and years. Glyphosate plus linuron provided 23% to 99% controland was equal to the weed free check at one location 8 WAA.

Distribution of glyphosate and cloransulam-methyl resistant giant ragweed(Ambrosia trifida L.)populations in southern Ontario

Giant ragweed is a very competitive weed in row crop production and has been found to drastically reduce soybean yield. In 2008, giant ragweed was the first weed species with confirmed resistance to glyphosate in Canada. As of 2010 there were 48 locations with confirmed glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in Essex, Kent and Lambton counties. In addition, there was suspected resistance to cloransulam-methyl. The objectives of this research were 1) to conduct an expanded field survey on the distribution of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in Ontario, 2) to determine the distribution of cloransulam-methyl resistant giant ragweed in Ontario, and 3) to determine the distribution of multiple resistant (glyphosate and cloransulam-methyl) giant ragweed in Ontario. In 2011 and 2012 giant ragweed seed was collected from 85 field sites in Essex (16), Kent (34), Lambton (23), Elgin (3), Middlesex (6), Lennox & Addington (1), Huron (1) and Brant (1) counties. In total there are 34 additional locations confirmed with glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in Ontario. There are 11 locations confirmed with cloransulam-methyl resistant giant ragweed and 5 locations with multiple resistance to both glyphosate and cloransulam-methyl. Glyphosate resistant giant ragweed has been found in 4 additional counties.

Production of Transgenic Plants:More, Better, and Faster

Over the last two decades, transgenic plants have moved from being solely laboratory vehicles for basic research work to providing new varieties grown on large areas throughout the world. A number of

Molecular Breeding in an Industrial Setting

To develop better varieties for farmers and to increase overall agricultural productivity, Monsanto Company has continued to lead innovations in plant biotech, breeding and molecular breeding. In Molecular breeding, non-

Stability of fruit quality traits in diverse watermelon cultivars tested in multiple environments

Lycopene is a naturally occurring red carotenoid compound that is found in watermelon.Lycopene has antioxidant properties.Lycopene content,sugar content and hollowheart resistance are subject to significant genotype×environment interaction(G×E),which makes breeding for these fruit quality traits difficult.The objectives of this study were to(i)evaluate the influence of years and locations on lycopene content,sugar content and hollowheart resistance for a set of watermelon genotypes,and(ii)identify genotypes with high stability for lycopene,sugar,and hollowheart resistance.A diverse set of 40 genotypes was tested over 3 years and 8 locations across the southern United States in replicated,multi-harvest trials.Lycopene was tested in a subset of 10 genotypes.Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate stability statistics(BLUP-GGE biplot)using SASGxE and RGxE programs.There were strong effects of environment as well as G×E interaction on watermelon quality traits.On the basis of stability measures,genotypes were classified as stable or unstable for each quality trait.'Crimson Sweet'is an inbred line with high quality trait performance as well as trait stability.'Stone Mountain','Tom Watson','Crimson Sweet'and'Minilee'were among the best genotypes for lycopene content,sugar content and hollowheart resistance.We developed a stability chart based on marketable yield and average ranking generated from different stability measures for yield attributes and quality traits.The chart will assist in choosing parents for improvement of watermelon cultivars.See http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wmelon/wmelonmain.html.

Utilization of Cotton DNA Markers in Cotton Breeding

Informative,portable,and efficient DNA markers have the potential to accelerate genetic gain in cotton breeding.Discovery and widespread application of DNA markers to cotton has

Weed Control Efficacy and Citrus Response to Flazasulfuron Applied Alone or in Combination with Other Herbicides

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the phytotoxicity of flazasulfuron on citrus species and efficacy on weeds when applied alone or in combination with other herbicides. Grapefruit was the most sensitive and tangerine was the least sensitive to flazasulfuron. Injury to grapefruit was 70% with the application of flazasulfuron at 0.20 kg a.i. ha–1 at 60 DAT and was reduced (5%) when flazasulfuron at 0.05 kg a.i. ha–1 was tank mixed with glyphosate at 0.84 kg·a.i.· ha–1. Flazasulfuron alone at all rates did not control grass weeds and common ragweed. Florida/Brazil pusley was moderately controlled with high rates of flazasulfuron from 30 to 45 DAT;however, control did not exceed 75%. There was good control of Spanishneedles (78% - 85%) and horseweed (73% - 81%) with flazasulfuron at all rates at 30 DAT but control declined later in the season. Tank mix of flazasulfuron with glyphosate improved flazasulfuron efficacy on grass and broadleaf weeds. Flazasulfuron at 0.07 kg a.i. ha–1 plus glyphosate at 1.70 kg a.i. ha–1 was more effective in controlling grass weeds (83%) at 60 DAT and provided the highest control (79%) of Florida/Brazil pusley at 45 DAT. There was excellent control (75% to 94%) of Spanishneedles and adequate control of eastern black nightshade and common ragweed with flazasulfuron tank mixed with glyphosate or diuron. This study showed that flazasulfuron alone does not adequately control grasses and some broadleaf weeds in citrus and tank mixing it with glyphosate or diuron improved flazasulfuron’s efficacy. However, injury to grapefruit was observed at rates which effectively controlled weeds. Further studies are needed to determine the most suitable flazasulfuron rate that could be used to manage weeds in grapefruit.