Smart electrochemical sensing of amyloid-beta to manage total Alzheimer's diseases

Need for Alzheimer's disease progression monitoring:Alzheimer's disease(AD)is an irreversible progressive brain disorder that causes severe and incurable neuro-impairment.The World Health Organization estimates that 55 million people are affected by AD dementia by 2020 which may exceed 78 million by 2030 and 139 in 2050.The estimated cost to manage AD is above US$1.3 trillion,which will further increase to US$2.8 trillion by 2030.

Exploring magneto-electric nanoparticles(MENPs):a platform for implanted deep brain stimulation

Towards implanted deep brain stimulation(D B S):The human brain i s a complex network of 86 billion neurons and 85 billion nonneuronal cells and they are coordinated in a well-defined ratio(1:1)which is required for desired body functions.The connectivity among neuronal cells secretes neurotransmitters(e.g.,dopamine)to establish a perfect connection between the brain and a peripheral system i.e.,motor coordination.

Neural stem cells for Parkinson’s disease management:Challenges,nanobased support,and prospects

Parkinson’s disease(PD),characterized by loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons,is one of the most predominant neurodegenerative diseases affecting the elderly population worldwide.The concept of stem cell therapy in managing neurodegenerative diseases has evolved over the years and has recently rapidly progressed.Neural stem cells(NSCs)have a few key features,including selfrenewal,proliferation,and multipotency,which make them a promising agent targeting neurodegeneration.It is generally agreed that challenges for NSC-based therapy are present at every stage of the transplantation process,including preoperative cell preparation and quality control,perioperative procedures,and postoperative graft preservation,adherence,and overall therapy success.In this review,we provided a comprehensive,careful,and critical discussion of experimental and clinical data alongside the pros and cons of NSC-based therapy in PD.Given the state-of-the-art accomplishments of stem cell therapy,gene therapy,and nanotechnology,we shed light on the perspective of complementing the advantages of each process by developing nano-stem cell therapy,which is currently a research hotspot.Although various obstacles and challenges remain,nano-stem cell therapy holds promise to cure PD,however,continuous improvement and development from the stage of laboratory experiments to the clinical application are necessary.

SARS-CoV-2 getting into the brain;neurological phenotype of COVID-19,and management by nano-biotechnology

Human coronavirus infection getting into the brain:By February 2022,the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection,causing the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak,has infected around 415 million people,and caused~5.8 million deaths worldwide(WHO,https://covid19.who.int/).As SARS-CoV-2 replicates during the infection,it undergoes genetic mutation to generate variants with varying characteristics and mutation frequencies.The emerging,over time,new variants that differ with transmissibility,immunity,and infection severity pose continuous challenges to established COVID-19 management strategies and regulations.Several SARS-CoV-2 variants such as Omicron(B.1.1.529),Delta(B.1.617.2),UK(B.1.17),South Africa(B.1.351),Brazil(P.1),and New York B.1.525-B.1.526 were detected worldwide and accelerated severity of COVID-19 pandemic(Figure 1A;McQuaid et al.,2021).

Aspects of high-performance and bio-acceptable magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical application

This review covers extensively the synthesis&surface modification,characterization,and application of magnetic nanoparticles.For biomedical applications,consideration should be given to factors such as design strategies,the synthesis process,coating,and surface passivation.The synthesis method regulates post-synthetic change and specific applications in vitro and in vivo imaging/diagnosis and pharmacotherapy/administration.Special insights have been provided on biodistribution,pharmacokinetics,and toxicity in a living system,which is imperative for their wider application in biology.These nanoparticles can be decorated with multiple contrast agents and thus can also be used as a probe for multi-mode imaging or double/triple imaging,for example,MRI-CT,MRI-PET.Similarly loading with different drug molecules/dye/fluorescent molecules and integration with other carriers have found application not only in locating these particles in vivo but simultaneously target drug delivery/hyperthermia inside the body.Studies are underway to collect the potential of these magnetically driven nanoparticles in various scientific fields such as particle interaction,heat conduction,imaging,and magnetism.Surely,this comprehensive data will help in the further development of advanced techniques for theranostics based on high-performance magnetic nanoparticles and will lead this research area in a new sustainable direction.

To manage long COVID by selective SARS-CoV-2 infection biosensing

According to the National Institutes of Health(NIH),the initiative of The Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics Tech and Advanced Technology Platforms(RADxTech/ATP)program was established to promote research and development(R&D)in the field of investigating selective,sensitive,and affordable sensing technologies for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)diagnostics.This is a goaloriented approach toward point-of-care testing(POCT)and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection management applications.Till May 2022,RADxTech/ATP has been involved in 1.9 billion tests production,44 FDA authorized tests,first over-the-counter test for POCT and home-based testing,and>100 companies dedicated to smart sensor development(https://www.nibib.nih.gov/covid-19/radx-tech-program/radx-tech-dashboard).Despite such outstanding growth,COVID-19 management is far from in control due to SARS-CoV-2 mutations,virus presence in life systems(including human-to-human transmission,water,food,animal,and air[mainly indoor premises])。