Associations of PNPLA3 and LEP genetic polymorphisms with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in Thai people living with human immunodeficiency virus

BACKGROUND The prevalence of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)is a growing public health issue in people living with human immunodeficiency virus(PLWH).However,the pathophysiology of MAFLD is still unknown,and the role of genetic variables is only now becoming evident.AIM To evaluate the associations of gene-polymorphism-related MAFLD in PLWH.METHODS The study employed transient elastography with a controlled attenuation parameter≥248 dB/m to identify MAFLD in patients from a Super Tertiary Hospital in central Thailand.Candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were genotyped using TaqMan®MGB probe 5'nuclease assays for seven MAFLD-related genes.Statistical analyses included SNP frequency analysis,Fisher's Exact and Chi-square tests,odds ratio calculations,and multivariable logistic regression.RESULTS The G-allele carriers of PNPLA3(rs738409)exhibited a two-fold rise in MAFLD,increasing by 2.5 times in MAFLD with human immunodeficiency virus infection.The clinical features and genetic patterns imply that LEP rs7799039 A-allele carriers had a nine times(P=0.001)more significant chance of developing aberrant triglyceride among PLWH.CONCLUSION The current study shows an association between PNPLA3 rs738409 and LEP rs7799039 with MAFLD in PLWH.

Occurrence and geographical distribution of mangrove fungi

This is a multidimensional review of mangrove fungi occurring as saprobes,pathogens and endophytes of a wide range of host substrates and those isolated from the water columns and sediments in mangroves.Eight-hundred and fifty taxa including 658 that are supported by both morphology and molecular data and 192 with only morphological data are listed.These constitute Ascomycota,the dominant group with 773 species,and 58 Basidiomycota,one Blastocladiomycota,five Chytridiomycota,and 13 Mucoromycota.This study also includes data on mangrove yeasts 103 Ascomycota,39 Basidi-omycota and 193 taxa isolated from sediments.Endophytes isolated from submerged parts of mangrove plants total 38.The most specious orders of mangrove fungi are Pleosporales 133,Saccharomycetales 102,Microascales 101,Eurotiales 87,Hypocreales 60 and Xylariales 54.Speciose genera include Candida 39,Aspergillus 53,Penicillium 17 and Corollospora 16.The highest number of mangrove fungi have been recorded from the Pacific Ocean 553,which is the largest ocean,followed by Indian 408 and Atlantic Oceans 259.Geographical distribution of mangrove fungi varied from ocean to ocean with only 109 taxa common to the Atlantic,Indian and Pacific Oceans.Of the various countries reported for mangrove fungi,India accommodates the highest number(339)followed by Thailand 303,Malaysia 171,Florida Everglades,USA 134 and Brunei 134.A total of 60 different mangrove plants and their associates have been surveyed for mangrove fungi.These results are discussed and compared with previous studies.

Refined families of Dothideomycetes:orders and families incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes

Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013.A recent publication by Honsanan et al.in 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideo-mycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications.In this paper,we provide a refined updated document on orders and families incertae sedis of Dothideomycetes.Each family is provided with an updated description,notes,including figures to represent the morphology,a list of accepted genera,and economic and ecological significances.We also provide phylogenetic trees for each order.In this study,31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as orders incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes,and 41 families are treated as families incertae sedis due to lack of molecular or morphological evidence.The new order,Catinellales,and four new families,Catinellaceae,Morenoinaceae Neobuelliellaceae and Thyrinulaceae are introduced.Seven genera(Neobuelliella,Pseudomicrothyrium,Flagellostrigula,Swinscowia,Macroconstrictolumina,Pseudobogoriella,and Schummia)are introduced.Seven new species(Acrospermum urticae,Bogoriella complexoluminata,Dothiorella ostryae,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis,Patellaria microspora,and Pseu-domicrothyrium thailandicum)are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny,together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different families.Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.