Seventy years’ achievements of international cooperation by the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Background: With the promotion of national control programs on parasitic and tropical diseases in China,the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases(NIPD),Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has gained significant experience in the global health arena through international cooperation over the last seven decades allowing a multilateral impact in the elimination of major endemic diseases.Methods:: The achievements of NIPD since 1950 has been analyzed with emphasis on the various stages that started with research and control of the endemic parasitic and other tropical diseases at the national level and progressed via international cooperation into a global presence.Results: The major achievements contributed by NIPD consist of(i)improving technical capability;(ii)promoting control and elimination of parasitic and tropical diseases;(iii)participating in global health governance and cooperation;and(iv)developing a cooperation model for technical assistance and global public health development.It is expected that NIPD’s experience of international cooperation will be essential for the dissemination of China's successful experience in global health governance,emergency response and development,with focus on malaria and neglected tropical diseases such as schistosomiasis,soil-borne and food-borne helminthiases and echinococcosis.Conclusions: NIPD’s new tasks will not only continue to promote national control of endemic parasitic infections and disease elimination programs in China,but also play a leading role in global health and disease elimination programs in the future.

Synergistic integration of climate change and zoonotic diseases by artificial intelligence:a holistic approach for sustainable solutions

Artificial intelligence(AI)is a rapidly evolving field that can impel research in communicable diseases with respect to climate projections,ecological indicators and environmental impact,at the same time revealing new,previously overlooked events.A number of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases already show signs of expanding their northern geographical ranges and appropriate risk assessment and decision support are urgently needed.The deployment of AI-enabled monitoring systems tracking animal populations and environmental changes is of immense potential in the study of transmission under different climate scenarios.In addition,AI's capability to identify new treatments should not only accelerate drug and vaccine discovery but also help predicting their effectiveness,while its contribution to genetic pathogen speciation would assist the evaluation of spillover risks with regard to viral infections from animals to human.Close collaboration between AI experts,epidemiologists and other stakeholders is not only crucial for responding to challenges interconnected with a variety of variables effectively,but also necessary to warrant responsible AI use.Despite its wider successful implementation in many fields,AI should be seen as a complement to,rather than a replacement of,traditional public health measures.

Global,regional,and national burden of upper respiratory infections,1990–2021:findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021

Background:Upper respiratory infections(URIs)are common infectious diseases worldwide.Accurate and timely assessment of the disease burden of URIs is crucial for governments to develop comprehensive prevention and control strategies,and to allocate and utilize healthcare resources more efficiently.Methods:For URIs in Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,age-standardized incidence rates(ASIR),age-standardized prevalence rates(ASPR),age-standardized mortality rates(ASMR),disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs),and case numbers for incidence,prevalence,deaths,and DALYs across the globe,five socio-demographic index(SDI)regions,21 geographical regions,and 204 countries and territories were provided and analyzed.Trends from 1990 to 2021 were described using the average annual percentage change(AAPC),and future URIs burden was projected with a Bayesian age-period-cohort(BAPC)model.Results:From 1990 to 2021,there was a significant decline in global ASIR(APCC=-289.86,95%confidence interval[CI]:-298.59 to-281.12),ASPR(AAPC=-4.04,95%CI:-4.16 to-3.92),ASMR(AAPC=-0.02,95%CI:-0.02 to-0.03)and age-standardized DALY rate(AAPC=-0.75,95%CI:-0.76 to-0.74).The ASIR,ASPR,ASMR,and age-standardized DALY rate were high in elderly for both males and females,and both genders.Similarly,the number of incident cases,prevalence cases,deaths,and DALY cases for URIs was highest in children under five years.The ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate exhibited a negative correlation with SDI across 204 countries and territories in 2021.The ASIR and ASPR for URIs will show an upward trend from 2022 to 2050,while ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate are expected to decline.Low birth weight for gestation remains the leading contributor to deaths related to URIs.

In vitro Screening of Ginkgolic Acids for Antiparasitic Activity against Cryptosporidium andersoni

Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa that causes self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals, and it may also cause chronic and life-threatening diarrhea in those that are immunocompromised[1]. The two main routes of Cryptosporidium transmission are via water and food. At least 30 Cryptosporidium species have been confirmed, including C. andersoni, with more than 70 genotypes of undefined species.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Anti-parasitic Activity of 2-(2-Methoxy-4-nitrophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl 4-Fluorobenzoate

The title compound 2-（2-methoxy-4-nitrophenylcarbamoyl）phenyl-4＇-fluorobenzoate （C21H15FN206, Mr = 410.35）, a fluorine-containing derivative of salicylamide, was conve- niently synthesized through two steps and crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P21/c with a = 7.6453（15）, b = 14.323（3）, c = 17.035（3） A, V= 1865.4（6） A3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.461 Mg/m^3, 2 = 0.71073 A, μ（MoKa） = 0.115 mm-1, F（000） = 848, R = 0.0705 and wR = 0.1834 for 3267 independent refections with 1 〉 2σ（I）. X-ray analysis reveals that the dihedral angles formed between the 2-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene and benzene ring, the benzene and 4-fluorobenzene, and the 2-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene and 4-fluorobenzene ring are 3.2（4）, 69.8（3） and 72.9（2）~, respectively. Bioassay shows that the title compound has anti-parasitic activity against hydatid protoscoleces.

Identification of habitat suitability for the dominant zoonotic tick species Haemaphysalis flava on Chongming Island,China

Haemaphysalis ticks are pathogenic vectors that threaten human and animal health and were identified in Chongming,the third largest island in China.To understand the distribution of these ticks and determine their potential invasion risk,this study aimed to identify the habitat suitability of the dominant tick H.flava based on natural environmental factors.Geographic information system(GIS)images were combined with sample points from tick investigations to map the spatial distribution of H.flava.Data on 19 bioclimatic variables,environmental variables,and satellite-based landscapes of Chongming Island were retrieved to create a landcover map related to natural environmental determinants of H.flava.These data included 38 sites associated with the vectors to construct species distribution models with MaxEnt,a model based on the maximum entropy principle,and to predict habitat suitability for H.flava on Chongming Island in 2050 and 2070 under different climate scenarios.The model performed well in predicting the H.flava distribution,with a training area under the curve of 0.84 and a test area under the curve of 0.73.A habitat suitability map of the whole study area was created for H.flava.The resulting map and natural environment analysis highlighted the importance of the normalized difference vegetation index and precipitation in the driest month for the bioecology of H.flava,with 141.61 km^(2)(11.77%),282.94 km^(2)(23.35%),and 405.30 km^(2)(33.69%)of highly,moderately,and poorly suitable habitats,respectively.The distribution decreased by 135.55 km^(2) and 138.82 km^(2) in 2050 and 2070,respectively,under the shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP)1.2.6 climate change scenario.However,under SSP 5.8.5,the total area will decrease by 128.5 km^(2) in 2050 and increase by 151.64 km^(2) in 2070.From a One Health perspective,this study provides good knowledge that will guide tick control efforts to prevent the spread of Haemaphysalis ticks or transmission risk of Haemaphysalis-borne infections at the human-animal-environment interface on the island.

Advancing knowledge of One Health in China:lessons for One Health from China's dengue control and prevention programs

Background:The emergence of dengue fever has prompted significant public health responses,highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of One Health in addressing vector-borne diseases.China's experience in dengue control and prevention programs offers valuable insights into the successful integration of multidisciplinary strategies.Aims:The review aims to:(1)systematically analyze lessons from China's dengue control and prevention programs,focusing on the integration of these efforts with the One Health approach;(2)underscore the reasons of optimizing the dengue control and prevention program;(3)highlight the alignment of China's dengue control strategies with the One Health framework;(4)contribute to global efforts in combating dengue,providing scientific evidence and strategic recommendations for other regions facing similar challenges.Results:Through a comprehensive literature review and expert interviews,this study found China's approach to dengue control and prevention implemented through a hierarchical system led by the government,with collaborative efforts across multiple departments.This multi-sectoral collaboration mechanism enables the technical interventions well executed by health and disease control institutions,optimizing the integration of multiple costeffeteness approaches,such as case management,early detection and outbreak response,reducing local transmission,and minimizing severe cases and fatalities.It was found that community participation and public health education have played a vital role in raising awareness,promoting personal protective measures,and enhancing the overall effectiveness of control efforts.The implementation of these integrated interventions has resulted in reduced dengue cases and improved capacity of outbreak response.China's dengue control strategies under the One Health framework,with focus on interdisciplinary collaboration,incorporated environmental and ecological interventions,which reduced mosquito breeding sites and improved sanitation.The findings of the review underscore the need for continuous improvement in early warning systems,scientific research,and the adoption of the One Health approach to address emerging challenges posed by climate change and the cross-border spread of infectious diseases.Conclusion:China's dengue control and prevention programs provide a compelling case study for the effective application of the One Health approach.By systematically analyzing the integration of multidisciplinary strategies,this review reveals valuable lessons on optimizing public health responses to vector-borne diseases.The alignment of these strategies with One Health principles not only enhances the effectiveness of dengue control efforts in China but also offers a framework that can be adapted by other regions facing similar challenges.Ultimately,the insights gained from this analysis contribute to the global fight against dengue,emphasizing the need for collaborative and holistic approaches in public health initiatives.

Accelerating the Control and Elimination of Major Parasitic Diseases in China—On World NTD Day 2024

Neglected tropical diseases(NTDs)are a group of diseases associated with poverty that affect over 1 billion people worldwide(1).On May 31,2021,the World Health Assembly(WHA)officially recognized January 30 as World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day through decision WHA74(18).This designation aims to raise awareness about the severe impact of NTDs on disadvantaged populations and to mobilize support for control,elimination,and eradication efforts.

Analysis of the Results of Two Nationwide Surveys on Clonorchis sinensis Infection in China

Objective To examine Clonorchis sinensis infection in China and evaluate the effectiveness of efforts to prevent and control it,two nationwide surveys were undertaken in 31 provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities（PAMs） during 1988-92（the 1990 survey） and during 2001-04（the 2003 survey）.Methods During the period 2001-04,two sampling methods were applied.The first method repeated the stratified cluster random sampling used in the 1990 survey;the second method applied two-characteristic stratified cluster random sampling in 27 PAMs—the 2003 endemic area（EA） survey.The Kato-Katz thick smear method was used for the nationwide survey.Results The infection rates of Clonorchis sinensis in the 1990 and 2003 surveys were 0.311% and 0.579%,respectively.The infection rate was 2.40% in the 2003 EA survey,and it was estimated that 12.49 million people in China were infected with Clonorchis sinensis.Conclusion The 2003 survey showed that the standardized infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis increased by 74.85% compared with the 1990 survey.The infection rate in males was higher than in females;the infection rate among people eating raw fish or eating out frequently was higher than among those who did not.

Current Status of Soil-transmitted Nematode Infection in China

Objective To carry out national surveys for ascertaining the current status and trends of soil-transmitted nematode infections in China, providing scientific basis for further developing control strategies. Methods In 1988-1992 （hereinafter abbreriated as ＂survey in 1990＂）, a stratified cluster random sampling method was used in the survey. In 2001-2004 （hereinafter abbreriated as ＂survey in 2003＂）, in order to compare with the survey in 1990, two-characteristic stratified cluster random sampling method was used and 687 investigation spots were sampled from the 2848 spots selected in the survey in 1990. Kato-Katz thick smear method was used to examine the eggs of soil-transmitted nematodes in fecal samples. Results The prevalence rates were 53.6% and 19.6% for soil-transmitted nematodes, 14.6% and 6.120% for hookworms, 44.6% and 12.7% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 17.4% and 4.630% for Trichuris trichiura in survey 1990 and survey 2003, respectively. The prevalence rates of soil-transmitted nematodes were higher in 13 provinces than the average level in China in the survey in 1990, and higher in 8 provinces than the average level in the survey in 2003. The prevalence of hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the overall prevalence of soil-transmitted nematodes were higher in females than in males. It is estimated from the results of survey in 2003 that the number of persons with soil-transmitted nematode infections in the country is about 129 million, less than that in the survey in 1990. Conclusion The prevalence of soil-transmitted nematodes has declined considerably but is still relatively high in some provinces and autonomous regions. Control activities and socioeconomic development may have contributed to the decreased prevalence.

The Identification of the Cryptosporidium ubiquitum in Pre-weaned Ovines from Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in China

Objective Cryptosporidium spp. are prevalent globally and sheep are an important zoonotic reservoir. Little data regarding the rates of Cryptosporidium infections in ovines in China are available. This study assessed the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned ovines from Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in the Sichuan province of China. Methods A total of 213 fecal samples were collected from pre-weaned ovines and were examined microscopically （following modified acid fast staining）. In addition, 18S rRNA genetic sequences were amplified from fecal samples by nested PCR and phylogenetically analyzed. Results The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in the collected samples was at 14.6% （31/213） and four isolates identified by PCR belonged to the Cryptosporidium cervine genotype （Cryptosporidium ubiquiturn） demonstrating that this species was the primary sheep species found in sheep in China. Conclusion The present study suggested that the high incidence of Cryptosporidium in sheep poses a significant public health threat and that surveillance practices must be established to prevent zoonotic disease of humans.

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Public Drinking Water in China

We aimed to assess the risks of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections associated with drinking water for local residents,based on a quantitative microbial risk assessment,in three densely populated regions of China.In total,45 source water samples and 45 treated water samples were collected from June to December 2014.

Malaria Transmission Potential in the Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River, China

Objective To define and evaluate the malaria transmission potential in the Yangtze River, following construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Methods Six villages, namely, Kaixian, Fengjie, Wanzhou, Fuling, Yubei, and Zigui were selected for investigating the malaria transmission potential in the reservoir. Transmission potential was estimated by mathematical modeling and evaluation of the local malaria situation. Factors that influenced the transmission potential were analyzed using Poisson regression analysis in combination with Grey Systematic Theory （based on evaluation by the Delphi method）. Results Indirect fluorescent antibody data and the incidence of malaria in the local population were consistent with the malaria transmission potential calculated for the area. Multivariate Poisson regression analysis showed a statistically significant association between the riparian zone and the man‐biting rate. Conclusion The risk of a malaria epidemic can be forecasted using the malaria transmission potential parameters investigated here which was closely correlated with the riparian zone.

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Biological Evaluation of 4-Chloro-2-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)phenyl-4′-methoxybenzoate as Molluscicidal Agent

The title compound 4-chloro-2-（morpholine-4-carbonyl）phenyl-4＇-methoxybenzoate（C19H18ClNO5, Mr = 375.79）, a 5-chlorosalicylic acid derivative incorporating morpholine moiety, was conveniently synthesized through two steps and crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 7.8501（10）, b = 9.3149（12）, c = 25.133（3）, V = 1836.2（4）3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.359 Mg/m^3, λ = 0.71073, μ（MoKα） = 0.237 mm^-1, F（000） = 784, R = 0.0447 and wR = 0.1227 for 3982 independent reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. The dihedral angles formed between 4-methoxybenzene and 5-chlorobenzene rings, the 5-chlorobenzene and morpholine, and 4-methoxybenzene and morpholine rings are 82.55（3）, 72.56（5） and 47.68（0）° by X-ray analysis, respectively. Bioassay shows that the title compound has a good molluscidal effect.

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of schistosomiasis in China's Mainland:Evidence from a multi-stage continuous downscaling sentinel monitoring

Objective:To determine the spatiotemporal distribution of Schistosoma(S.)japonicum infections in humans,livestock,and Oncomelania(O.)hupensis across the endemic foci of China.Methods:Based on multi-stage continuous downscaling of sentinel monitoring,county-based schistosomiasis surveillance data were captured from the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China from 2005 to 2019.The data included S.japonicum infections in humans,livestock,and O.hupensis.The spatiotemporal trends for schistosomiasis were detected using a Joinpoint regression model,with a standard deviational ellipse(SDE)tool,which determined the central tendency and dispersion in the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis.Further,more spatiotemporal clusters of S.japonicum infections in humans,livestock,and O.hupensis were evaluated by the Poisson model.Results:The prevalence of S.japonicum human infections decreased from 2.06%to zero based on data of the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China from 2005 to 2019,with a reduction from 9.42%to zero for the prevalence of S.japonicum infections in livestock,and from 0.26%to zero for the prevalence of S.japonicum infections in O.hupensis.Analysis using an SDE tool showed that schistosomiasis-affected regions were reduced yearly from 2005 to 2014 in the endemic provinces of Hunan,Hubei,Jiangxi,and Anhui,as well as in the Poyang and Dongting Lake regions.Poisson model revealed 11 clusters of S.japonicum human infections,six clusters of S.japonicum infections in livestock,and nine clusters of S.japonicum infections in O.hupensis.The clusters of human infection were highly consistent with clusters of S.japonicum infections in livestock and O.hupensis.They were in the 5 provinces of Hunan,Hubei,Jiangxi,Anhui,and Jiangsu,as well as along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Humans,livestock,and O.hupensis infections with S.japonicum were mainly concentrated in the north of the Hunan Province,south of the Hubei Province,north of the Jiangxi Province,and southwestern portion of Anhui Province.In the 2 mountainous provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan,human,livestock,and O.hupensis infections with S.japonicum were mainly concentrated in the northwestern portion of the Yunnan Province,the Daliangshan area in the south of Sichuan Province,and the hilly regions in the middle of Sichuan Province.Conclusions:A remarkable decline in the disease prevalence of S.japonicum infection was observed in endemic schistosomiasis in China between 2005 and 2019.However,there remains a long-term risk of transmission in local areas,with the highest-risk areas primarily in Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake regions,requiring to focus on vigilance against the rebound of the epidemic.Development of high-sensitivity detection methods and integrating the transmission links such as human and livestock infection,wild animal infection,and O.hupensis into the surveillance-response system will ensure the elimination of schistosomiasis in China by 2030.

Study of Infection of Echinococcus granulosus in Yak in Spring and Its Potential Role in Transmission of Cystic Echinococcosis in Rangtang County of Sichuan,China

Dear Editor, Cystic echinococcosis （CE）, caused by Echinococcus granulosus in larval stage, is considered as one of the most dangerous parasitic zoonosis in the world. The obligate 2-host parasitic cycle of Echinococcus granulosus is predominantly synanthropic. Dogs are the usual definitive hosts, and lots of mammalian species can be intermediate hosts, including domestic livestock and human[I2]. In the Tibetan plateau, China, the population is mainly Tibetans primarily engaged in livestock husbandry and CE is therefore a health problem for both people and animal in Tibetan communities. The reported infection rate of Echinococcus gronulosus in slaughtered yak in slaughterhouses is usually very high, being about 50% or higher as reported, and the liver and lungs are the main affected organs[34].

The value of China-Africa health development initiatives in strengthening 'One Health' strategy

Implementing national to community-based 'One Health' strategy for human,animal and environmental challenges and migrating-led consequences offer great opportunities,and its value of sustained development and wellbeing is an imperative.'One Health' strategy in policy commitment,partnership and financial investment are much needed in advocacy,contextual health human-animal and environmental development.Therefore,appropriate and evidence-based handling and management strategies in moving forward universal health coverage and sustainable development goals (SDGs) are essential components to the China-Africa health development initiatives.It is necessary to understand how to strengthen robust and sustainable 'One Health' approach implementation in national and regional public health and disaster risk reduction programs.Understanding the foundation of'One Health' strategy in China-Africa public health cooperation is crucial in fostering health systems preparedness and smart response against emerging and re-emerging threats and epidemics.Building the value of China-Africa 'One Health' strategy partnerships,frameworks and capacity development and implementation through leveraging on current and innovative China-Africa health initiatives,but also,mobilizing efforts on climatic changes and disasters mitigation and lifestyle adaptations strategies against emerging and current infectious diseases threats are essential to establish epidemic surveillance-response system under the concept of global collaborative coordination and lasting financing mechanisms.Further strengthen local infrastructure and workforce capacity,participatory accountability and transparency on 'One Health' approach will benefit to set up infectious diseases of poverty projects,and effective monitoring and evaluation systems in achieving African Union 2063 Agenda and SDGs targets both in Africa and China.

T-S Fuzzy Remote Sensing Monitoring Model of Snail Distribution by Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 Data

Approximately half of the world’s population is at the risk of at least one vector-borne parasitic disease.The survival of intermediate hosts of vector-borne parasitic diseases is governed by various environmental factors,and remote sensing can be used to characterize and monitor environmental factors related to intermediate host breeding and reproduction,and become a powerful means to monitor the vector-borne parasitic diseases.Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that menaces human health.Oncomelaniahupensis(snail)is the unique intermediate host of Schistosoma,so monitoring and controlling the number of snail is key to reduce the risk of schistosomiasis transmission.In this paper,Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2 MSI data had been used to obtain the environmental factors(vegetation,soil,temperature,terrain et al.),which are related to the multiplying and transmission of intermediate host.Then this study used T-S(Takagi-Sugeno)Fuzzy RS model to establish a new suitable index membership function due to the different RS data,and a long time series monitoring of snail distribution in Dongting Lake from 2014 to 2018 was achieved.A comparative analysis was performed to validate the predicted results against the field survey data.The results demonstrated the accuracy of the developed model in predicting the distribution of snails.

Orientation of One Health development:think globally and act locally

One Health is dedicated to maintaining and fostering a dynamic balance among humans, animals, and the environment. Since 2013, it has seen considerable developments globally. This review aims to encapsulate the history of One Health, as well as chart its future trajectory. Numerous research institutions founded under the principles of One Health have been established, and several pragmatic projects are currently underway. While it is imperative to solidify foundational education, further policy support is required to cultivate the One Health paradigm. Identifying research directions at a political level is necessary to provide the technical support needed for practical application. The future of One Health envisions a comprehensive approach to primary prevention, the utilization of open and shared data sets, as well as real-world surveys and interviews. This integrated approach is encapsulated in the concept of One Health Delivery. At this stage, One Health Delivery needs to build a systematic framework that focuses on integrating and communicating across disciplines and training researchers with complete practical skills.

Deployment of workforce in global health:what should be the priorities for China?

Background:China has increasingly emerged as an important player in global health.However,compared to developed countries,China still lacks a sufficient health workforce for global health engagement with the necessary competencies required.The world has recognized that to solve global health issues,the role of China needs to be strengthened.The priorities for the deployment of the Chinese workforce in global health remain unclear.This study aims to identify the priorities of the deployment of Chinese global health workforce by exploring the core competencies for Chinese global health workforce,factors influencing the deployment and the approach of deployment.Methods:Quantitative descriptive statistical analysis was applied to analyze the quantitative data.A total of 148 key respondents from 10 provinces in China conducting global health projects over the last 3 years were selected as the study subjects.A structured questionnaire was developed to collect the data on four aspects,including general information,core competencies,factors influencing deployment,and mode of deployment.The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents through an online survey.All original data were exported to Microsoft Excel 2010 to calculate the frequencies and percentages of each option.A descriptive analysis was carried out of the priorities of deployment of the Chinese global health workforce.Results:More than half of the respondents(51.4%,76/148)regarded“communication”as the most important competency of the Chinese global health workforce,while a large proportion of participants from Chinese embassies(50.0%,6/12)and international organizations(75.0%,12/16)believed that“professional skills”were paramount.In addition,58.1%(86/148)of the participants agreed that incentive factors(salary,professional position,etc.)were the main factors that influenced deployment,whereas 75%(12/16)of participants from international organizations emphasized“security”as the most important determinant.In addition,60.8%(90/148)of the participants thought that the deployment of staff should be based on the needs of the global health project implementation.Conclusions:This study highlights the deployment priorities of the Chinese global health workforce,including strengthening communication and professional skills,focusing on personal security and incentives,and catering to the project implementation.This study also highlights the importance of Chinese agencies in developing global health mindsets through global health practices and proactive integration within the global community.