Hydrogeochemical and isotopic assessment of the origin of NO_(3)^(−)and N-NH_(3)contents in the aquifer located in a closed lacustrine volcano-sedimentary basin in the metropolitan area of Mexico City

To explain the presence and spatial distribution of NO_(3)^(−)and N-NH_(3)in the Aquifer of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City(AMAMC),a hydrogeochemical and isotopic analysis using^(13)C DIC(as well as the stable isotopes^(18)O and^(2)H)in groundwater was conducted.This aquifer is located in an old closed lacustrine volcano-sedimentary basin;some wells hosted in the semi-confined zone contain high N-NH_(3)concentrations,while others present NO_(3)^(−)contents in the recharge zones(hosted in an oxidizing environment).In this study,a change in the isotopic signature(primarily in^(18)O and^(2)H)was observed from the recharge zones to the basin center in some of the wells with high NO_(3)^(−)concentrations,this behavior can be attributed to evaporation during the incorporation of recently infiltrated water.In addition,the results for^(13)C(along with ^(2) H)in wells with the highest N-NH_(3)concentrations exhibited an atypically broad range of values.Results indicated the occurrence of hydrogeochemical and/or biochemical processes in the aquifer(in an oxidizing or reducing environment),such as organic degradation,bacterial decomposition(primarily in the ancient Lake Texcoco and which acts as a natural sink for carbon,nitrogen,sulfur,and phosphorus),besides rock weathering and dissolution,which may be responsible for a very marked isotopic modification of the^(13)C(and,to a lesser extent,2 H).Methanotrophic bacterial activity and methanogenic activity may be related to N-NH_(3)removal processes by oxidation and residual water incorporation respectively,whereas the increase in the NO_(3)^(−)content in some wells is due to the recent contribution of poor-quality water due to contamination.

Is multi-hazard mapping effective in assessing natural hazards and integrated watershed management?

Natural hazards are often studied in isolation.However,there is a great need to examine hazards holistically to better manage the complex of threats found in any region.Many regions of the world have complex hazard landscapes wherein risk from individual and/or multiple extreme events is omnipresent.Extensive parts of Iran experience a complex array of natural hazards-floods,earthquakes,landslides,forest fires,subsidence,and drought.The effectiveness of risk mitigation is in part a function of whether the complex of hazards can be collectively considered,visualized,and evaluated.This study develops and tests individual and collective multihazard risk maps for floods,landslides,and forest fires to visualize the spatial distribution of risk in Fars Province,southern Iran.To do this,two well-known machine-learning algorithms-SVM and MARS-are used to predict the distribution of these events.Past floods,landslides,and forest fires were surveyed and mapped.The locations of occurrence of these events(individually and collectively) were randomly separated into training(70%) and testing(30%) data sets.The conditioning factors(for floods,landslides,and forest fires) employed to model the risk distributions are aspect,elevation,drainage density,distance from faults,geology,LULC,profile curvature,annual mean rainfall,plan curvature,distance from man-made residential structures,distance from nearest river,distance from nearest road,slope gradient,soil types,mean annual temperature,and TWI.The outputs of the two models were assessed using receiver-operating-characteristic(ROC) curves,true-skill statistics(TSS),and the correlation and deviance values from each models for each hazard.The areas-under-the-curves(AUC) for the MARS model prediction were 76.0%,91.2%,and 90.1% for floods,landslides,and forest fires,respectively.Similarly,the AUCs for the SVM model were 75.5%,89.0%,and 91.5%.The TSS reveals that the MARS model was better able to predict landslide risk,but was less able to predict flood-risk patterns and forest-fire risk.Finally,the combination of flood,forest fire,and landslide risk maps yielded a multi-hazard susceptibility map for the province.The better predictive model indicated that 52.3% of the province was at-risk for at least one of these hazards.This multi-hazard map may yield valuable insight for land-use planning,sustainable development of infrastructure,and also integrated watershed management in Fars Province.

淮河流域近500年洪旱事件演变特征分析

为了认识淮河流域过去500年洪旱事件发生规律并鉴别当前的洪旱情势，收集并对比分析了流域实测降雨资料、重建历史雨季降雨资料、历史旱涝等级资料、历史洪旱文献记录和历史调查洪水资料等多源洪旱灾害数据。以重建历史雨季降雨资料和历史旱涝等级资料为主要依据，通过滑动平均、频率计算、小波分析和突变检验等方法，分析流域过去500年洪水干旱时空分布特征和演变规律。结果表明，17世纪淮河流域洪旱灾害最严重，但20世纪极端洪旱事件发生频次最多。淮河流域洪旱事件存在40年左右的稳定长周期，主周期从18世纪的15～20年逐渐减少到19世纪的5年周期，近20年来出现2～3年的主周期，洪旱灾害事件呈增加趋势，流域社会经济发展面临着严峻的洪旱灾害威胁。

气候变化对中国水资源影响的适应性评估与管理框架

通过论述气候变化对中国水资源影响的适应性评估与管理框架,提出一个气候变化影响决策评估工具,它包括:未来气候变化对中国水资源潜在影响的定性描述分析、半定量与定量分析以及适应性对策评估。由于不同气候区域所面临的水资源问题不同,选择中国4个典型案例区域,并确定不同的目标进行气候变化适应性管理综合研究,提出了甄别气候变化影响和适应性管理的新的思路、框架与方法论。该项研究为应对未来气候变化影响的水资源规划与风险管理提供了途径与方法。

大豆油基环氧固化剂的制备及应用

采用羟乙基乙二胺和环氧大豆油为原料合成了一种大豆油基环氧固化剂(SOEA),通过核磁共振(1HNMR)、傅里叶红外(FTIR)、液质联用等技术(LC-MS)对SOEA进行了表征结构确定了目标产物,然后将SOEA与环氧树脂(DGEBA)按不同比例进行固化.结果表明:当DGEBA和SOEA的质量比为0.9∶1.0时,固化物的拉伸剪切强度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、冲击强度最佳.通过热解重量分析(TG)和扫描电镜(SEM)分别分析了SOEA与DGEBA固化物与AEEA与GDEBA固化物的热稳定性和脆断面的表面形貌.

Progresses in restoration of post-mining landscape in Africa

Mining alters the natural landscape and discharges large volumes of wastes that pose serious pollution hazards to the environment, to human health and to agriculture. As a result, the recent 2 decades have witnessed a global surge in research on post-mining landscape restoration, yielding a suite of techniques including physical, chemical, biological(also known as phytoremediation) and combinations. Despite the long history of mining in Africa, no systematic review has summarized advances in restoration research and practices after mining disturbance. Thus, the aim of this review was to document the state-of-knowledge and identify gaps in restoration of postmining landscape in Africa through literature review. We found that:(1) there has been substantial progress in identifying species suitable for phytoremediation;(2) few studies evaluated the feasibility of organic amendments to promote autochthonous colonization of mine wastelands or growth of planted species; and(3) restoration of limestone quarries in Kenya, sand mining tailings in South Africa,and gold mine wasteland in Ghana are successful cases of large-scale post-mining restoration practices in Africa.However, the pace of post-mining landscape restoration research and practice in Africa is sluggish compared to other parts of the global south. We recommend:(1)mainstreaming the restoration of mine wastelands in national research strategies and increased development planning to make the mining sector ‘‘Green'';(2) inventory of the number, area, and current status of abandoned mine lands;(3) expanding the pool of candidate species for phytostabilization;(4) further evaluating the phytostabilization potential of organic amendments, e.g., biochar;(5)assessing the impacts of mining on regional biodiversity.

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Red and Yellow Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>Willd.) Seeds as Affected by Baking and Cooking Conditions

Seeds with colored testa (seed coat) contain high concentrations of polyphenolic compounds that exhibit high levels of antioxidant activity. Common processing procedures, such as cooking and baking, decrease the levels of these bioactive compounds and consequently, overall antioxidant activity. Here, the effects of baking and cooking processes were examined on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and ferric-reducing ability of plasma antioxidant activity (FRAP AA) of red and yellow quinoa seeds. Our results indicate that red quinoa seed contains significantly higher levels of TPC, TFC and FRAP AA than yellow quinoa seeds. In addition, cooked and baked quinoa seeds retain most of their TPC, TFC and FRAP AA in the final product. Thus, red quinoa seeds processed by these two methods might be considered a functional food, in addition to its traditional role of providing dietary proteins. Due to their high antioxidant activity, red quinoa seeds might also contribute significantly to the management and/or prevention of degenerative diseases associated with free radical damage.

Agricultural impacts of longwall mine subsidence:the experience in Illinois,USA and Queensland,Australia

Unlike conventional room and pillar underground coal mining,where subsidence is designed to be prevented,subsidence is a planned outcome of other methodologies.These include high extraction retreat,where the roof supporting pillars are systematically removed,and longwall mining,which employs a machine that mines a continuous strip of coal,thus leaving no roof supports.Both types result in the surface dropping -70% of the mined-out thickness.In Illinois there was a concern that farm land thus subsided would be lost to productive agriculture.Consequently,the possibility that planned mine subsidence would be banned in Illinois lead to the creation of the Illinois Mine Subsidence Research Program in 1985 to investigate agricultural impacts of planned mine subsidence and the possibility of mitigating its impact.Its findings established that subsidence was not as detrimental as feared and that the impacts could be mitigated.The project was a successful collaboration of state and federal governments and local Universities.Similarly,in Queensland,longwall mining is opposed by some in the farming community.In response,Bandanna Energy,the company planning the mining,organized the Agricultural Coexistence Research Committee to oversee research into the mitigation of longwall mining impacts.Although the soils,climate,and regulatory regimes are different,concerns of the local communities are similar.

Combined Effect of Nutrient and Pest Management on Soil Ecological Quality in Hybrid Rice Double-Cropping System

The mineral fertilizers (NPK) and pesticide, including herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, were applied alone or in combination and the soil sampling was done at different growth stages during the crop cycle to study the changes in soil organic matter, microbial biomass and their activity parameters in a paddy soil with different nutrient and pest management practices in a hybrid rice double-cropping system. A consistent increase in the electron transport system (ETS) activity was measured during the different crop growth stages of rice. The use of fertilizers (NPK) alone or with pesticides increased ETS activity, while a decline of ETS activity was noticed with pesticides alone as compared with the control. Nearly an increasing trend in soil phenol content was observed with the progression of crop growth stages, while the usage of pesticides alone caused maximum increments in the soil phenol content. The soil protein content was found nearly stable with fertilizers and/or pesticides application at various growth stages in both crops taken. But notable changes were noticed at different growth stages probably because of fluctuations in moisture and temperature at particular stages, which might have their effects on N mineralization. Marked depletions in the phospholipid content were found with the advancement of crop growth stages, while the incorporation of fertilizers and/or pesticides also produced slight changes, in which a higher decline was noticed with pesticide application alone compared with the control.

Mafic-ultramafic magma activity and copper-nickel sulfide metallogeny during Paleozoic in the Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt,Qinghai Province,China

The Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt(EKOB)has a complex geological structure and diverse magmatic activities,which are closely related to the Qaidam Basin and the Tethys tectonic evolution.There are at least 3 stages mafic-ultramafic rocks occurred in the Early Paleozoic in EKOB.The first stage is the Later-Silurian to Early Devonian,represented by the giant Xiarihamu super large magmatic Cu-Ni deposit,containing about 1.18 million metric tons(Mt)of nickel with average grades of 0.65%Ni,and its age of ore-forming pyroxene peridotite is 411 Ma;The second stage is the Early Carboniferous,represented by the large Shitoukengde magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit,and its ore-forming age of the olivine websterite is 334 Ma;The third stage of mafic-ultramafic rocks occurred mainly during the Middle-Late Triassic,represented by Xiaojianshan,Lalinggaoli,and Kaimuqi complexes,and no economical ore bodies have been found in this period.The authors summarized the difference between the ore-bearing and the nonmineralized mafic-ultramafic rocks in the EKOB.The olivine of the ore-bearing complexes contains higher MgO and SiO2 content but lower FeO and CaO contents,and the clinopyroxene of ore-bearing complexes contains lower FeO and CaO contents.Crustal sulfur contamination is key to the formation of the giant Xiarihamu Ni deposit,and crustal sulfur contamination degree of the giant magmatic Ni deposit is higher than that of large Ni deposit.The above indicators could guide the exploration and evaluation of similar deposits in the EKOB.

Do vegetative and reproductive phenophases of deciduous tropical species respond similarly to rainfall pulses?

Deciduous trees with high-density wood that occur in dry seasonal tropical regions respond to rainfall seasonality with synchrony in phenophases. However, they may exhibit interannual differences in synchrony and intensity of phenophases, as strategy for large variations in duration and intensity of rainfall pulses. Nevertheless, it remains unknown how phenophases of deciduous trees of the Brazilian semi-arid region respond to rainfall variations. The phenology of Cordia oncocalyx was monitored in deciduous thorny woodland （Caatinga）, from April 2009 to March 2011, and was correlated with rainfall, soil humidity, temperature, and photoperiod. The rainy years 2009 and 2011 exhibited higher duration of rainfall pulses and lower frequency of interpulses, but in 2010 pulse duration and total rainfall were lower. Circular statistics showed leaf flush followed by flowering and fruiting in the rainy season, and leaf fall and seed dispersal in the dry season.

Unification and Harmonization in True Color Image City Map

True color image city map is a sort of new-style map which combines the high resolution image and map symbols and shows both advantages in visualization. At the same time, the map unification and harmonization should be taken into account dur-ing the design process, since some visual conflicts appear when map symbols overlaid on the true color image. The objective of this research is to explore the rules in the process of true color image city map design based on chromatic and aesthetic knowledge. At the end, taking the Image Atlas of Guangzhou as an example, image color adjustment, road network presentation, and symbol de-signing issues will be discussed in the application.

An assessment of paleodepositional environment and maturity of organic matter in sediments of the Setap Shale and Belait formations in West Sabah,East Malaysia by organic geochemical methods

The black shale samples collected from two Neogene formations in the Klias Peninsula area,West Sabah,have been assessed and characterized in details by gas chromatography,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a variety of organic geochemical parameters.The aims of this study are to describe the characteristics of organic matter of these sediments in terms of source/type of the organic matter,assess its thermal maturity and paleoenvironment of deposition,based primarily on biomarker distributions.The results of both formations do not reveal significant differences within the rock extracts.The gas chromatograms of the saturated hydrocarbon fractions of the Setap Shale and the Belait formations displayed monomodal n-alkane distributions and nearly identical regular sterane compositions with a predominance of C27 regular steranes.These are consistent with open marine depositional environments dominated by marine biological matter.Another related feature of these rock extracts is the presence of a high relative abundance of gammacerane,indicating anoxic marine hypersaline source depositional environment.The relatively high abundance of common land plant-derived biomarkers,such as bicadinanes and oleananes,is a clear indication of a major terrigenous input to the source of the extractable organic matter.The predominance of oleanane biomarkers in both formations is indicative of angiospermis input and Tertiary source rocks.The high C29/C30 hopane ratios,moderate development of C33-C35 hopanes,high abundance of tricyclic terpanes and a slight predominance of C27 regular sterane over C28 and C29 steranes are characteristic features tending to suggest a significant marine influence on these source rocks,thereby suggesting a mixed source input.The 22S/(22S+22R)C32 hopane ratio has reached equilibrium,and this is supported by the high maturity level as indicated by the 22S/22SC31-33 extended hopane ratios and 20S/(20S+20R)C29 regular steranes ratios.

An organic geochemical investigation on organic rich sediments from two Neogene formations in the Klias Peninsula area,West Sabah,Malaysia

Twenty organic rich outcrop samples from the Belait and Setap Shale formations in the Klias Peninsula area, West Sabah, were analysed by means of organic petrology and geochemical techniques. The aims of this study are to assess the type of organic matter, thermal maturity and established source rock characterization based primarily on Rock-Eval pyrolysis data. The shales of the Setap Shale Formation have TOC values varying from 0.6 wt%–1.54 wt% with a mean hydrogen index (HI) of 60.1 mg/g, whereas the shales of the Belait Formation have TOC values ranging from 0.36 wt%–0.61 wt% with a mean (HI) of 38.2 mg/g, indicating that both formations have TOC>0.5 wt% the minimum limit for hydrocarbon generation. The samples do not contain sufficient hydrogen-rich organic matter (types I, II and III) to be considered good quality source rocks. The kerogen of type II is predominantly of marine origin. This organic matter was deposited in clastic algal environments. Geochemical data (Rock-Eval, Tmax values ranging from 377–451℃ for shales of the Setap Shale Formation and ranging from 466–498℃ for shales of the Belait Formation, typical of high maturity), indicate variable maturation histories in both formations. The maturation level varied from the beginning to the peak stage of oil generation in the Setap Shale Formation and it has reached the over-mature level in the samples of the Belait Formation.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by using mangrove plant extract and their potential mosquito larvicidal property

Objective:To identify the larvicidal activities of silver nano particles synthesised with Rhizophora mucronata（R.mucronata） leaf extract against the larvae of Aedes aegypti（Ae.aegypti） and Culex quinquefasciatus（Cx.quinquefasciatus）.Methods:In vitro larvicidal activities such as LC50 and LC90 were assessed for the Ae.aegypti and Cx.quinquefasciatus larval species.Further, characterisation such as UV,XRD,FTIR and AFM analysis were carried out for the synthesised silver nano particles.Results:The LC50 value of the synthesised silver nano particle was identified as 0.585 and 0.891 mgg/L for Ae.aegypti and Cx.quinquefasciatus larvae respectively. Further,the LG90 values are also identified as 2.615 and 6.291 mg/L for Ae.aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus species respectively.The synthesised silver nanoparticles have maximum absorption at 420 nm with the average size of 60-95 nm.The XRD data showed 20 intense values with various degrees such as 37.10°,47.66°,63.97°and 70.01°.The FTIR data showed prominent peaks in（3 426.89,2 925.49,2 869.56,2 346.95,1 631.49,1 031.73,669.18 and 455.12） different ranges.Conclusions:The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with leaf aqueous extract of R. mucronata provides potential source for the larvicidal activity against mosquito borne diseases.

Chemical composition of the Tertiary black shales of West Sabah, East Malaysia

The X-ray fluorescence and ICP methods were used to analyze 60 outcrop samples of black shale, of which 15 were collected from Belait, 15 from the Setap Shale, 15 from Temburong, and 15 from the Trusmadi for- mations. The average compositions of the shales from the study area are 64.62%, 63.95%, 62.32%, 63.84% SiO2, 1.84%, 2.14%, 2.04%, 1.99% MgO, 2.55%, 3.12%, 2.89%, 2.72% K2O, 0.32%, 0.30%, 0.32%, 0.53% CaO, 5.86%, 6.06%, 7.14%, 6.60% Fe2O3, 207×10-6, 180×10-6, 213×10-6, 200×10-6 Rb, and 56×10-6, 49×10-6, 50×10-6, 32×10-6 Sr for the Setap Shale, Temburong, Belait and Trusmadi samples, respectively. The high Rb/Sr ratios of 3.8, 3.7, 4.2, and 6.1 are attributed to the lowest contents of Sr due to reducing conditions prevailing. The high Rb/K ratio sug- gests either brackish marine or rapid deposition that prevented equilibrium between Rb and K in the shales and ma- rine waters.

Use of δ^(18)O, δ^(13)C and NO_(3)^(-) to identify hydrogeochemical processes related to contamination in an aquifer located in central Mexico

In this work,an isotopic analysis of δ^(18)O,δ^(13)C,and NO_(3)^(-) concentrations was carried out to identify the origin and the processes related to the contamination of an aquifer located in the state of Guanajuato,Mexico.The research identified the possible sources of δ^(13)C in groundwater.During groundwater flow,CO_(2) participates in different hydrogeochemical reactions in which the dissolution of carbonates or biochemical processes related to biodegradation stand out.Isotopic data of δ^(13)C,δ^(18)O,and the hydrogeochemical behavior of NO_(3)^(-) and HCO_(3)^(-) in water,in addition to isotopic data and the chemical composition of limestones in the study area,were determined to establish the isotopic signature and the processes undergone by the rocks.The isotopic signature of rock and water samples indicated that metamorphic limestones contributed with carbon dioxide to deep groundwater,while in the upper aquifer,bacterial metabolic reactions during nitrification–denitrification could modify the isotopic signature of δ^(13)C in some wells,although atmospheric contribution also plays a role.The modification of the carbon isotopic component is related to the precipitation of calcite in specific regions of the study area,input of atmospheric CO_(2),and soil(e.g.the possible participation of C4-type plants in the assimilation-release of carbon).This process is not confirmed or completely ruled out in this study since agriculture is excessively developed throughout the region.The joint interpretation of isotopic values and the hydrogeochemical behavior of major and conservative elements help in identifying possible pollution processes in which different carbon sources are related.

Impact of Some Amendments on Some Soil Properties and Plant Growth in Desert Area of Iran

Water availability and soil physicochemical properties are the most important factors for the establishment and growth of plant seedlings in arid and desert areas. Improving water use efficiency and soil properties are two major factors for sustainable development in these regions. Therefore, this research aimed to study the effectiveness of biological hydrogel (b), PLANTBAC vegetation layer (PB), sand (sa) and barley straw (st) with inter-row system on some soil properties, including N, Cl, Zn, Fe, clay, silt and sand percentages, ρb?and water use efficiency under the cultivation of Nitraria schoberi. This experiment was tested in a split plot design with 3 replications and 10 observations in 2015 during 2 years at Semnan province’s Natural Resources Research Station. Data analysis was carried out in SAS software version 9.1.3. According to the results, the highest amount of Cl was obtained at non-micro catchment by straw and sand treatments, as well as at micro catchment by PB treatments. The highest amount of Zn was obtained at non-micro catchment by straw treatment (1.106). The results of mulch effect on Fe showed that four mulch treatments did not have significant difference with the control. Also, the highest amount of total N content was observed at micro catchment by hydrogel treatment. There was not any significant difference among environment and clay, silt and sand treatments and about plant establishment and, all four mulch treatments had significantly higher moisture content and establishment than the control. The results of mulch effect on water use efficiency showed that there was a significant difference between all four mulch treatments (P 0.01) and the control. The highest water use efficiency occurred in sand treatment (0.243), and the lowest was under straw mulches (0.154). Thus, considering the effects of different types of mulch on soil properties and considering the price of each, the availability and area conditions, they can be used to establish plants in desert areas, and therefore, restore these areas.

Decomposition of <i>Eucalyptus sp.</i>and <i>Pinus taeda</i>Harvest Residues under Controlled Temperature and Moisture Conditions

Background: Following the harvest of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden, Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden and Pinus taeda L. forests, an important proportion of the aerial biomass is left to decompose on the site. The decomposition process is known to alter the dynamics of nutrients in the soil, particularly N, which is essential for the growth of the next turn of the plantation. The decomposition of E. grandis, E. globulus, E. dunnii and P. taeda harvest residues (leaves/needles, twigs and bark) was studied, following individual incubation of each residue type for 6 months under controlled temperature and humidity. Net N mineralization was also determined. Chemical characteristics of the residues were tested to identify those that affect the rate of decomposition and N release. Results: The highest decomposition rates were found for Eucalyptus leaves and P. taeda needles, but the proportion of C respired by P. taeda needles was lower than that of Eucalyptus leaves. No differences among species were found in the amount of CO2 produced during incubation of twigs. The lowest decomposition rates corresponded to Eucalyptus bark. Although C loss was related to many residue characteristics, the closest relationship was observed with their C:N ratio. Higher amounts of mineral N were produced by decomposition of E. grandis and E. dunnii leaves than P. taeda needles and E. globulus leaves. Bark decomposition produced N immobilization, irrespective of the species, and for twigs, this was also true, except for P. taeda. The net N mineralization by decomposition of Eucalyptus residues was highly correlated with their total N content and the C:N and lignin:N ratios. Conclusion: The total N content and the C:N ratio of residues can be used to satisfactorily assess the decomposition and net N mineralization potential of different residues types, avoiding the need to conduct more complex determinations.

Hairy Vetch and Triticale Cover Crops for N Management in Soils

Over-application of fertilizer to cropland adversely affects both environmental and agricultural ecosystems. This study examined whether planting a legume-based winter cover crop mix offsets fertilizer application via natural nitrogen inputs. The influence of the cover crop mixture on available nutrients was also assessed. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and winter triticale (×triticosecale) cover crops were planted in fall and terminated in May. Soil fertility data was collected before and after planting the winter cover crop to determine the effect on fixing nitrogen and soil phosphorus, potassium and organic matter levels. Increases of soil ammonium were observed in plots with cover crop treatments. A triticale-hairy vetch cover crop mix was successful at scavenging P for future crops and appears to hold promise for long-term soil fertility benefits.