Enhancing Heavy Crude Oil Flow in Pipelines through Heating-Induced Viscosity Reduction in the Petroleum Industry

The process of transporting crude oil across pipelines is one of the most critical aspects of the midstream petroleum industry.In the present experimental work,the effect of temperature,pressure drop,and pipe diameter on the flow rate of heavy crude oil have been assessed.Moreover,the total discharge and energy losses have been evaluated in order to demonstrate the improvements potentially achievable by using solar heating method replacing pipe,and adjusting the value of the initial pressure difference.Crude oil of API=20 has been used for the experiments,with the studied pipelines sections connecting the separator unit to the storage tank operating at a temperature of 25℃-100℃,pressure drop of 3,4,5,and 6 kg/cm^(2),and with pipe diameter of 4,6,and 8 in.The results show that on increasing the temperature and/or the pressure drop,the flow rate through the pipeline becomes higher,thus raising the total pumping energy(as the pipe diameter increase),while energy losses increase from the last separator to the storage tank in the field.A pipe diameter increase can also produce a growth of the total pumping energy(i.e.,energy losses increase).The results of the present analysis suggest that employing an optimal temperature(50℃)is needed to ensure good performance.

A gated recurrent unit model to predict Poisson’s ratio using deep learning

Static Poisson’s ratio(vs)is crucial for determining geomechanical properties in petroleum applications,namely sand production.Some models have been used to predict vs;however,the published models were limited to specific data ranges with an average absolute percentage relative error(AAPRE)of more than 10%.The published gated recurrent unit(GRU)models do not consider trend analysis to show physical behaviors.In this study,we aim to develop a GRU model using trend analysis and three inputs for predicting n s based on a broad range of data,n s(value of 0.1627-0.4492),bulk formation density(RHOB)(0.315-2.994 g/mL),compressional time(DTc)(44.43-186.9 μs/ft),and shear time(DTs)(72.9-341.2μ s/ft).The GRU model was evaluated using different approaches,including statistical error an-alyses.The GRU model showed the proper trends,and the model data ranges were wider than previous ones.The GRU model has the largest correlation coefficient(R)of 0.967 and the lowest AAPRE,average percent relative error(APRE),root mean square error(RMSE),and standard deviation(SD)of 3.228%,1.054%,4.389,and 0.013,respectively,compared to other models.The GRU model has a high accuracy for the different datasets:training,validation,testing,and the whole datasets with R and AAPRE values were 0.981 and 2.601%,0.966 and 3.274%,0.967 and 3.228%,and 0.977 and 2.861%,respectively.The group error analyses of all inputs show that the GRU model has less than 5% AAPRE for all input ranges,which is superior to other models that have different AAPRE values of more than 10% at various ranges of inputs.

Strategic Placement of Charging Stations for Enhanced Electric Vehicle Adoption in San Diego, California

California mandated that 100% of vehicles sold must be electric by 2035. As electric vehicles (EVs) reach a higher penetration of the car sector, cities will need to provide publicly accessible charging stations to meet the charging demand of people who do not have access to a private charging spot like a personal garage. We have chosen to limit our scope to San Diego County due to its non-trivial size, well-defined shape, and dependence on personal vehicles;this project models 100% of current vehicles as electric, roughly 2.5 million. By planning for the future, our model becomes more useful as well as more equitable. We anticipate that our model will find locations that can service multiple population centers, while also maximizing distance to other stations. Sensitivity analysis and testing of our algorithms are conducted for Coronado Island, an island with 24,697 residents. Our formulation is then scaled to set the parameters for the whole county.

Comprehensive Examination of Solar Panel Design: A Focus on Thermal Dynamics

In the 21st century, the deployment of ground-based Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Modules has seen exponential growth, driven by increasing demands for green, clean, and renewable energy sources. However, their usage is constrained by certain limitations. Notably, the efficiency of solar PV modules on the ground peaks at a maximum of 25%, and there are concerns regarding their long-term reliability, with an expected lifespan of approximately 25 years without failures. This study focuses on analyzing the thermal efficiency of PV Modules. We have investigated the temperature profile of PV Modules under varying environmental conditions, such as air velocity and ambient temperature, utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This analysis is crucial as the efficiency of PV Modules is significantly impacted by changes in the temperature differential relative to the environment. Furthermore, the study highlights the effect of airflow over solar panels on their temperature. It is found that a decrease in the temperature of the PV Module increases Open Circuit Voltage, underlining the importance of thermal management in optimizing solar panel performance.

Burial and thermal maturity modeling of the Middle Cretaceous-Early Miocene petroleum system,Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf

The Cretaceous Kazhdumi and Gurpi forma- tions, Ahmadi Member of the Sarvak Formation, and Paleogene Pabdeh Formation are important source rock candidates of the Middle Cretaceous-Early Miocene pet- roleum system in the Persian Gulf. This study characterizes generation potential, type of organic matter, and thermal maturity of 262 cutting samples （marls and argillaceous limestones） from these rock units taken from 16 fields in the Iranian sector of the Persian Gulf. In addition, the burial and thermal histories of these source rocks were analyzed by one-dimensional basin modeling. Based on the total organic carbon and genetic potential values, fair hydro- carbon generation potential is suggested for the studied samples. Based on Tma~ and vitrinite reflectance values, the studied samples are thermally immature to mature for hydrocarbon generation. The generated models indicate that studied source rocks are immature in central wells. The Gurpi and Pabdeh formations are immature and the Ahmadi Member and Kazhdumi Formation are early mature in the western wells. The Pabdeh Formation is within the main oil window and other source rocks are at the late oil window in the eastern wells. The hydrocarbon expulsion from the source rocks began after deposition of related caprocks which ensures entrapment and preserva- tion of migrated hydrocarbon.

Optimizing Utilization of Petroleum Coke in Nigerian Metallurgical Industry

Utilization of petroleum coke in the rejuvenating Nigerian metallurgical industry is currently satisfied by importation from more industrialized nations of the world such as the USA, Brazil and Venezuela where delayed coking plants operate and grow in number. The sad years of poor planning have revealed lapses in integration and synergic planning of our industrial complex. The sources of petroleum coke feedstock have been identified and confirmed as atmospheric and vacuum residues of Nigerian refineries. Analysis has portrayed a symbiotic relationship between the metallurgical industry as one of the major end users of various petroleum coke grades, the shot coke, the sponge coke and the needle coke, and the petroleum industry on its part benefiting while providing ready market for steel sheet metals for even coke drum manufacture. This effort shall greatly increase the Nigerian content in these key industrial sectors, with the resultant reduction in capital flight through importation, if rethinking, and re-strategizing are injected into our industrial planning, and revamps models. Redesign options of existing refineries and reengineering of newly proposed refineries should contain resid processing units such as Delayed Coking Plant which will deepen conversion of residual petroleum feed stocks and produce various petroleum coke grades for utilization in power generation sector and our growing metallurgical and electrode industries.

Fabrication of a highly efficient new nanocomposite polymer gel for controlling the excess water production in petroleum reservoirs and increasing the performance of enhanced oil recovery processes

A new nanocomposite polymer gel is synthesized for reduction of excess water production in petroleum reservoirs at real operating conditions.This new nanocomposite gel contains SiO2 nanoparticles,partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM)and chromium triacetate.High pressure and high temperature tests using porous carbonate core are carried out to evaluate the effects of nanoparticles on the synthesized polymer gel performance.It is shown that the residual resistance factor ratio of water to oil using the synthesized polymer gel nanocomposite in this work is much higher than that of the ordinary polymer gels.The presented results confirm the high performance of the synthesized nanocomposite polymer gel for decreasing the water flow through porous carbonate bed.A mathematical model for description of oil and water flow behavior in the presence of synthesized nanocomposite polymer gel is also presented.The presented nano polymer gel leads to considerable cost saving in enhanced oil recovery(EOR)processes.

LDH-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic applications:A comprehensive review on the role of bi/trivalent cations, anions,morphology, defect engineering, memory effect, and heterojunction formation

Using sunlight to drive chemical reactions via photocatalysis is paramount for a sustainable future.Among several photocatalysts,employing layered double hydrides(LDH) for photocatalytic application is most straightforward and desirable owing to their distinctive two-dimensional(2D) lamellar structure and optical attributes.This article reviews the advancements in bimetallic/trimetallic LDHs and various strategies to achieve high efficiency toward an outstanding performing photocatalyst.Firstly,the tuning of LDH components that control the electro nic and structural properties is explained.The tu ning obtained through the adoption,combination,and incorporation of different cations and anions is also explained.The progress of modification methods,such as the adoption of different morphologies,delamination,and defect engineering towards enhanced photocatalytic activities,is discussed in the mainstream.The band engineering,structural characteristics,and redox tuning are further deliberated to maximize solar energy harvesting for different photocatalytic applications.Finally,the progress obtained in forming hierarchical heterostructures through hybridization with other semiconductors or conducting materials is systematically disclosed to get maximum photocatalytic performance.Moreover,the structural changes during the in-situ synthesis of LDH and the stability of LDH-based photocatalysts are deliberated.The review also summarizes the improvements in LDH properties obtained through modification tactics and discusses the prospects for future energy and environmental applications.

地热能在预热中的应用综述

考虑到化石燃料的环境污染和成本波动等问题,发展可再生能源技术是未来可持续能源供应的必要和必然。与太阳能和风能相比,地热能在一天中的所有时间都是可利用的。这种可再生能源适用于供暖、制冷、淡水和电力的清洁供应。地热能除了作为主要能源直接用于发电外,还可以作为辅助热源用于预热,减少温室气体排放,节约燃料。在这些系统中,利用地热热源的热量进行蒸汽预热。此外,地热能可用于其他能源系统,如制氢装置,用于预热电解过程中消耗的水。针对利用地热能进行预热的优势,综述了地热能预热系统的应用研究。通过这一研究可以看出,利用地热能进行预热在节约燃料和提高性能方面具有很大的潜力。上述系统的性能取决于系统的配置、钻孔规格和地热源温度等因素。通过实施优化,可以进一步改进这些系统。

Evaluation of Novel Chitosan Based Composites Coating on Wettability for Pure Titanium Implants

This work aims to prepare chitosan(CS)-based coated layers,CS(10 wt%nanosilver/90 wt%CS,10 wt%biotin/90 wt%CS,and 5 wt%nanosilver–5 wt%biotin)/90 wt%CS coatings are prepared,onto pure Ti substrate.The surface morphology of the novel CS composite coating was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy,atomic force microscopy(AFM),Fourier transforms infrared(FTIR)and wettability test.Results show that the addition of(biotin,nanosilver)5 Vol.%improves the properties of composite materials.Using different particles’scale size aid in improving the combinations in the alginate,producing a dual effect on film properties.Coating surface roughness decreased in the chitosan-based biocomposite with preferable homogeneity and crack-free coating layers,as confirmed by AFM.An increase in surface roughness ensured substitution,which enhanced the surface structures.The high wettability of the CS-based coating layers was due to the presence of nanoparticles,and the composite coatings with CS,nanosilver,or biotin had excellent wettability because of the good hydrophilic nature of the CS matrix combined with reinforced particles.The FTIR results showed that peaks of the blending of CS plus nanoparticles,CS plus biotin,or CS plus nanosilver plus biotin were excellent matching with no changes in the structure of the matrix.

A Deep Learning Ensemble Method for Forecasting Daily Crude Oil Price Based on Snapshot Ensemble of Transformer Model

The oil industries are an important part of a country’s economy.The crude oil’s price is influenced by a wide range of variables.Therefore,how accurately can countries predict its behavior and what predictors to employ are two main questions.In this view,we propose utilizing deep learning and ensemble learning techniques to boost crude oil’s price forecasting performance.The suggested method is based on a deep learning snapshot ensemble method of the Transformer model.To examine the superiority of the proposed model,this paper compares the proposed deep learning ensemble model against different machine learning and statistical models for daily Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)oil price forecasting.Experimental results demonstrated the outperformance of the proposed method over statistical and machine learning methods.More precisely,the proposed snapshot ensemble of Transformer method achieved relative improvement in the forecasting performance compared to autoregressive integrated moving average ARIMA(1,1,1),ARIMA(0,1,1),autoregressive moving average(ARMA)(0,1),vector autoregression(VAR),random walk(RW),support vector machine(SVM),and random forests(RF)models by 99.94%,99.62%,99.87%,99.65%,7.55%,98.38%,and 99.35%,respectively,according to mean square error metric.

High-resolution coupling of stratigraphic'sweet-spot'lithofacies and petrophysical properties:A multiscale study of Ordovician Goldwyer Formation,Western Australia

The identification of stratigraphic'sweet-spot'interval is significant in oil and gas formation evaluation.However,formation evaluation in macroscopic-scale merely provides low resolution and limited infor-mation,thus may lead to uncertainties in resource estimation.To accurately identify the'sweet-spot'intervals amongst heterogeneous lithofacies,we conducted a very high-resolution and quantitative analysis from in-situ macroscopic scale to laboratory microscopic scale on the Goldwyer formation of Canning Basin,Western Australia.The comprehensive advanced well logging and slim-compact micro imager(SCMI)technologies were synthetically applied in couple with the laboratory nanoscaled ex-periments.The results unveiled an extraordinarily large lithofacies heterogeneity between different rock intervals,with distinguished features shown in Goldwyer Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ members.The most favorable lithofacies is recognized as the laminated argillaceous thermally-matured organic matter(OM)-rich mudstone,which is widely developed in Goldwyer Ⅲ as the major attributor to'sweet-spot'intervals.Goldwyer Ⅱ is exclusively characterized by thick mudstone intervals(94.4%),interbedded with thin calcareous mudstones(5.5%),corresponding to a depositional environment of low-energy distal section of the outer ramp settings.Microscopically,the most favorable lithofacies in'sweet-spot'intervals develop numerous OM-/mineral nanopores for hydrocarbon storage.Illite-rich lithofacies develops abundant inter-particle pores from 2 to 17 nm that mainly contribute to pore volume for free gas storage capacity.OM-rich lithofacies with higher maturity have OM-pores with good connectivity,bearing large specific surface area that is beneficial for adsorbed gas capacity.

Recent advances in titanium carbide MXene-based nanotextures with influential effect of synthesis parameters for solar CO_(2)reduction and H_(2)production:A critical review

Photocatalytic solar to energy conversion is considered an attractive approach for overcoming energy crises and environmental concerns.Recently,titanium carbide(Ti_(3)C_(2))MXenes have been recognized as promising cocatalysts based on their metallic conductivity,excessive active reaction sites,and enlarged surface area.The current review focuses on the properties and applications of Ti_(3)C_(2)MXenes useful in the field of photocatalysis.More specifically,surface modification of Ti_(3)C_(2)MXenes by varying synthesis parameters to get pure materials and also composites with the role of functional groups towards solar energy conversion applications is highlighted in this review.The effect of etching and oxidizing pathways to get an efficient cocatalyst has been discussed in detail.Considering the significant effect of parameters,optimum synthesis conditions such as etchant type,concentration,time and type of intercalant in both the Ti_(3)C_(2)synthesis approaches for improved photoactivity are discussed.Additionally,the surface modification of Ti_(3)C_(2)through oxidation for TiO2growth on its surface is deliberated with a detailed discussion on etchant type,concentration,etching time,and environmental factors.The optimum oxidation condition,including temperature,time,and environment for thermal treatment of Ti_(3)C_(2),were also included.Lastly,the review summarizes the conclusion and future perspectives for solar energy conversion applications.

Gibbs自由能最小化法计算二氧化碳-烃-水系统相平衡

油-气-水三相的相平衡计算是二氧化碳驱物性参数分析及数值模拟研究的核心问题之一。Gibbs自由能最小化法基于相平衡的热力学理论,适应性广、计算稳定,比较适合二氧化碳-烃-水系统的相平衡计算。通过引入相稳定性变量,采用拉格朗日乘数法计算多相多组分系统Gibbs自由能的最小化问题,由Newton-Raphson迭代法求解相应的控制方程。迭代计算时,二氧化碳和烃类组分气-油平衡常数的初值采用Wilson公式进行计算。气相和油相的状态方程采用SRK方程。分别计算了凝析气、酸气和二氧化碳-烃混合物3个算例的相平衡问题,计算值同实验实测值符合良好,验证了算法的准确性。分别对二氧化碳-烃系统和二氧化碳-烃-水系统算例的相平衡进行了计算,研究了一定温度和压力条件下,系统内二氧化碳和水的含量对烃类组分平衡常数的影响。

颗粒-流体密度比对两相流动不稳定性影响的格子-Boltzmann方法模拟

采用格子-Boltzmann方法模拟周期性边界计算域内的颗粒流化。计算采用的流化系统Archimedes数为1 432,对应于颗粒终端Reynolds数为30。研究模拟颗粒浓度为25%,颗粒-流体密度比为2~1 000时,密度比对流体-颗粒流动不稳定性的影响。密度比的范围对应由液固到气固的两相流动。颗粒与颗粒之间的碰撞采用弹性碰撞。研究获得颗粒平均速度、速度方差、偏度及峰度随密度比变化的规律。结合结构因子的分析,因密度比变化使颗粒-流体流动由稳定转变为不稳定的过程中颗粒速度特性变化与聚团形成的关系被确定,也确定了不稳定流动产生时所对应的密度比范围。

基于纳米压痕技术的破碎煤样力学特性实验研究

在煤系地层中,与完整坚硬岩石不同,煤体松软破碎、强度低。受地应力和开采扰动的影响,松软破碎煤体内部裂隙进一步发育,强度进一步弱化,很难获得标准的完整煤样进行常规的拉压剪力学测试。煤体力学参数的缺失增加了采煤、掘进、支护和瓦斯抽采等采矿活动的风险。因此,探究新的力学实验方法对于煤矿生产活动非常有必要。文章采用纳米压痕技术测试破碎煤体的硬度、弹性模量和断裂韧度,分析了不同力学参数之间的联系。纳米压痕实验设计4个峰值荷载,每个峰值荷载进行12次实验,阐述了煤的力学特性与峰值荷载之间的关系。结合X射线衍射和扫描电镜实验,讨论了煤样矿物组分对其力学性质的影响规律。实验结果表明,峰值荷载在1~30 mN,煤的硬度和弹性模量不随峰值荷载的增加而明显变化;然而,煤的断裂韧度随峰值荷载的增加有增大的趋势。峰值荷载为1,5,10和30 mN时,煤的平均断裂韧度为0.40,0.36,0.61和0.77 MPa·m0.5。煤的纳米压痕硬度、弹性模量和断裂韧度具有明显的线性关系。硬度和弹性模量之间的线性关系与峰值荷载无关;断裂韧度与弹性模量之间的线性关系受峰值荷载的影响。煤是以有机质为基体的非均质岩土材料,其力学性质和矿物组分密切相关。石英强度高,能够强化煤基质的力学特性;高岭石松软,使煤具有软弱大变形特性。采用纳米压痕技术研究破碎煤体力学特性,具有操作方便,数据可靠和测试精确的优点。

Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on rheological properties of asphaltenic crude oils

In this work, the rheological changes of several crude oil samples exposed to ultrasonic waves for different time intervals in addition to the effect of temperature on viscosity behavior of heavy crude oils were investigated using a series of steady shear flow and oscillatory tests. The colloidal structural evolutions of flocs in oil samples were illustrated by analysis of the size distribution of flocculated asphaltene particles （confocal microscopy tests）. The rheological investigations indicate that the ultrasonic irradiation dissolved heavy components in crude oil. After ultrasonic treatment, the Kouh-e-Mond crude oil was found to be pseudoplastic. In addition, confocal microscopy confirms that there was an optimum duration for ultrasonic irradiation, at which the viscosity and flocculation rate of asphaltenic crude oils reduced to the minimum values. The optimum was found to be approximately 40 min for the Kouh-e-Mond crude oil. Experimental results illustrate that the ultrasonic irradiation could disaggregate heavy colloid components in crude oil, and breakdown of asphaltene molecules would only occur in a specific time interval of irradiation. Also according to the temperature sweep test, the oil temperature rise caused by ultrasonic irradiation was not the main reason for theological changes of the crude oil and this alteration may be due to physical and chemical phenomena induced by sonication in crude oil.

Influence of ECAP as grain refinement technique on microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of pure aluminum

Pure aluminum samples were processed by equal channel angular pressing（ECAP） up to 10 passes at room temperature. The effects of the ECAP number of passes on the microstructure evolution, the mechanical properties, deformation homogeneity and corrosion behavior of the processed samples were fully investigated. The imposed strain resulted in an obvious reduction in the grain size from 390 μm before ECAP down to 1.8, 0.4, and 0.3 μm after ECAP up to 2, 4 and 10 passes, respectively. The microhardness, deformation homogeneity and tensile strength were increased while the elongation decreased with the increase of ECAP number of passes. Immersion tests, open circuit potential, Tafel polarization, cyclic polarization and potentiostatic measurements in 3.5% Na Cl solution revealed an obvious improvement in the corrosion resistance of ECAP processed samples compared with the as-cast sample. The increase of the number of passes can be used successfully in producing ultra-fine grained（UFG） bulk pure aluminum sample with a high misorientation angle, reasonably high mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

低渗透含水层储气库储气过程中气-水-岩相互作用及储气量影响因素

利用室内岩心实验研究了低渗透含水层储气库天然气储气过程中气-水-岩相互作用以及影响储气过程的主要参数。研究表明,实验条件下储气量占岩心孔隙体积的百分比为6%～20%。注气速度对储气量有重要影响,注气速度较高时,储气量较高。提高压力也会使储气量增加。统计分析表明,注气速度比压力对储气量的影响更大。储气时间对储气过程也有影响,长期储存后会有大部分天然气滞留在储集层中无法被采出。原子吸收光谱分析表明,将天然气注入盐水饱和岩心的过程中,盐水中的离子浓度和水蒸发量增大,可能形成沉淀物,降低岩石的孔隙度和渗透率。气相色谱分析表明,在岩心中储存后,天然气中二氧化碳浓度降低,甲烷浓度增加。

A comprehensive review of the effect of different kinetic promoters on methane hydrate formation

Gas hydrates have recently emerged as a better alternative for the production,storage,and transportation of natural gases.However,factors like slow formation rate and limited storage capacity obstruct the possible industrial application of this technique.Different types of promoters and synergists have been developed that can improve the kinetics and storage capacity of gas hydrates.This review focuses on different kinetic promoters and synergists that can be utilized to enhance the storage capacity of hydrates.The main characteristics,structure and the possible limitations of the use of these promoters are likewise portrayed in detail.The relationship between structure and storage capacity of hydrates have also been discussed in the review.Current status of production of gas from hydrates,their restrictions,and future difficulties have additionally been addressed in the ensuing areas of the review.