Assessing the Efficacy of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) Extracts in Combating Black Pod Disease: Sustainable Solutions for Controlling Phytophthora megakarya in Cameroon’s Cocoa Plantations

The use of plant extracts as antifungal agents is gaining increasing attention, particularly for the control of black pod disease in cocoa. Despite extensive research, current strategies haven’t been entirely effective. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Cymbopogon citratus and Blumea balsamifora leaf extracts, both individually and in combination, against Phytophthora megakarya. We assessed the efficacy of the most promising combination (75% B. balsamifera, 25% C. citratus) after storage at room temperature for up to 9 days. Agar microdilution and in vivo bioassays were conducted to determine antifungal susceptibility and effectiveness. Blumea extract exhibited the highest overall inhibitory activity, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (117 µl mL−1) while C. citratus had a narrower range of MIC (146 to 233 µl mL−1). The combination of C. citratus and B. balsamifera demonstrated a synergistic effect against P. megakarya, achieving growth inhibition on V8 media (92.72 ± 4.20% to 100%) and on artificially infected detached pod cortex (92.24 ± 4.53% to 98.75 ± 1.25%), which was not significantly different from the positive control (Ridomil). Furthermore, this combination maintained its effectiveness for up to 9 days at room temperature. These findings suggest that combining plant extracts can enhance their antifungal properties.

Overview and detectability of the genetic modifications in ornamental plants

The market of ornamental plants is extremely competitive,and for many species genetic engineering can be used to introduce original traits of high commercial interest.However,very few genetically modified(GM)ornamental varieties have reached the market so far.Indeed,the authorization process required for such plants has a strong impact on the profitability of the development of such products.Considering the numerous scientific studies using genetic modification on ornamental species of interest,a lot of transformed material has been produced,could be of commercial interest and could therefore be unintentionally released on the market.The unintentional use of GM petunia in breeding programs has indeed recently been observed.This review lists scientific publications using GM ornamental plants and tries to identify whether these plants could be detected by molecular biology tools commonly used by control laboratories.

Robust molecular detection of the new Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in infected tomato and pepper plants from Turkey

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus(ToBRFV)causes severe fruit loss in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)and pepper(Capsicum annuum)plants.It is an emerging Tobamovirus that is spreading globally.The major challenge is to develop a reliable method for the detection of the virus,and to better characterize the symptoms it causes.The aims of this study,therefore,were to characterize the symptom development on tomato and pepper plants,and to establish a reliable detection method for the virus.Following infection of the tomato and pepper plants with ToBRFV,the leaves turned chlorotic,mosaic or mottled,while the fruit became rugose,necrotic and marbled,and showed discoloration with yellow or brown spots.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)revealed single rod-like virus particles characteristic of the Tobamoviruses.Classical reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR)and quantitative PCR(qPCR)with specific primers and probes confirmed that the virus is ToBRFV.We found that the resistance genes from tomato,Tm-2^(2),and pepper,L1,L2,L3 and L4,did not confer resistance to ToBRFV.Here,we present a PCR-based method as a diagnostic test for detecting ToBRFV in infected seeds.This method will help to prevent further spread of the virus in commercial seeds.

Viral pathogens and plant parasitic nematode

This special focus is dedicated to three parts：i）One of the most ubiquitous viral pathogens of stone fruit tree,Plum pox virus（PPV）;ii）a re-emerging pathogen,Wheat streak mosaic virus（WSMV）of cereal crops in Central Europe;and iii）a less studied plant parasitic,cyst-forming nematode in cereal crops Heterodera avenae.

Two mutations in the truncated Rep gene RBR domain delayed the Wheat dwarf virus infection in transgenic barley plants

Wheat dwarf virus （WDV）, an important cereal pathogen, is closely related to Maize streak virus （MSV）, a model virus of the Mastrevirus genus. Based on its similarity to known MSV resistance strategies, a truncated part of the WDV replication- associated （RepA） gene （WDVRepA215） and the WDV RepA gene with a mutated retinoblastoma-related protein （RBR） interaction domain （WDVRepA215RBRre^t） were cloned into the plPKb002 expression vector and transformed into immature embryos of spring barley cv. Golden Promise plants through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A detailed study of T1-generation plants infected by leafhoppers （Psammotettix alienus） fed on infection sources of variable strength was performed over a 5-week period encompassing the initial stages of virus infection. A DNA WDV TaqMan qPCR assay normalized using the DNA puroindoline-b SYBR Green qPCR assay for samples on a per week basis revealed an approximately 2-week delay in WDVRepA215RBR^mut plants to WDVRepA215 plants before significant increases in the WDV viral levels occurred. Both WDVRepA215 and WDVRepA215RBR^mut plants showed similar levels of transgenic transcripts over the screened period; however, the transgenic plants also showed increased numbers of infected plants compared to the control plants.

PnSCR82,a small cysteine-rich secretory protein of Phytophthora nicotianae,can enhance defense responses in plants

A number of plant pathogenic species of Phytophthora are known to produce different classes of secretory proteins during interactions with their hosts.Although several small cysteine-rich(SCR)secretory proteins,conserved in oomycete pathogens,have been identified in Phytophthora,their specific involvement in these interactions remains unknown.In this study,an SCR effector encoded by Pn SCR82 in P.nicotianae was identified and shown to have similarities to P.cactorum phytotoxic protein,Pc F(Phytophthora cactorum Fragaria).Agroinfection with potato virus X vector,Pn SCR82,was capable of inducing plant hypersensitive cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicum.Real-time PCR results indicated that transiently expressed Pn SCR82 in N.benthamiana leaves activated the jasmonate,salicylic acid and ethylene signaling pathways.Transient expression of Pn SCR82 enhanced plant resisitance to P.capsici.In summary,our results demonstrated that P.nicotianae Pn SCR82 elicits defensive responses in N.benthamiana and may potentially play a significant role in future crop protection programs.

Assessment of Seed-Borne Plant Pathogenic Fungi Associated with Rice Crop in South-Eastern Nigeria

This study was conducted to assess the incidence of seed-borne fungi on rice seeds sourced from the major rice growing areas of South-Eastern Nigeria. The rice seeds were collected during the dry seasons between 2009 and 2010. Four hundred rice seeds randomly collected and surface sterilized by washing in 3% sodium hypochlorite and rinsed two times with sterile distilled water were placed in three circular rings inside the Petri dishes. The incubation was done one after the other for each variety from all the locations. Ten fungi species from eight genera were isolated from the rice seeds in all the rice growing areas of South-Eastern Nigeria. The fungi pathogens vary from one locality to another, as well as the frequency of occurrence. The pathogens isolated include： Fusarium moniliforme, F. solani, F. oxysporium, Aspergillus spp., Botridiploidia spp., Helminthosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoconis padwickii, Curvularia oryzae and Phoma oryzae. Though, there was the presence of some seed-borne fungi in the rice seeds from the areas studied, most of the cultivars experienced up to 90% germination. But some cultivars had very low germination. IR 1416 from Arochukwu and GB90 from Arondiuzogu had less than 1% germination. This study shows that seed-borne organisms are major constraint in rice production in the South-Eastern states of Nigeria as a result of low seed germination stemmed from infestation of fungi organisms in the seeds.

A Survey on the Methods of Primer Design Among Plant Pathologists in Australia and New Zealand

Designing primers for PCR-based diagnostics was achieved by executing sight searches on DNA sequences. Visual searching for specific DNA targets is time consuming, subjective and requires optimisation among numerous candidate primer sets. Several primer design software have been linked to useful bioinformatic packages to speed the development of PCR assays. Despite the software options available, primer design has remained a challenging aspect of incursion responses, biosecurity emergencies and microbial forensic applications. Two surveys were conducted among 45 plant virologists and 21 other plant pathologists during the 7th Australasian Plant Virology Workshop and the 16th Biennial Australasian Plant Pathology Conference in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Results show that most primer design learning occurs scientist to scientist rather than during academic teaching. This tendency matches with 16% of scientists users of PCR, who do not engage in primer design and 25% designing primers only by visual means, combining a pool of 41% who if trained, would likely enhance their performance in primer design. Only 13 out of 58 scientists ranked themselves as experts. Implementing primer design in study programs and regional training will benefit plant pathology and entomology, and the responsiveness and performance of biosecurity and microbial forensics in the South Pacific.

丙硫菌唑合成工艺中副产物形成分析

在丙硫菌唑不同合成路线及纯化过程中会发生一些副反应,导致副产物的产生,严重影响工艺收率及产品质量。通过研究工艺、分离副产物和1H NMR、13C NMR、ESI-MS或X-射线衍射等结构表征,明确了丙硫菌唑3种主要合成路线中所生成的2-(1-氯环丙基)-1-(2-氯苯基)-3-(4H-1,2,4-三唑-4-基)-2-丙醇(7)、6-(2-氯苄基)-6-(1-氯环丙基)-5,6-二氢-4H-1,3,4-噁二嗪-4-硫代甲酰胺(8)、丙硫菌唑缩合物(9)和2-(2-氯苄基)-2-((5-硫酮-4,5-二氢-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)甲基)环丁酮(10) 4种主要副产物及其结构。其中,副产物8首次在取代肼-丙酮合成路线中被发现。通过工艺分析和验证进一步阐明了4种副产物的形成机制,为丙硫菌唑产品的合成路线选择、工艺控制及产品质量的提高提供了有益参考。

多杀霉素/羧甲基壳聚糖缓释悬浮剂的制备

基于羧甲基壳聚糖在等电点附近溶解度低的特性,采用pH调节法制备多杀霉素/羧甲基壳聚糖缓释悬浮剂,并初步探究其对小菜蛾幼虫的防治效果。结果表明:缓释悬浮剂适宜的制备条件为羧甲基壳聚糖盐酸溶液质量分数1.0%,多杀霉素甲醇溶液质量分数1.5%,羧甲基壳聚糖与多杀霉素的质量比2∶1,15000 r/min下剪切乳化3 min。缓释悬浮剂呈乳白色,载药量、包封率和中位粒径分别约为25%、74%和48μm,稀释施用时粒径降为约3μm。红外光谱分析表明,羧甲基壳聚糖成功包封多杀霉素,其相互间作用力主要为物理吸附。相对传统悬浮剂,多杀霉素/羧甲基壳聚缓释悬浮剂在防治小菜蛾方面具有优异的速效性和更长的持效期,在多杀霉素减施增效方面具有一定的应用潜力。

新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉、噻虫啉和啶虫脒及代谢物在水稻及非靶标水生生物中的痕量检测方法及其应用

为了阐明新烟碱类杀虫剂对水稻和非靶标水生生物的残留特性和安全性,建立了水稻、非靶标水生生物斑马鱼Danio rerio和大型溞Daphnia magna、水体中3种新烟碱类杀虫剂(吡虫啉、噻虫啉、啶虫脒)及其7种代谢物的痕量检测分析方法。采用QuEChERS方法进行样品前处理,高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测,目标化合物均采用外标法定量。结果表明:10种目标化合物的溶剂标准曲线和基质标准曲线在1~1000μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,决定系数为0.991~0.999;10种目标化合物在6种基质中的平均回收率为71.16%~118.57%,相对标准偏差为0.54%~18.04%,水稻、斑马鱼、营养液和水中10种目标化合物的定量限为10μg/kg(大型溞中的定量限为50μg/kg),满足残留分析方法的要求。运用所建立的方法探究了3种新烟碱类杀虫剂在水稻及非靶标水生生物(斑马鱼和大型溞)中的吸收累积和代谢行为,结果表明这3种农药在水稻中的转运系数均大于7,极易向地上部分迁移;在非靶标水生生物中的富集系数均小于2 mL/g,为低富集性农药。

寄主转换对南亚果实蝇不同虫态主要酶活性的影响

【目的】探索取食罗汉果[Siraitia grosvenorii(Swingle)C.Jeffery]的南亚果实蝇[Bactrocera tau(Walker)]在寄主转换后不同虫态体内主要酶活性的变化,以期从生理生化角度解析南亚果实蝇的寄主适应机制,为南亚果实蝇的有效防控提供理论依据。【方法】以采集自罗汉果果园并在室内连续用罗汉果饲养2年的南亚果实蝇种群为试验材料,分别用南瓜、丝瓜、黄瓜和罗汉果4种寄主转接室内饲养的南亚果实蝇,对取食不同寄主后的南亚果实蝇5日龄幼虫、2日龄蛹和7日龄成虫体内抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)]、解毒酶[谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)]、消化酶[胃蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶(LPS)]和水解酶[海藻糖酶(THL)]活性进行测定。【结果】取食不同寄主的南亚果实蝇体内SOD活性均在成虫期显著高于其他虫态(P<0.05,下同);取食罗汉果的幼虫期和成虫期南亚果实蝇CAT活性显著高于取食其他寄主处理,且取食不同寄主的南亚果实蝇CAT活性在成虫期低于(除取食南瓜的成虫期南亚果实蝇CAT活性稍高于蛹期外)或显著低于其他虫态。各虫态取食罗汉果的南亚果实蝇GST活性均高于或显著高于同龄期取食其他寄主处理,取食不同寄主的南亚果实蝇GST活性均在成虫期显著低于其他虫态;取食罗汉果的幼虫期和蛹期南亚果实蝇CarE活性高于或显著高于取食其他寄主处理。同一虫态,取食罗汉果的南亚果实蝇α-淀粉酶活性均高于或显著高于取食其他寄主处理;取食南瓜的幼虫期南亚果实蝇LPS活性高于其他寄主和虫态;成虫期取食不同寄主的南亚果实蝇THL活性差异显著,其中取食南瓜的南亚果实蝇THL活性显著高于取食其他寄主处理,取食罗汉果的南亚果实蝇THL活性则显著低于取食其他寄主处理。【结论】南亚果实蝇对罗汉果的适应性更高,与南瓜、丝瓜和黄瓜相比,罗汉果更适合南亚果实蝇生长发育。

大灰优蚜蝇雌成虫足感器扫描电镜分析

【目的】分析大灰优蚜蝇Eupeodes corollae雌成虫胸足的感器类型、特征及分布,为天敌昆虫食蚜蝇产卵选择机制奠定形态学基础。【方法】利用扫描电镜技术观察其足上感器的超微结构。【结果】大灰优蚜蝇雌成虫胸足由基节、转节、腿节、胫节、跗节和前跗节6个部分组成,其上分布5种类型的感器,分别为锥形感器(3种亚型Ⅰ~Ⅲ)、毛形感器(长毛形感器2种亚型Ⅰ~Ⅱ;短毛形感器2种亚型Ⅰ~Ⅱ)、刺形感器(2种亚型Ⅰ~Ⅱ)、Bohm氏鬃毛和微毛感器。锥形感器仅分布于足跗节,其中锥形感器Ⅰ亚型顶端具孔,在化学感受过程中发挥重要的作用;毛形感器和刺形感器在雌成虫胸足腿节、胫节和跗节均有分布,这2种类型感器的毛干表面有纵脊,无壁孔,基部具可活动的臼状窝,是典型的机械感器;Bohm氏鬃毛和微毛感器数量较多,散布在各类感器之间。【结论】在大灰优蚜蝇雌成虫胸足上鉴定了5种类型的感器,足跗节上的感器类型和数量最多,是足上重要的化学感受区域。

桔小实蝇BdorOBP2对甲基丁香酚及其结构类似物的结合分析

本文研究了桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis气味结合蛋白BdorOBP2对甲基丁香酚(ME)及其结构类似物的结合特性,以期为基于蛋白结构的新型引诱剂的分子设计提供靶标蛋白。本研究扩增获得气味结合蛋白BdorOBP2基因并进行序列分析。三维结构预测显示,BdorOBP2具有6个α螺旋,同时含有6个保守的半胱氨酸残基。荧光定量结果表明BdorOBP2在雌雄虫触角中的表达水平最高,同时在足、翅等组织中表现出性别差异表达特性,推测BdorOBP2具有识别性信息素和寄主挥发物的双重作用。在对BdorOBP2蛋白表达和纯化的基础上,采用荧光竞争结合试验分析了BdorOBP2与甲基丁香酚及其类似物的结合能力,结果显示BdorOBP2蛋白对丁香酚、异丁香酚、甲基丁香酚、异丁香酚甲醚等4种化合物的结合能力相当。BdorOBP2在感受寄主挥发物及性信息素过程中挥发重要作用,为基于靶标蛋白的新型行为调控剂的分子设计提供了重要参考。

亚洲柑橘木虱对两种寄主植物嫩芽及其挥发物的行为反应

亚洲柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama是柑橘嫩梢期的重要害虫,也是柑橘黄龙病的传播媒介。本文采用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用技术(GC-MS)测定了九里香Murraya exotica L.、砂糖橘Citrus reticulate cv. Shatangju不同发育状态嫩芽的挥发性成分,并利用四臂嗅觉仪测定了亚洲柑橘木虱成虫对九里香和砂糖橘嫩芽中的4种共有挥发性成分葎草烯、正己醛、石竹烯、反式-2-己烯醛的趋性反应,从行为学反应和化学成分等方面深入研究了亚洲柑橘木虱和寄主植物挥发物的关系,以期探究植物源气味在亚洲柑橘木虱寄主选择中的作用。结果表明:(1)砂糖橘未展开嫩芽、半展开嫩芽分别含有36种、41种挥发性物质,全展开嫩芽和新叶分别含有32种和37种挥发性物质,九里香未展开嫩芽和展开嫩芽分别含有20种和14种挥发性物质;(2)两种植物不同发育状态嫩芽的共有挥发物有8种,分别是葎草烯、正己醛、石竹烯、反式-2-己烯醛、[S-(E,E)]-1-乙基-5-亚甲基-8-(1-甲基乙基)-1,6-环癸二烯、α-荜澄茄油烯、γ-芹子烯和δ-杜松烯;(3)亚洲柑橘木虱成虫对10μL/mL石竹烯、100μL/mL反式-2-己烯醛以及1μL/mL葎草烯有明显的正趋性,研究结果可为亚洲柑橘木虱引诱剂的开发提供依据。

澳洲石斛疫病病原菌的鉴定及其杀菌剂毒力测定

澳洲石斛(Dendrobium kingianum)属于兰科石斛属植物,在我国作为观赏植物被广泛种植。近年来,广东省澳洲石斛生产上发生一种疫病,该病害为害茎杆和叶片,引起受害部位变褐腐烂,植株死亡,对生产造成严重的影响。从发病的澳洲石斛上分离获得一种真菌,通过致病性测定显示,该菌可以侵染健康的澳洲石斛盆栽植株引起发病,表现出的症状与大田症状相似。从接种发病的植株上再次分离得到的菌株与接种菌的形态特征一致,说明原分离菌为引起澳洲石斛疫病的病原菌。通过形态学特征观察和β-微管蛋白基因(β-tubulin,tub)序列分析对分离菌株进行了鉴定。该菌株的形态学特征与棕榈疫霉(Phytophthora palmivora)基本一致。BLAST比对分析发现,本研究中的2个菌株(SHL918和SHL921)的tub基因序列与棕榈疫霉的相似性均为99%。在基于tub基因构建的系统发育树上,研究菌株与棕榈疫霉聚在同一分支上,支持率为100%。因此,结合形态学特征和系统发育分析将引起澳洲石斛疫病的病原菌鉴定为棕榈疫霉(P.palmivora)。棕榈疫霉侵染澳洲石斛引起疫病为首次报道。进一步采用菌丝生长速率法测定10种杀菌剂对澳洲石斛疫病病原菌的毒力作用,结果显示,双炔酰菌胺、烯酰吗啉、甲霜灵和精甲霜灵·代森锰锌4种杀菌剂对该病原菌的毒力较强,EC50分别为0.00003、0.0628、0.2381、0.5457μg/mL;其次是百菌清、嘧菌酯和代森锰锌,EC50均小于10μg/mL;而霜霉威盐酸盐和三乙膦酸铝的抑制效果差,EC50均大于100μg/mL;多菌灵对该病原菌基本无抑制作用,EC50大于1000μg/mL。本研究结果可为澳洲石斛疫病的田间防治提供理论依据。

海洋源钙肥用量对大白菜生长与营养品质的影响

为解决胶州大白菜生产中钙肥适宜用量不明问题并提升大白菜的营养品质,以‘胶白1号’为供试品种,以15-15-15氮磷钾复合肥为基肥(施肥量750 kg/hm^(2)),分别设置增施海洋源钙肥CaO 0、150、300、600、1200 kg/hm^(2)共5个处理,分析大白菜的生长状况和营养品质。结果表明,增施300 kg/hm^(2)CaO的处理,大白菜产量、叶绿素相对含量、光系统Ⅱ初级光能转换率、株型比、钙肥利用率和CaO偏生产力等生长指标好,大白菜的大量元素和中量元素含量高。冗余分析表明,大白菜产量及全磷、全钾、全钙、全镁质量分数等指标与钙肥用量呈显著正相关。结构方程模型拟合结果表明,钙肥影响大白菜的全钙、全镁质量分数,进而影响全磷、全钾质量分数,并促进增产。推荐胶州大白菜优质高产高效生产模式中增施CaO 300 kg/hm^(2)。

马铃薯野生近缘种抗PVY种质资源分子标记辅助筛选

为拓宽四倍体(2n=4x=48)马铃薯栽培种抗马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)的遗传背景,对56份马铃薯野生近缘种进行了PVY抗性分子标记(RYSC3、YES3-3A和Ry364)辅助筛选。PCR检测结果显示,含有Ry_(adg)抗性基因(源自Solanum tuberosum ssp.andigena)分子标记RYSC3的材料有13份,其中二倍体(2n=2x=24)3份,四倍体6份,六倍体(2n=6x=72)4份;含有Ry_(sto)抗性基因(源自S.stoloniferum Schlechtdal)分子标记YES3-3A的材料有4份,其中二倍体1份,四倍体2份,染色体倍性未确定材料1份;含有Ry_(chc)抗性基因(源自S.chacoense Bitter)分子标记Ry364的材料有23份,其中二倍体6份,四倍体4份,六倍体13份。含有RYSC3、YES3-3A和Ry364中任意2种标记的材料有7份,同时含有3种标记的材料仅有OCH 14180a(S.stoloniferum Schlechtdal)。这些种质资源可用于马铃薯抗病毒品种选育、种质创新与基因挖掘。

6.5%芳姜黄酮乳油防治草莓白粉病田间药效试验评价

草莓白粉病是草莓生产中的常见病害。试验目的在于测试6.5%芳姜黄酮乳油对草莓白粉病的田间防治效果。用43%氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂和300 g/L醚菌·啶酰菌悬浮剂作为对照药剂,在上海市青浦区开展田间药效小区及大区试验。结果显示,小区试验末次用药后7 d 6.5%芳姜黄酮乳油稀释150倍液处理组防治效果为75.01%,显著优于对照药剂防治效果(P<0.01)。大区试验结果与小区试验结果趋势一致。说明6.5%芳姜黄酮乳油防治草莓白粉病效果良好,且对草莓植株安全,是一种具有开发潜力的新型植物源杀菌剂。

Identification and characterization of FpRco1 in regulating vegetative growth and pathogenicity based on T-DNA insertion in Fusarium pseudograminearum

Fusarium pseudograminearum is a devastating pathogen that causes Fusarium crown rot(FCR)in wheat and poses a significant threat to wheat production in terms of grain yield and quality.However,the mechanism by which F.pseudograminearum infects wheat remains unclear.In this study,we aimed to elucidate these mechanisms by constructing a T-DNA insertion mutant library for the highly virulent strain WZ-8A of F.pseudograminearum.By screening this mutant library,we identified nine independent mutants that displayed impaired pathogenesis in barley leaves.Among these mutants,one possessed a disruption in the gene FpRCO1 that is an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RCO1,encoding essential component of the Rpd3S histone deacetylase complex in F.pseudograminearum.To further investigate the role of FpRCO1 in F.pseudograminearum,we employed a split-marker approach to knock out FpRCO1 in F.pseudograminearum WZ-8A.FpRCO1 deletion mutants exhibit reduced vegetative growth,conidium production,and virulence in wheat coleoptiles and barley leaves,whereas the complementary strain restores these phenotypes.Moreover,under stress conditions,the FpRCO1 deletion mutants exhibited increased sensitivity to NaCl,sorbitol,and SDS,but possessed reduced sensitivity to H_(2)O_(2)compared to these characteristics in the wild-type strain.RNA-seq analysis revealed that deletion of FpRCO1 affected gene expression(particularly the downregulation of TRI gene expression),thus resulting in significantly reduced deoxynivalenol(DON)production.In summary,our findings highlight the pivotal role of FpRCO1 in regulating vegetative growth and development,asexual reproduction,DON production,and pathogenicity of F.pseudograminearum.This study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying F.pseudograminearum infection in wheat and may pave the way for the development of novel strategies to combat this devastating disease.