Modelling the viscoplastic behaviour of Callovo-Oxfordian claystone with consideration of damage effect

In order to evaluate the performance of deep geological disposal of radioactive waste,an underground research laboratory(URL)was constructed by Andra in the Callovo-Oxfordian(COx)claystone formation at the Meuse/Haute-Marne(MHM).The construction of URL induced the excavation damage of host formations,and the ventilation in the galleries desaturated the host formation close to the gallery wall.Moreover,it is expected that the mechanical behaviour of COx claystone is time-dependent.This study presents a constitutive model developed to describe the viscoplastic behaviour of unsaturated and damaged COx claystone.In this model,the unsaturation effect is considered by adopting the Bishop effective stress and the van Genuchten(VG)water retention model.In terms of the viscoplastic behaviour,the nonstationary flow surface(NSFS)theory for unsaturated soils is used with consideration of the coupled effects of strain rate and suction on the yield stress.A progressive hardening law is adopted.Meanwhile,a non-associated flow rule is used,which is similar to that in Barcelona basic model(BBM).In addition,to describe the damage effect induced by suction change and viscoplastic loading,a damage function is defined based on the crack volume proportion.This damage function contains two variables:unsaturated effective stress and viscoplastic volumetric strain,with the related parameters determined based on the mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)tests.For the model validation,different tests on COx claystone under different loading paths are simulated.Comparisons between experimental and simulated results indicated that the present model is able to well describe the viscoplastic behaviour of damaged COx claystone,including swelling/shrinkage,triaxial extension and compression,and triaxial creep.

A Calculation Method of Double Strength Reduction for Layered Slope Based on the Reduction of Water Content Intensity

The calculation of the factor of safety(FOS)is an important means of slope evaluation.This paper proposed an improved double strength reductionmethod(DRM)to analyze the safety of layered slopes.The physical properties of different soil layers of the slopes are different,so the single coefficient strength reduction method(SRM)is not enough to reflect the actual critical state of the slopes.Considering that the water content of the soil in the natural state is the main factor for the strength of the soil,the attenuation law of shear strength of clayey soil changing with water content is fitted.This paper also establishes the functional relationship between different reduction coefficients.Then,a USDFLD subroutine is programmed using the secondary development function of finite element software.Controlling the relationship between field variables and calculation time realizes double strength reduction applicable to the layered slope.Finally,by comparing the calculation results of different examples,it is proved that the stress and displacement distribution of the critical slope state obtained by the improved method is more realistic,and the calculated safety factor is more reliable.The newly proposedmethod considers the difference of intensity attenuation between different soil layers under natural conditions and avoids the disadvantage of the strength reduction method with uniform parameters,which provides a new idea and method for stability analysis of layered and complex slopes.

Fabrication of UV-Curing Linalool-Polysiloxane Hybrid Films with High Refractive Index and Transparency

In this article,a series of high refractive indices(1.50-1.53)thiol phenyl polysiloxane(TPS)were synthesized via hydrolytic sol-gel reaction.The Fourier transform infrared spectra(FT-IR)and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra(NMR)results showed that TPS conformed to the predicted structures.Natural terpene linalool was exploited as photocrosslinker to fabricate UV-curing linalool-polysiloxane hybrid films(LPH)with TPS via photoinitiated thiol-ene reaction.LPH rapidly cured under UV irradiation at the intensity of 80 mW/cm^(2) in 30 s,exhibiting good UV-curing properties.The optical transmittance of LPH in the wavelength of 300-800 nm was over 90%,exhibiting good optical transparency.The water contact angle and water vapor permeability results showed that the introduction of phenyl groups enhance the hydrophobicity and water vapor barrier properties of LPH.The results indicated the potential of LPHs in the applications of optical functional coatings.

Efficacy of a Diabetes Specific Nutrition Supplement on Glycemic, Anthropometric, Dietary and Gut Health Markers in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: An RCT

With increasing incidence of diabetes, use of diabetes specific nutrition supplements (DSNS) is common for better management of the disease. To study effect of 12-week DSNS supplementation on glycemic markers, anthropometry, lipid profile, SCFAs, and gut microbiome in individuals with diabetes. Markers studied were glycemic [Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Post Prandial Glucose (PPG), HbA1c, Incremental Area under curve (iAUC), Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursions (MAGE), Time in/above Range (TIR/TAR)], anthropometry [weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC)], lipid profile, diet and gut health [plasma short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)]. N = 210 adults were randomized to receive either DSNS with standard care (DSNS + SC;n = 105) or standard care alone (SC alone;n = 105). After 12 weeks, significant differences between DSNS + SC versus SC alone was observed in FBG [−3 ± 6 vs 14 ± 6 mg/dl;p = 0.03], PPG [−35 ± 9 vs −3 ± 9 mg/dl;p = 0.01], weight [−0.6 ± 0.1 vs 0.2 ± 0.1 kg;p = 0.0001], BMI [−0.3 ± 0.1 vs 0.1 ± 0.1 kg/m2;p = 0.0001] and WC [−0.3 ± 0.2 vs 0.2 ± 0.2 cm;p = 0.01]. HbA1C and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly reduced in DSNS + SC [−0.2 ± 0.9;p = 0.04 and −5 mg/dl;p = 0.03] respectively with no change in control. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) reported significant differences between DSNS + SC versus SC alone for mean glucose [−12 ± 65 vs 28 ± 93 mg/dl;p < 0.01], TAR 180 [−9 ± 42 vs 7 ± 45 mg/dl;p = 0.04], TAR 250 [−3 ± 27 vs 9 ± 38 mg/dl;p = 0.05], iAUC [−192 (1.1) vs −48 (1.1) mg/dl;p = 0.03]. MAGE was significantly reduced for both DSNS + SC (−19 ± 67;p < 0.001) and SC alone (−8 ± 70;p = 0.04), with reduction being more pronounced for DSNS + SC. DSNS + SC reported a decrease in carbohydrate energy % [−9.4 (−11.3, −7.6) %;p < 0.0001] and amount [−47.4 (−67.1, −27.7) g;p < 0.0001], increased dietary fiber [9.5 (7.2, 11.8) g;p < 0.0001] and protein energy % [0.9 (0.5, 1.3) %;p < 0.0001] versus SC alone. DSNS + SC reported significant increases versus SC alone in total (0.3 ng/ml;p = 0.03) and individual plasma SCFAs. The consumption of DSNS significantly improves the glycemic, anthropometric, dietary, and gut health markers in diabetes.

Building an interoperable space for smart agriculture

The digital transformation in agriculture introduces new challenges in terms of data,knowledge and technology adoption due to critical interoperability issues,and also challenges regarding the identification of the most suitable data sources to be exploited and the information models that must be used.DEMETER(Building an Interoperable,Data-Driven,Innovative and Sustainable European Agri-Food Sector)addresses these challenges by providing an overarching solution that integrates various heterogeneous hardware and software resources(e.g.,devices,networks,platforms)and enables the seamless sharing of data and knowledge throughout the agri-food chain.This paper introduces the main concepts of DEMETER and its reference architecture to address the data sharing and interoperability needs of farmers,which is validated via two rounds of 20 large-scale pilots along the DEMETER lifecycle.This paper elaborates on the two pilots carried out in region of Murcia in Spain,which target the arable crops sector and demonstrate the benefits of the deployed DEMETER reference architecture.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 as a prognostic biomarker and immunotherapeutic indicator for clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Background:In many cancer types,aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2(ARNT2)has been found to be associated with tumor cell proliferation and prognosis.However,the role of ARNT2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma(ccRCC)has not been completely elucidated.In this study,the potential role of ARNT2 in ccRCC development was characterized.Methods:A pan-cancer dataset(TCGA-TARGET-GTEx)was accessed from UCSC Xena Data Browser.ARNT2 expression in normal and tumor samples was compared.Univariate Cox regression was performed to evaluate the prognostic value of ARNT2.Single sample gene set enrichment analysis(ssGSEA)was used to estimate the enrichment of functional pathways and gene signatures.CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE methods evaluated the immune infiltration.The ARNT2 expression was determined in ccRCC tissue and cell lines using RT-qPCR and Western blot.Results:ARNT2 expression was significantly dysregulated in 23 out of 30 cancer types.Pan-cancer data revealed a strong correlation between ARNT2 expression and immune modulators,immune cell infiltration,and genomic alternations.In ccRCC patients,the low-ARNT2 expression group had higher immune infiltration,CD8 T cells,and programmed cell death ligand 1 expression,as well as higher enrichment score of immunotherapeutic predictors than those in the high-ARNT2 expression group.Low-ARNT2 expression group was more responsive to immunotherapy.Moreover,low ARNT2 expression was observed in ccRCC tissue and cell lines.Conclusions:Dysregulated ARNT2 expression is involved in cancer development and the modulation of the immune microenvironment.ARNT2 can be potentially used as a prognostic indicator and an immunotherapeutic indicator for ccRCC.

Genetic Diversity,Population Structure,and Genome-Wide Association Study of Seven Agronomic Traits in 273 Diverse Upload Cotton Accessions

Upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)is the most important plant producing natural fibers for the textile industry.In this study,we first investigated the phenotypic variation of seven agronomic traits of 273 diverse cotton accessions in the years 2017 and 2018,which were from 18 geographical regions.We found large variations among the traits in different geographical regions and only half of the traits in either years 2017 or 2018 followed a normal distribution.We then genotyped the collection with 81,612 high quality SNPs.Phylogenetic tree and population structure revealed a diverse genetic structure of the core collection,and geographical diversification was an important factor,but account for part of the variances of genetic diversification.We then performed genome-wide association study for the seven traits in the years 2017 and 2018,and the average values of each trait in the two years,respectively.We identified a total of 19 significant marker-trait associations and found that Pollen Ole e 1 allergen/extension could be the candidate gene associated with the fall-off cotton bolls from the last three branches.In addition,large variations were observed for the heritability of traits in the years 2017 and 2018.These results provide new potential candidate genes for further functional validation,which could be useful for genetic improvement and breeding of new cotton cultivars with better agronomic performances.

Possible Evolutionary Models in the Initially Hydride Earth Theory

A modern view of the properties of chemical elements has confirmed the theory of the hot origin of the Earth. The next step in developing this theory was the hypothesis of the initial hydride Earth. In this work, we attempted to find additional evidence for this hypothesis and show additional effects that flow from it. The effect of the physical properties of atoms and ions on their behavior during the formation of the Earth was studied. The maximum contribution to the distribution of elements was made by those elements whose content in the original protoplanets of the disk was the maximum. Correlation dependence is obtained, which allows one to calculate the distribution of elements in the protoplanetary disk. It was shown that hydrogen was the main element in the proto substance located in the zone of the Earth’s formation. In this case, various chemical compounds formed, most represented by hydrogen compounds—hydrides. Since the pressure inside the Earth is 375 GPa, this factor forces the chemical compounds to adopt stoichiometry and structure that would not be available in atmospheric conditions. It is shown that many chemical elements at high pressure in a hydrogen medium form simple hydrides and super hydrides—polyhydrides with high hydrogen content. Pressure leads to a higher density of matter inside the planet. Given the possibility of forming polyhydrides, there is the possibility of binding the initially available hydrogen in an amount that can reach 49.3 mole%. Young Earth could contain about 10.7 mass% of hydrogen in hydrides, polyhydrides, and adsorbed form is almost twice higher than previous estimates. This fact additionally confirms the theory of the original hydride Earth. In hydrides, the occurrence of the phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered. Polyhydrides were shown as potential superconductors with a high critical temperature above 200 K. We, based on these data, hypothesized the presence of superconducting properties in the Earth’s core, which explains the presence of a magnetic field in the Earth, as well as the unevenness and instability of this field and the possibility of migration of the Earth’s poles. The fact that the Earth has a hydroid core causes its change in time due to the instability of hydrides. Arranged several possible models of the destruction of the Earth’s core. The calculations showed that both models give close results. These results give predictions that can be measured. The proposed models also made it possible to estimate the initial size of the Earth. Possible ways of further testing the hypothesis of the initial hydride Earth is shown.

Glycemic Indices of Multiple Oral Nutritional Supplements: A Randomized Cross-Over Study in Indian Adults

Background: A randomized cross-over study was conducted to assess the glycemic index (GI) of seven Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONSs). These ONSs are designed to support the nutritional requirements of different age-groups, physiological states, or health conditions among Indian adults. Methods: The study had two phases viz., phase1 (n = 18) studied two ONSs: A1 and B1 and phase 2 (n = 20) studied five ONSs: A2, B2, C2, D2 & E2. The subjects were healthy, non-diabetic adults, aged between 20 - 44 years with a mean Body Mass Index of 21.2 ± 1.52 kg/m2 (Phase 1) and 21.0 ± 1.45 kg/m2 (Phase 2). All these ONSs were compared with reference drinks (glucose). The carbohydrates in one serving of each ONS were matched to carbohydrates from 25 grams of glucose following ISO 2010 guidelines. Capillary blood was assessed for blood glucose response at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. GI was calculated as the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for the test drinks and expressed as a percentage of the average iAUC from glucose. Results: Phase 1 indicated that the high fiber diabetes-specific nutrition supplement A1 with higher protein (23% energy), higher fat (25% energy) and reduced carbohydrates (40% energy) had a significantly (p = 0.002) lower GI [34 (±6)] as compared to B1 [63 (±7)] (protein 19%, fat 7% and carbohydrates 60% energy) even with similar amount (22%) and type of fiber. Phase 2 reported that all test products [A2 (32 ± 5), B2 (37 ± 4), C2 (31 ± 5), D2 (31 ± 5) and E2 (55 ± 4)] had a low GI. As compared to phase 1, ONSs in phase 2 had lower fiber content (1.6% - 4.6% energy). Conclusion: The glycemic index of oral nutrition supplements is influenced not only by their fiber content, but also by the overall macronutrient composition including protein (≥17% energy), fat (≥10% - 27% energy) and carbohydrates (40% - 57.5% energy).

A study of highly activated hydrogen evolution reaction performance in acidic media by 2D heterostructure of N and S doped graphene on MoO_(x)

Herein,a layer of molybdenum oxide(MoO_(x)),a transition metal oxide(TMO),which has outstanding catalytic properties in combination with a carbonbased thin film,is modified to improve the hydrogen production performance and protect the MoO_(x)in acidic media.A thin film of graphene is transferred onto the MoO_(x)layer,after which the graphene structure is doped with N and S atoms at room temperature using a plasma doping method to modify the electronic structure and intrinsic properties of the material.The oxygen functional groups in graphene increase the interfacial interactions and electrical contacts between graphene and MoO_(x).The appearance of surface defects such as oxygen vacancies can result in vacancies in MoO_(x).This improves the electrical conductivity and electrochemically accessible surface area.Increasing the number of defects in graphene by adding dopants can significantly affect the chemical reaction at the interfaces and improve the electrochemical performance.These defects in graphene play a crucial role in the adsorption of H^(+)ions on the graphene surface and their transport to the MoO_(x)layer underneath.This enables MoO_(x)to participate in the reaction with the doped graphene.N^(‐)and S^(‐)doped graphene(NSGr)on MoO_(x)is active in acidic media and performs well in terms of hydrogen production.The initial overpotential value of 359 mV for the current density of−10 mA/cm^(2)is lowered to 228 mV after activation.

High-speed train cooperativecontrol based on fractional-ordersliding mode adaptive algorithm

Purpose–This study aims to propose an adaptive fractional-order sliding mode controller to solve the problem of train speed tracking control and position interval control under disturbance environment in moving block system,so as to improve the tracking efficiency and collision avoidance performance.Design/methodology/approach–The mathematical model of information interaction between trains is established based on algebraic graph theory,so that the train can obtain the state information of adjacent trains,and then realize the distributed cooperative control of each train.In the controller design,the sliding mode control and fractional calculus are combined to avoid the discontinuous switching phenomenon,so as to suppress the chattering of sliding mode control,and a parameter adaptive law is constructed to approximate the time-varying operating resistance coefficient.Findings–The simulation results show that compared with proportional integral derivative(PID)control and ordinary sliding mode control,the control accuracy of the proposed algorithm in terms of speed is,respectively,improved by 25%and 75%.The error frequency and fluctuation range of the proposed algorithm are reduced in the position error control,the error value tends to 0,and the operation trend tends to be consistent.Therefore,the control method can improve the control accuracy of the system and prove that it has strong immunity.Originality/value–The algorithm can reduce the influence of external interference in the actual operating environment,realize efficient and stable tracking of trains,and ensure the safety of train control.

Plant microbiomes and their role in plant health

Microorganisms are integral inhabitants of plants,playing a crucial role in plant growth,development,and health.The composition and diversity of microorganisms in plants can be influenced by several factors,including environmental factors such as soil type,temperature,and water availability.The plant microbiome serves essential functions,including nutrient acquisition,disease resistance,and stress tolerance,achieved through complex interactions between microorganisms and plants.Understanding these interactions and the impact of environmental factors can provide valuable insights into developing sustainable agricultural practices.The use of plant microbiomes in agriculture has the potential to improve crop yield,reduce fertilizer and pesticide use,and enhance soil health and sustainability,but scaling up these technologies poses several challenges.The potential benefits of using plant microbiomes in agriculture are significant and could revolutionize the industry.However,scaling up these technologies presents several challenges that require further research and innovation.In conclusion,studying plant microbiomes has the potential to bring about positive impacts for farmers,consumers,and the environment.

Preparation and Properties of Bilayer Composite Materials of Cu-coated Fe and CuSn10

Bilayer composite materials of Cu-coated Fe and CuSn10 containing 0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,35%,40%,45%,50%Cu-coated Fe were prepared in mesh belt sintering furnace.Microscopic pore morphology of materials was observed,bending strength was tested.Results show that,There is a good bonding between Cu-coated Fe and CuSn10,with the increase of Cu-coated Fe content from 0%to 50%,bending strength of bilayer composite materials increases.

Optimum placement and characteristics of velocity-dependent dampers under seismic excitation

In this study, through novel drift-based equations of motion in the frequency domain, optimum placement and characteristics of linear velocity-dependent dampers are investigated. In this study, the sum of the square of the absolute values of transfer matrix elements for interstory drifts is considered as the optimization index. Optimum placement and characteristics of dampers are simultaneously obtained by minimizing the optimization index through an incremental procedure. In each step of the procedure, a predefined value is considered as the damper characteristic. The optimum story for this increment is selected such that it leads to a minimum value for the optimization index. The procedure is repeated for the next increments until the optimization index meets its target value, which is obtained according to the desired damping ratio for the overall structure. In other words, the desired overall damping ratio is the input to the proposed procedure, and the optimal placement and characteristics of the dampers are its output. It is observed that the optimal placement of a velocitydependent damper depends on the damping coefficient of the added damper, frequency of the excitation, and distribution of the mass, stiffness, and inherent damping of the main structure.

A Real-Time Integrated Face Mask Detector to Curtail Spread of Coronavirus

Effective strategies to control COVID-19 pandemic need high attention to mitigate negatively impacted communal health and global economy,with the brim-full horizon yet to unfold.In the absence of effective antiviral and limited medical resources,many measures are recommended by WHO to control the infection rate and avoid exhausting the limited medical resources.Wearing mask is among the non-pharmaceutical intervention measures that can be used as barrier to primary route of SARS-CoV2 droplets expelled by presymptomatic or asymptomatic individuals.Regardless of discourse on medical resources and diversities in masks,all countries are mandating coverings over nose and mouth in public areas.Towards contribution of public health,the aim of the paper is to devise a real-time technique that can efficiently detect non mask faces in public and thus enforce to wear mask.The proposed technique is ensemble of one stage and two stage detectors to achieve low inference time and high accuracy.We took ResNet50 as a baseline model and applied the concept of transfer learning to fuse high level semantic information in multiple feature maps.In addition,we also propose a bounding box transformation to improve localization performance during mask detection.The experiments are conducted with three popular baseline models namely ResNet50,AlexNet and MobileNet.We explored the possibility of these models to plug-in with the proposed model,so that highly accurate results can be achieved in less inference time.It is observed that the proposed technique can achieve high accuracy(98.2%)when implemented with ResNet50.Besides,the proposed model can generate 11.07%and 6.44%higher precision and recall respectively in mask detection when compared to RetinaFaceMask detector.

Rose Essential Oil Extraction from Fresh Petals Using Synergetic Microwave ＆ Ultrasound Energy： Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity Assessment

The aim of the present work was to investigate the synergetic effect of microwave and ultrasound treatment on the production, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of rose essential oil. The rose essential oil was extracted from fresh Rosa x damciscena Mill. petals by four methods, hydrodistillation, steam distillation, organic solvent extraction and ultrasounds followed by microwave hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the extracts was analysed by GC-MS, and the antioxidant capacity by DPPH. It was found that both chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of the extracts depend on the extraction method. Overall it was found that microwaves coupled with ultrasonic treatment can be used effectively for the intensification of the extraction of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes--fragrance bearing molecules--and equally, for increased antioxidant activity while using about 4 time shorter extraction time. The scale-up of the method was also evaluated. The results obtained in this research support the possible use of the US/MW method for the extraction of rose essential oil for the pharmaceutical and fragrance industry.

Dearomatization of normal paraffin by adsorption process using synthesized NaX zeolite

Linear alkyl benzenes （LABs） are the main materials for detergent production. The presence of aromatic compounds in this material can decrease the quality of the final product and enhance the deactivation rate of catalysts. In this research we used zeolite NaX for de-aromatization of the recycled paraffin from the alkylation unit of an LAB production complex. The effect of different parameters on the removal efficiency of adsorbent was studied and optimized. To study the re-usability of the adsorbent, the breakthrough curves were obtained by using a fixed bed column filled with the adsorbent. The results indicated that the adsorbent capacity remained unchanged after three regeneration cycles. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms. It was concluded that the Langmuir model agreed well with the experimental data. The calculated thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. The reaction rate was estimated by the pseudo-second order kinetic model.

Effect of extrusion ratios on hardness,microstructure,and crystal texture anisotropy in pure niobium tubes subjected to hydrostatic extrusion

Nb tubes were fabricated through hydrostatic extrusion at extrusion ratios of 3.1 and 6.1 at ambient temperature,and then their microstructure,texture,and Vickers hardness were investigated based on electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD)data.The fraction of low-angle boundaries(LABs)largely decreased with a sharp decrease in mean grain sizes after hydrostatic extrusion and was not proportional to extrusion ratios,assuming that mixed-asymmetrical junctions forming LABs dissociate at high extrusion ratios from the external stress(>981 MPa)with thermal activation by the generated heat.The correlation between grain size and Vickers hardness followed the Hall−Petch relationship despite the texture gradient of theá111ñcyclic fiber textural microstructure at low extrusion ratios and theá100ñtrue fiber textural microstructure at high extrusion ratios.The increase in hydrostatic pressure on the Nb tubes contributed to texture evolution in terms of extrusion ratios due to the difference between{110}<111>and{112}<111>components based on EBSD data.

Effect of Ca addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of heat-treated Mg-6.0Zn-1.2Y-0.7Zr alloy

In this study,the effects of Ca addition on the microstructure,thermal properties,and mechanical properties of a Mg-6.0Zn-1.2Y-0.7Zr(ZWK611)alloy at room temperature and 150℃ were investigated.With an increase in the Ca content,the ignition resistance of the ZWK611 alloy improved and the grains became finer.The as-cast ZWK611 alloy consisted mainly of the dendriticα-Mg matrix and I-phase(Mg_(3)Zn_(6)Y)at the grain boundaries.On the other hand,theτ-(Ca_(2)Mg_(6)Zn_(3))and I-phases were formed in the Ca-added ZWK611 alloy.The fraction of theτ-phase increased with an increase in the Ca content.After the solid-solution treatment,these phases remained partially at the grain boundaries of the Ca-added ZWK611 alloys and an additional W-phase(Mg_(3)Zn_(3)Y)was observed.The phases remaining at the grain boundaries restricted the grain growth through the grain boundary pinning effect.The aging treatment resulted in the formation of MgZn'precipitates in theα-Mg matrix of the alloys.These precipitates were more uniformly distributed in the Ca-added alloys than in the alloys without Ca.Thus,the heat treatment-induced precipitation improved the tensile and creep properties of the T6-treated alloys.The T6-treated ZWK611+0.7Ca alloy exhibited the best mechanical properties at room temperature and 150℃ among all the tested alloys.

Determination of AF and AFG in Red Ginseng by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (HPLC-ELSD)

[Objective]The paper was to establish a method for determining AF and AFG in red ginseng.[Method]A new simple,rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of two amadori compounds,arginyl-fructose(AF)and arginyl-fructosyl-glucose(AFG),in extracts of three kinds of ginseng preparations was developed and validated using high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector(HPLC-ELSD).Two target analytes were efficiently separated by Prevail CTM18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)at the flow rate of 0.8 mL/min within 15 min of single chromatographic run.[Result]Under optimized conditions,the detection limits were 0.015 and 0.02 mg/mL for AF and AFG,respectively.Calibration curves of peak area for two analytes were linear over three orders of magnitude with the correlation coefficients greater than 0.999.The average recoveries,precision,reproducibility and stability for two analytes(AF and AFG)were 99.5% and 100.9%,0.43% and 0.47%,0.46% and 0.43%,0.41% and 0.49%,respectively.[Conclusion]This method was successfully applied for quantifying AF and AFG in red ginseng and the method was efficient,sensitive and accurate.