Impacts of forest plantation programs on sectoral CO_(2) emissions regionally in New Zealand

Investing in projects that support environmental benefits,such as tree harvesting,has the potential to reduce air pollution levels in the atmosphere in the future.However,this kind of investment may increase the current level of emissions.Therefore,it is necessary to estimate how much the policy affects the current level of CO_(2) emissions.This makes sure the policy doesn’t increase the level of CO_(2) emis-sions.This study aims to analyze the effect of the One Bil-lion Trees program on CO_(2) emissions in New Zealand by employing the 2020 input–output table analysis.This inves-tigation examines the direct and indirect effects of policy on both the demand and supply sides across six regions of New Zealand.The results of this study for the first year of plantation suggest that the policy increases the level of CO_(2) emissions in all regions,especially in the Waikato region.The direct and indirect impact of the policy leads to 64 kt of CO_(2) emissions on the demand side and 270 kt of CO_(2) emis-sions on the supply side.These lead to 0.19 and 0.74%of total CO_(2) emissions being attributed to investment shocks.Continuing the policy is recommended,as it has a low effect on CO_(2) emissions.However,it is crucial to prioritize the use of low-carbon machinery that uses fossil fuels during the plantation process.

Natural forests in New Zealand–a large terrestrial carbon pool in a national state of equilibrium

Background:Natural forests cover approximately 29%of New Zealand’s landmass and represent a large terrestrial carbon pool.In 2002 New Zealand implemented its first representative plot-based natural forest inventory to assess carbon stocks and stock changes in these mostly undisturbed old-growth forests.Although previous studies have provided estimates of biomass or carbon stocks,these were either not fully representative or lacked data from important pools such as dead wood(coarse woody debris).The current analysis provides the most complete estimates of carbon stocks and stock changes in natural forests in New Zealand.Results:We present estimates of per hectare carbon stocks and stock changes in live and dead organic matter pools excluding soil carbon based on the first two measurement cycles of the New Zealand Natural Forest Inventory carried out from 2002 to 2014.These show that New Zealand’s natural forests are in balance and are neither a carbon source nor a carbon sink.The average total carbon stock was 227.0±14.4 tC·ha^(−1)(95%C.I.)and did not change significantly in the 7.7 years between measurements with the net annual change estimated to be 0.03±0.18 tC·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1).There was a wide variation in carbon stocks between forest groups.Regenerating forest had an averaged carbon stock of only 53.6±9.4 tC·ha^(−1) but had a significant sequestration rate of 0.63±0.25 tC·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1),while tall forest had an average carbon stock of 252.4±15.5 tC·ha^(−1),but its sequestration rate did not differ significantly from zero(−0.06±0.20 tC·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1)).The forest alliance with the largest average carbon stock in above and below ground live and dead organic matter pools was silver beech-red beech-kamahi forest carrying 360.5±34.6 tC·ha^(−1).Dead wood and litter comprised 27%of the total carbon stock.Conclusions:New Zealand’s Natural Forest Inventory provides estimates of carbon stocks including estimates for difficult to measure pools such as dead wood and roots.It also provides estimates of uncertainties including effects of model prediction error and sampling variation between plots.Importantly it shows that on a national level New Zealand’s natural forests are in balance.Nevertheless,this is a nationally important carbon pool that requires continuous monitoring to identify potential negative or positive changes.

Uptake and translocation of organic pollutants in plants:A review

Organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated dJbenzo-p-dioxins and polychlofinated dibenzofurans （PCDD/Fs）, polychlodnated biphenyls （PCBs）, antibiotics, herbicides, and bisphenol A （BPA）, are commonly found in agricultural environments. They are released into the environment as a result of their use for human health purposes and farm management activities, and are often discharged as waste-water effluents. Most of these organic pollutants are taken up by plants through roots and leaves, and when they enter the tissue, they cause serious damage to the plants. Although the toxicity of organic pollutants to plants, especially to plant cells, has been intensively studied, a systematic review of these studies is lacking. Here we review researches on the toxicity of organic pollutants, their uptake, and translocation in plants. Our objective is to assemble existing knowledge concerning the interaction of organic pollutants with plants, which should be useful for the development of plant-based systems for removing pollutants from aquatic and agricultural environments.

近60年南宁市城区城市空间扩展遥感监测研究

为研究南宁市近60年的城市空间扩展状况,了解南宁主城区在时间序列上的发展历程。以1960~2017年多源遥感影像为数据源,结合专题资料提取了南宁市主城区9个时相的城区范围。通过对城市主成区城市扩展强度和速度指数、人口—城市扩展指数、城市用地增长弹性系数、分形维数、紧凑度和重心转移指数的计算,分析了近60年城市空间扩展的时空变化情况以及空间形态特征的演变。研究发现,南宁城区经由紧凑稳定型向偏离紧凑,形态复杂化发展,尤其转变为外延扩展为主,2001年后城市发展重心开始往东南方向转移,且发展速度显著,在2009年之后,年均增长10.53 km^2/a。结果表明:近60年,南宁城区前期(1960~1997年)扩展相对缓慢,内部填充式发展结合外部多向扩展,中期(1997~2005年)逐步提高了外部扩展的强度,后期(2005~2017年),向东南方向延伸快速扩展。

Evaluating the Environmental Health Effect of Bamboo-Derived Volatile Organic Compounds through Analysis the Metabolic Indices of the Disorder Animal Model

Objective To identify the bamboo VOCs (volatile organic compounds) effect on animal physiological indices, which associated with human health. Methods GC/MS was used to analyze the volatile organic compounds from Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocyla cv. pubescens). The effect of VOCs on environmental health was evaluated by analyzing the metabolic indices of the type 2 diabetic mouse model. Results Spectra of VOC generated by GC/MS were blasted against an in-house MS library confirming the identification of 33 major components that were manually validated. The relative constituent compounds as a percentage of total VOCs determined were alcohols (34.63%), followed by ether (22.02%), aldehyde (15.84%), ketone (11.47%), ester (4.98%), terpenoid (4.38%), and acids (3.83%). Further experimentation established that the metabolic incidence of the disease can be improved if treated with vanillin, leaf alcohol,β-ionone and methyl salicylate. The effects of these VOCs on type 2 diabetes were evident in the blood lipid and blood glucose levels. Conclusion Our model suggests that VOCs can potentially control the metabolic indices in type 2 diabetes mice. This experiment data also provides the scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of ornamental bamboos and some reference for other similar study of environmental plants.

Effect of CO_2 Elevation on Root Growth and Its Relationship with Indole Acetic Acid and Ethylene in Tomato Seedlings

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the effect of elevated carbon dioxide(CO2) on root growth of tomato seedlings.Compared with the control(350 μL L-1),CO2 enrichment(800 μL L-1) significantly increased the dry matter of both shoot and root,the ratio of root to shoot,total root length,root surface area,root diameter,root volume,and root tip numbers,which are important for forming a strong root system.The elevated CO2 treatment also significantly improved root hair development and elongation,thus enhancing nutrient uptake.Increased indole acetic acid concentration in plant tissues and ethylene release in the elevated CO2 treatment might have resulted in root growth enhancement and root hair development and elongation.

Soil microbial activity and community structure as affected by exposure to chloride and chloride-sulfate salts

Mixed or chloride salty ions dominate in saline soils, and exert wide-ranging adversely affect on soil biological processes and soil functions. The objectives of this study were to（1） explore the impacts of mixed（0, 3, 6, 10, 20 and 40 g Cl–/SO42–salt/kg dry soil） and chloride（0, 1.5, 3, 5, 8 and 15 g Cl– salt/kg dry soil） salts on soil enzyme activities, soil physiological functional（Biolog） profiles and microbial community structure by using soil enzymatic, Biolog-Eco microplates as well as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis（DEEG） methods, and（2） determine the threshold concentration of soil electronic conductivity（EC1：5） on maintaining the functional and structural diversity of soil microbial community. The addition of either Cl– or mixed Cl–/SO42–salt obviously increased soil EC, but adversely affected soil biological activities including soil invertase activity, soil microbial biomass carbon（MBC） and substrate-induced respiration（SIR）. Cl– salt showed a greater deleterious influence than mixed Cl–/SO42–salt on soil enzymes and MBC, e.g., the higher soil MBC consistently appeared with Cl–/SO42–instead of Cl– treated soil. Meanwhile, we found that SIR was more reliable than soil basal respiration（SBR） on explaining the changes of soil biological activity responsive to salt disturbance. In addition, microbial community structures of the soil bacteria, fungi, and Bacillus were obviously affected by both salt types and soil EC levels, and its diversity increased with increasing of mixed Cl–/SO42–salt rates, and then sharply declined down after it reached critical point. Moreover, the diversity of fungal community was more sensitive to the mixed salt addition than other groups. The response of soil physiological profiles（Biolog） followed a dose-response pattern with Cl–（R2=0.83） or mixed Cl–/SO42–（R2=0.89） salt. The critical threshold concentrations of salts for soil physiological function were 0.45 d S/m for Cl– and 1.26 d S/m for Cl–/SO42–, and those for soil microbial community structural diversity were 0.70 d S/m for Cl– and 1.75 d S/m for Cl–/SO42–.

The impacts of oxytetracycline on humification during manure composting can be alleviated by adjusting initial moisture contents as illustrated by NMR

Oxytetracycline(OTC)residues have been found in soil and water,and they may pose potential risks to agricultural ecological environments.One of the most impactful ways for OTC to enter the soil and water environments is through excrement used as organic fertilizer.Therefore,it is important to remove OTC during manure composting and to understand the transformation of the organic materials during composting in the presence of OTC.In the present paper,chicken manure and wheat sawdust spiked with OTC were composted under different initial moisture contents(MC)to evaluate the degradation of OTC and changes of organic matter during the composting process.The MC has a significant effect on OTC degradation during composting.A higher MC of 65% was more conducive to OTC degradation(77.4%)and compost maturity compared to the lower MC.However,the higher MC of 65%could increase the ammonia volatilization by promoting nitrification compared to the lower MC.An increase in the initial MC could improve the composting temperature.NMR results illustrated that the presence of OTC could affect the internal transformation of aliphatics,and OTC inhibited compost humification.Thus,an initial MC of 55–65% can alleviate the impacts of OTC on humification during manure composting.

The glutamate metabotropic receptor 5(GRM5)gene is associated with beef cattle home range and movement tortuosity

Background:The grazing behaviour of herbivores and their grazing personalities might in part be determined genetically,but there are few studies in beef cattle illustrating this.In this study,we investigated for first time the genetic variation within a candidate‘grazing gene',the glutamate metabotropic receptor 5 gene(GRM5),and tested associations between variation in that gene and variation in grazing personality behaviours(GP-behaviours)displayed by free-ranging cows during winter grazing in the steep and rugged rangelands of New Zealand.Mature beef cows(n=303,from 3 to 10 years of age)were tracked with global positioning system(GPS)and,with 5-minutes(min)relocation frequency,various GP-behaviours were calculated.These included horizontal and vertical distances travelled,mean elevation,elevation range,elevation gain,slope,home range and movement tortuosity,variously calculated using daily relocation trajectories with repeated measurements(i.e.,7 to 24 days(d))and satellite-derived digital elevation models(DEM).The different GP-behaviours were fitted into mixed models to ascertain their associations with variant sequences and genotypes of GRM5.Results:We discovered three GRM5 variants(A,B and C)and identified the six possible genotypes in the cattle studied.The mixed models revealed that A was significantly associated with elevation range,home range and movement tortuosity.Similarly,GRM5 genotypes were associated(P<0.05)to home range and movement tortuosity,while trends suggesting association(P<0.1)were also revealed for elevation range and horizontal distance travelled.Most GP-behaviour models were improved by correcting for cow age-class as a fixed factor.The analysis of GP-behaviours averaged per cow age-class suggests that grazing personality is fully established as beef cows reached 4 years of age.Home range and movement tortuosity were not only associated with GRM5 variation,but also negatively correlated with each other(r=-0.27,P<0.001).Conclusions:There seems to be a genetically determined trade-off between home range and movement tortuosity that may be useful in beef cattle breeding programmes aiming to improve the grazing distribution and utilisation of steep and rugged rangelands.

Exogenous cytokinin application to Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit promotes fruit expansion through water uptake

Exogenous application of a cytokinin-like compound forchlorfenuron(CPPU)can promote fruit growth,although often at the expense of dry matter(DM),an important indicator of fruit quality.Actinidia chinensis var.deliciosa‘Hayward’fruit are very responsive to CPPU treatments,but the mechanism underlying the significant fruit weight increase and associated decrease in DM is unclear.In this study,we hypothesised that CPPU-enhanced growth increases fruit carbohydrate demand,but limited carbohydrate supply resulted in decreased fruit DM.During fruit development,CPPU effects on physical parameters,metabolites,osmotic pressure and transcriptional changes were assessed under conditions of both standard and a high carbohydrate supply.We showed that CPPU increased fruit fresh weight but the dramatic DM decrease was not carbohydrate limited.Enhanced glucose and fructose concentrations contributed to an increase in soluble carbohydrate osmotic pressure,which was correlated with increased water accumulation in CPPU-treated fruit and up-regulation of water channel aquaporin gene PIP2.4 at 49 days after anthesis.Transcipt analysis suggested that the molecular mechanism contributing to increased glucose and fructose concentrations was altered by carbohydrate supply.At standard carbohydrate supply,the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with reduced starch synthesis and increased starch degradation.When carbohydrate supply was high,the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with a general decrease in starch synthesis but up-regulation of vacuolar invertase and fructokinase genes.We conclude that CPPU affected fruit expansion by increasing the osmotically-driven water uptake and its effect was not carbohydrate supply-limited.

Prediction model for mercury transfer from soil to corn grain and its cross-species extrapolation

In this study the transfer characteristics of mercury（Hg） from a wide range of Chinese soils to corn grain（cultivar Zhengdan 958） were investigated. Prediction models were developed for determining the Hg bioconcentration factor（BCF） of Zhengdan 958 from soil, including the soil properties, such as p H, organic matter（OM） concentration, cation exchange capacity（CEC）, total nitrogen concentration（TN）, total phosphorus concentration（TP）, total potassium concentration（TK）, and total Hg concentration（THg）, using multiple stepwise regression analysis. These prediction models were applied to other non-model corn cultivars using a cross-species extrapolation approach. The results indicated that the soil p H was the most important factor associated with the transfer of Hg from soil to corn grain. Hg bioaccumulation in corn grain increased with the decreasing p H. No significant differences were found between two prediction models derived from different rates of Hg applied to the soil as HgCl2. The prediction models established in this study can be applied to other non-model corn cultivars and are useful for predicting Hg bioconcentration in corn grain and assessing the ecological risk of Hg in different soils.

Impact of nitrogen input from biosolids application on carbon sequestration in a Pinus radiata forest

Background:Forest management practices(e.g.choice of stand density,fertilisation)are just as important in carbon(C)forestry as in other types of forestry and will affect the level of C sequestration and profitability.Because C stored in wood is approximately proportional to the product of its volume and density,it is necessary to account for both volume growth and wood density when assessing the effects of fertilisation on C sequestration in pine forests.Methods:The effects of nitrogen(N)input from biosolids application on forest C sequestration were quantified from an intensively monitored biosolids field trial in a Pinus radiata plantation on a sandy soil in New Zealand.The field trial tested the application of three biosolids rates:Control(no application),Standard(300 kg N⋅ha^(-1) applied every three years),and High(600 kg N⋅ha^(-1) applied every three years),across three levels of stand density:300,450,and 600 stems⋅ha^(-1).Carbon sequestration was estimated using the C-Change model from annual plot measurements of stand density,stem height and diameter,and annual breast height wood densities obtained from increment cores.Results:By age 24 years,N-fertilised trees had sequestered 40 t C⋅ha^(-1) more than unfertilised trees,an increase of 18%.Fertilisation increased stem volume by 23%but reduced stem wood density by 2.5%.Most of the increased C sequestration occurred between age 6 and age 17 years and the Standard rate gave the same increase in C sequestration as the High rate.On average,there was no significant difference in growth rate between fertilised and unfertilised trees after the 17th growth year,but the increased growth ceased earlier at higher stand densities,and later at lower stand densities.Conclusions:This study indicates that 2–3 applications of the Standard rate would have been sufficient to achieve the increased C sequestration,with an applied N to C conversion ratio of 43–65 kg C⋅kg^(-1) N.Our results highlight that N fertilisation will become more widespread under greenhouse gas emissions trading schemes which en-courages forest management practices that improve C sequestration in young forests in New Zealand in particular and other countries in general.

Scoping Antifungal Activities of Various Forms of Chitosan Oligomers and Their Potential Fixation in Wood

Chitosan oligomers （average Dp-4） are known for their antifungal activity and wood decay resistance. These oligomers are susceptible to moisture, and promote yeast growth upon air exposure after a sufficient length of time. Chitosan oligomers of three different states viz. completely dried, freshly prepared and highly viscous form, were prepared to compare their in-vitro antifungal activities against three brown-rot fungi, two sapstain and one mould fungus using agar nutrient medium. Additionally, a mixture of chitosan oligomers and boric acid was used for wood treatment. The nutrient medium bioassay results show that all states of chitosan oligomers inhibited the growth of tested basidiomycetes fungi, but not sapstain and mould fungi. Subsequently, wood decay results confirm antifungal activity of chitosan oligomers plus boron against basidiomycetes, but highlighted their leachability upon water exposure.

Maintaining an Optimal Flow of Forest Products under a Carbon Market: Approximating a Pareto Set of Optimal Silvicultural Regimes for Eucalyptus fastigata

A competitive co-evolutionary Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (cc-MOGA) was used to approximate a Pareto front of efficient silvicultural regimes for Eucalyptus fastigata. The three objectives to be maximised included, sawlog, pulpwood and carbon sequestration payment. Three carbon price scenarios (3CPS), i.e. NZ $25, NZ $50 and NZ $100 for a tonne of CO2 sequestered, were used to assess the impact on silvicultural regimes, against a fourth non-carbon Pareto set of efficient regimes (nonCPS), determined from a cc-MOGA with two objectives, i.e. competing sawlog and pulpwood productions. Carbon prices included in stand valuation were found to influence the silvicultural regimes by increasing the rotation length and lowering the final crop number before clearfell. However, there were no significant changes in the frequency, timing, and intensity of thinning operations amongst all the four Pareto sets of solutions. However, the 3CPS were not significantly different from each other, which meant that these silvicultural regimes were insensitive to the price of carbon. This was because maximising carbon sequestration was directly related to the biological growth rate. As such an optimal mix of frequency, intensity, and timing of thinning maintained maximum growth rate for as long as possible for any one rotation.

Long-Term Exclusion of Grazing Increases Soil Microbial Biomass but Not Diversity in a Temperate Grassland

Restoration of grassland such as exclusion of grazing has been considered to increase aboveground plant diversity and soil fertility. However, knowledge on the effect of long-term exclusion of grazing on soil bacterial community structure and diversity is not well understood. The two sites were selected in the Inner Mongolian grassland, i.e., one fenced off since 1979 (UG79) and the other continually grazed by sheep (FG) all along. Soil microbial biomass was measured using fumigation method and bacterial community structure and diversity were assessed using methods of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and clone library. Results showed that the UG79 soil had significantly higher microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen compared with the FG soil. There was a clear separation in soil bacterial community structure, but not in bacterial diversity between the two sites. Moreover, 55 clones from the UG79 soil and 56 clones from the FG soil were selected and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of all clone sequences indicated that bacterial communities were dominated by the groups of Actinomycetes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, but there were no significant differences in bacterial diversity between the two sites, consistent with the results obtained from DGGE. The results highlighted that although long-term exclusion of grazing increased soil microbial biomass, but it did not harbor higher bacterial diversity compared with freely grazed site.

Nanotechnology approaches towards biodeterioration-resistant wood:A review

Wood can be a suitable alternative to energy-intensive materials in various applications.Nev-ertheless,its susceptibility to weathering and decay has significantly hindered the broad adop-tion of the most commercially significant wood species.While current solutions do tackle certain challenges,they often come with disadvantages like high costs,environmental risks,and/or in-efficiencies.Nanotechnology-based methods can be employed to mitigate these weaknesses and create durable,sustainable wood materials.In this review,we delve into cutting-edge advance-ments in the development of biodeterioration-resistant wood through innovative nanotechnol-ogy approaches.These methods usually involve the application of nanomaterials,either pos-sessing biocidal properties or serving as carriers for biocides.We systematically describe these approaches and compare them to conventional wood modification methods.Additionally,this re-view provides a brief overview of the prevalent biodeteriorating organisms and their mechanisms of action,which notably impact the development and choice of a suitable strategy for wood mod-ification/treatment.Given the requirements of biodeteriorating organisms for growth and wood degradation,it is expected that the new nanotechnology-based approaches to enhance wood dura-bility may provide innovative broad-spectrum biocidal nanosystems.These systems can simulta-neously induce alterations in the physicochemical properties of wood,thereby constraining the availability of the growth requirements.These alterations can efficiently inhibit the biodeterio-ration process by decreasing water absorption,restricting access to the wood components,and reducing void spaces within the wood structure.Finally,this review highlights the new oppor-tunities,challenges,and perspectives of nanotechnology methods for biodeterioration-resistant wood,through which some techno-economic,environmental and safety aspects associated with these methods are addressed.

Phytoremediation capacity of the hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L.and Solanum lycopersicum L.cultivars at the flowering stage in cadmium-polluted soil

Dear Editor,Remediation of cadmium(Cd)-contaminated soil is a popular topic in global environmental science.Phytoremediation using hyperaccumulators or certain plants to accumulate and remove Cd from polluted soils is a promising approach.Wei et al.(2005)first described Solanum nigrum L.as a Cd hyperaccumulator.Subsequently,various aspects of S.nigrum,including the protective effects on proline,physiological and biochemical responses,earthworms,arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,and fertilizers and the intercropping with Solanum photeinocarpum,have been extensively studied(Xu et al.,2009;Khan et al.,2014;Wang et al.,2015;Tang et al.,2017;Yang et al.,2019).

Light-driven micro-tool equipped with a syringe function

Leveraging developments in microfabrication open new possibilities for optical manipulation.With the structural design freedom from three-dimensional printing capabilities of two-photon polymerization,we are starting to see the emergence of cleverly shaped‘light robots’or optically actuated micro-tools that closely resemble their macroscopic counterparts in function and sometimes even in form.In this work,we have fabricated a new type of light robot that is capable of loading and unloading cargo using photothermally induced convection currents within the body of the tool.We have demonstrated this using silica and polystyrene beads as cargo.The flow speeds of the cargo during loading and unloading are significantly larger than when using optical forces alone.This new type of light robot presents a mode of material transport that may have a significant impact on targeted drug delivery and nanofluidics injection.

Inhibition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria promotes the growth of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in ammonium-rich alkaline soils

Disparities in the substrate affinity and tolerance threshold for ammonia have been believed to play a key role in driving niche differentiation between ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB);however, recent surveys argue that direct competition between AOA and AOB is also important in this phenomenon. Accordingly, it is reasonable to predict that diverse AOA lineages would grow in ammonium (NH_(4)^(+))-rich alkaline arable soils if AOB growth is suppressed. To test this hypothesis, a microcosm study was established using three different types of alkaline arable soils, in which a high NH_(4)^(+) concentration (200 μg N g^(-1) dry soil) was maintained by routinely replenishing urea and the activities of AOB were selectively inhibited by 1-octyne or 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP). Compared with amendment with urea alone, 1-octyne partially retarded AOB growth, while DMPP completely inhibited AOB. Both inhibitors accelerated the growth of AOA, with significantly higher ratios of abundance of AOA to AOB observed with DMPP amendment across soils. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) indicated that different treatments significantly altered the community structures of both AOA and AOB and AOA OTUs enriched by high-NH_(4)^(+) amendment were taxonomically constrained across the soils tested and closely related to Nitrososphaera viennensis EN76 and N. garnensis. Given that these representative strains have been demonstrated to be sensitive to high ammonia concentrations, our results suggest that it is the competitiveness for ammonia, rather than disparities in substrate affinity and tolerance threshold for ammonia, that drives niche differentiation between these phylotypes and AOB in NH_(4)^(+)-rich alkaline soils.

Thermo-controlled,self-released smart wood tailored by nanotechnology for fast clean-up of highly viscous liquids

Designing highly porous materials is of great importance for liquid separation,water purification,and disinfection,such as spill oil cleaning and recycling,seawater desalting,and oil/water separation.However,a remaining challenge is to produce porous materials with the characteristics of fast absorption,continuous directional transport,and self-release of viscous liquid.Herein,a functional cellulosic composite is reported by the chemical treatment and functionalization of wood resulting in a smart wood that can thermally selfrelease and separate high viscosity oil.The smart wood has a high absorption speed of 1398 mL/(m_(2)·s)(ethylene glycol)and a maximum absorption capacity of 47.2 g/g(chloroform)due to its intrinsic vertical micro/nanoscale channel structure,low tortuosity,and high porosity.Moreover,the switchable wettability is achieved by the surface coating of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)on the porous wood,which enables the collection and removal of oil from the oil/water mixture.The high viscosity oil can be automatically released due to the passive oil release at room temperature.The release capacity of the smart wood remains above 91%after 15 cyclic tests.We envision that this functional smart wood could be extended to a wide range of applications in smart hydrogels,microfluidics,artificial drug release,and environmental restoration.