Estimating the subsolar magnetopause position from soft X-ray images using a low-pass image filter

The Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager(LEXI)and Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)missions will image the Earth’s dayside magneto pause and cusps in soft X-rays after their respective launches in the near future,to specify glo bal magnetic reconnection modes for varying solar wind conditions.To suppo rt the success of these scientific missions,it is critical to develop techniques that extract the magnetopause locations from the observed soft X-ray images.In this research,we introduce a new geometric equation that calculates the subsolar magnetopause position(RS)from a satellite position,the look direction of the instrument,and the angle at which the X-ray emission is maximized.Two assumptions are used in this method:(1)The look direction where soft X-ray emissions are maximized lies tangent to the magnetopause,and(2)the magnetopause surface near the subsolar point is almost spherical and thus RSis nea rly equal to the radius of the magneto pause curvature.We create synthetic soft X-ray images by using the Open Geospace General Circulation Model(OpenGGCM)global magnetohydrodynamic model,the galactic background,the instrument point spread function,and Poisson noise.We then apply the fast Fourier transform and Gaussian low-pass filte rs to the synthetic images to re move noise and obtain accurate look angles for the soft X-ray pea ks.From the filte red images,we calculate RS and its accuracy for different LEXI locations,look directions,and solar wind densities by using the OpenGGCM subsolar magnetopause location as ground truth.Our method estimates RS with an accuracy of<0.3 RE when the solar wind density exceeds>10 cm-3.The accuracy improves for greater solar wind densities and during southward interplanetary magnetic fields.The method ca ptures the magnetopause motion during southwa rd interplaneta ry magnetic field turnings.Consequently,the technique will enable quantitative analysis of the magnetopause motion and help reveal the dayside reconnection modes for dynamic solar wind conditions.This technique will suppo rt the LEXI and SMILE missions in achieving their scientific o bjectives.

The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)on the SMILE Mission

The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)is part of the scientific payload of the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission.SMILE is a joint science mission between the European Space Agency(ESA)and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and is due for launch in 2025.SXI is a compact X-ray telescope with a wide field-of-view(FOV)capable of encompassing large portions of Earth’s magnetosphere from the vantage point of the SMILE orbit.SXI is sensitive to the soft X-rays produced by the Solar Wind Charge eXchange(SWCX)process produced when heavy ions of solar wind origin interact with neutral particles in Earth’s exosphere.SWCX provides a mechanism for boundary detection within the magnetosphere,such as the position of Earth’s magnetopause,because the solar wind heavy ions have a very low density in regions of closed magnetic field lines.The sensitivity of the SXI is such that it can potentially track movements of the magnetopause on timescales of a few minutes and the orbit of SMILE will enable such movements to be tracked for segments lasting many hours.SXI is led by the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom(UK)with collaborating organisations on hardware,software and science support within the UK,Europe,China and the United States.

A Facial Expression Recognition Method Integrating Uncertainty Estimation and Active Learning

The effectiveness of facial expression recognition(FER)algorithms hinges on the model’s quality and the availability of a substantial amount of labeled expression data.However,labeling large datasets demands significant human,time,and financial resources.Although active learning methods have mitigated the dependency on extensive labeled data,a cold-start problem persists in small to medium-sized expression recognition datasets.This issue arises because the initial labeled data often fails to represent the full spectrum of facial expression characteristics.This paper introduces an active learning approach that integrates uncertainty estimation,aiming to improve the precision of facial expression recognition regardless of dataset scale variations.The method is divided into two primary phases.First,the model undergoes self-supervised pre-training using contrastive learning and uncertainty estimation to bolster its feature extraction capabilities.Second,the model is fine-tuned using the prior knowledge obtained from the pre-training phase to significantly improve recognition accuracy.In the pretraining phase,the model employs contrastive learning to extract fundamental feature representations from the complete unlabeled dataset.These features are then weighted through a self-attention mechanism with rank regularization.Subsequently,data from the low-weighted set is relabeled to further refine the model’s feature extraction ability.The pre-trained model is then utilized in active learning to select and label information-rich samples more efficiently.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing approaches,achieving an improvement in recognition accuracy of 5.09%and 3.82%over the best existing active learning methods,Margin,and Least Confidence methods,respectively,and a 1.61%improvement compared to the conventional segmented active learning method.

Statistical study of magnetic holes in the upstream region of Mercury’s bow shock

Magnetic holes are magnetic depression structures that exist widely in many plasma environments.The magnetic holes with durations of>1 s in the solar wind at Mercury’s orbit have drawn much attention,but the properties of the magnetic holes with shorter durations are still unclear.Here,we investigate the magnetic holes with durations of 0.1-100 s in the upstream region of Mercury’s bow shock based on observations by the MESSENGER(MErcury Surface,Space ENvironment,GEochemistry,and Ranging)spacecraft.They can be divided into two groups according to the distribution of their duration:small-duration magnetic holes(SDMHs,<0.6 s)and large-duration magnetic holes(LDMHs,>0.6 s).The duration of each group approximately obeys a log-normal distribution with a median of~0.25 s and 3 s,respectively.Approximately 1.7%(32.6%)of the SDMHs(LDMHs)reduce the magnetic field strength by more than 50%.For both groups,some structures have a linear or quasi-linear polarization,whereas others have an elliptical polarization.The magnetic hole events in both groups tend to have a higher rate of occurrence when the interplanetary magnetic field strength is weaker.Their occurrence rates are also affected by Mercury’s foreshock,which can increase(decrease)the occurrence rate of the SDMHs(LDMHs).This finding suggests that Mercury’s foreshock might be one source of the SDMHs and that the foreshock can destroy some LDMHs.These observations suggest that a new group of magnetic holes with durations of<0.6 s exist in the upstream region of Mercury’s bow shock.

Convergence Issues Associated with Cutoff Energies and Ab Initio Studies of Adsorption of CO on W and Pt

The experimental research programs of 1950s, to understand the adsorption of CO on W surfaces, changed to ab initio studies in 2000s. The goals were to seek improved practical applications. Most of the studies were based on density functional theory. Many studies also used programs, such as VASP (Vienna Abinitio simulation package) and CPMD. The computational procedures used plane wave approximations. This needed studies with selection of K points and cutoff energy selection to assure convergence in energy calculations. Observations and analysis of papers published from 2006 to 2022 indicate that the cutoff energies were selected arbitrarily without any needed convergence studies. By selecting a published 2006 paper, this paper has clearly showed that an arbitrary selection of cutoff energy, such as 460 eV, is not in the range of, cutoff energies that assure convergence of energy calculations, with ab initio methods and have indicated correction procedures. .

Atmosphere-ionosphere response to the M9 Tohoku earthquake revealed by multiinstrument space-borne and ground observations:Preliminary results

We retrospectively analyzed the temporal and spatial variations of four different physical parameters characterizing the state of the atmosphere and ionosphere several days before the M9 Tohoku, Japan earthquake of March 11, 2011. The data include outgoing long wave radiation （OLR）, GPS/TEC, lower Earth orbit ionospheric tomography and critical frequency foF2. Our first results show that on March 7th a rapid increase of emitted infrared radiation was observed from the satellite data and an anomaly developed near the epicenter. The GPS/TEC data indicate an increase and variation in electron density reaching a maximum value on March 8. Starting from this day in the lower ionosphere also there was confirmed an abnormal TEC variation over the epicenter. From March 3 to 11 a large increase in electron concentration was recorded at all four Japanese ground-based ionosondes, which returned to normal after the main earthquake. The joint preliminary analysis of atmospheric and ionospheric parameters during the M9 Tohoku, Japan earthquake has revealed the presence of related variations of these parameters implying their connection with the earthquake process. This study may lead to a better understanding of the response of the atmosphere/ionosphere to the great Tohoku earthquake.

Turbulence in the near-Venusian space: Venus Express observations

With Venus Express magnetic field measurements at 32 Hz from 2006 to 2012, we investigate statistically the magnetic fluctuations in the near-Venusian space. The global spatial distribution of their spectral scaling features is presented in MHD and kinetic regimes. It can be observed that turbulence is a common phenomenon in the solar wind in both regimes. The solar wind MHD turbulence is modified at the Venusian bow shock;MHD turbulence is absent in the Venusian magnetosheath but present at the magnetosheath boundary layer. Pre-existing kinetic turbulence from the far upstream solar wind is modified in the near solar wind region, while kinetic turbulence can be extensively observed throughout the Venusian magnetosheath and in some regions of the induced magnetosphere. Our results reveal that, in the near-Venusian space, energy cascade can be developed at the boundary between magnetosheath and wake, and the turbulence-related dissipation of magnetic energy occurs extensively in the magnetosheath and the induced magnetosphere.

Effects of geomagnetic disturbances on humans functional state in space flight

Investigations of the effect of geomagnetic activity influence on the heart rhythm regulation of cosmonauts during the expeditions onboard the Soyuz spacecraft, and the MIR orbital space stations was carried out for various durations of flight in weightlessness and, under control of groups of cosmonauts who were inspected under flight conditions outside the geomagnetic disturbances and in ground preflight conditions, during disturbances and without them. The four series of analytical researches in which the data about changes of characteristics of heart rate variability are demonstrated for the first time the presence of specific effect of geomagnetic disturbances on the system of vegetative regulation of blood circulation of cosmonauts during the flight. The response of cosmonauts’ heart rhythm on the magnetic storm is depending on the initial functional background and, in particular, on the state of mechanisms of vegetative regulation (the duration of flight and adaptation to it).

Clarification on Polarity of Bipolar Electric Field Solitary Structures in Space Plasmas with Satellite Observation

The bipolar electric field solitary(EFS)structures observed frequently in space plasmas by satellites have two different polarities,first positive electric field peak then negative(i.e.,positive/negative)and first negative then positive peak(i.e.,negative/positive).We provide the physical explanation on the polarity of observed bipolar EFS structures with an electrostatic ion fluid model.The results show that if initial electric field𝐸E_(0)>0,the polarity of the bipolar EFS structure will be positive/negative;and if𝐸E_(0)<0,the polarity of the bipolar EFS structure will be negative/positive.However,for a fixed polarity of the EFS,either positive/negative or negative/positive,if the satellite is located at the positive side of the EFS,the observed polarity should be positive/negative,if the satellite is located at the negative side of the EFS,the observed polarity should be negative/positive.Therefore,we provide a method to clarify the natural polarity of the EFS with observed polarity by satellites.Our results are significant to understand the physical process in space plasma with the satellite observation.

Responses of the field-aligned currents in the plasma sheet boundary layer to a geomagnetic storm

Geomagnetic storms can result in large magnetic field disturbances and intense currents in the magnetosphere and even on the ground.As an important medium of momentum and energy transport among the solar wind,magnetosphere,and ionosphere,field-aligned currents(FACs)can also be strengthened in storm times.This study shows the responses of FACs in the plasma sheet boundary layer(PSBL)observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale(MMS)spacecraft in different phases of a large storm that lasted from May 27,2017,to May 29,2017.Most of the FACs were carried by electrons,and several FACs in the storm time also contained sufficient ion FACs.The FAC magnitudes were larger in the storm than in the quiet period,and those in the main phase were the strongest.In this case,the direction of the FACs in the main phase showed no preference for tailward or earthward,whereas the direction of the FACs in the recovery phase was mostly tailward.The results suggest that the FACs in the PSBL are closely related to the storm and could be driven by activities in the tail region,where the energy transported from the solar wind to the magnetosphere is stored and released as the storm is evolving.Thus,the FACs are an important medium of energy transport between the tail and the ionosphere,and the PSBL is a significant magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling region in the nightside.

The Mars orbiter magnetometer of Tianwen-1:in-flight performance and first science results

The Mars Orbiter MAGnetometer(MOMAG)is a scientific instrument onboard the orbiter of China’s first mission for Mars—Tianwen-1.Since November 13,2021,it has been recording magnetic field data from the solar wind to the magnetic pile-up region surrounding Mars.Here we present its in-flight performance and first science results,based on its first one and one-half months’data.Comparing these early MOMAG observations to the magnetic field data in the solar wind from NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN(MAVEN)mission,we report that the MOMAG magnetic field data are at the same level in magnitude,and describe the same magnetic structures with similar variations in three components.We recognize 158 clear bow shock(BS)crossings in these MOMAG data;their locations match well statistically with the modeled average BS.We also identify and compare five pairs of datasets collected when Tianwen-1’s orbiter and the MAVEN probe made simultaneous BS crossings.These BS crossings confirm the global shape of modeled BS,as well as the south-north asymmetry of the Martian BS.Two cases presented in this paper suggest that the BS is probably more dynamic at flank than near the nose.So far,MOMAG performs well,and provides accurate magnetic field vectors.MOMAG is continuously scanning the magnetic field surrounding Mars.Data from MOMAG’s measurements complement data from MAVEN and will undoubt edly advance our understanding of the plasma environment of Mars.

Guidance strategy of motion camouflage for spacecraft pursuit-evasion game

This work is inspired by a stealth pursuit behavior called motion camouflage whereby a pursuer approaches an evader while the pursuer camouflages itself against a predetermined background.We formulate the spacecraft pursuit-evasion problem as a stealth pursuit strategy of motion camouflage,in which the pursuer tries to minimize a motion camouflage index defined in this paper.The Euler-Hill reference frame whose origin is set on the circular reference orbit is used to describe the dynamics.Based on the rule of motion camouflage,a guidance strategy in open-loop form to achieve motion camouflage index is derived in which the pursuer lies on the camouflage constraint line connecting the central spacecraft and evader.In order to dispose of the dependence on the evader acceleration in the open-loop guidance strategy,we further consider the motion camouflage pursuit problem within an infinite-horizon nonlinear quadratic differential game.The saddle point solution to the game is derived by using the state-dependent Riccati equation method,and the resulting closed-loop guidance strategy is effective in achieving motion camouflage.Simulations are performed to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed guidance strategies for the pursuit–evasion game scenario.

Development and Application of a Novel Functional Marker for Fragrance in Rice

Fragrant rice is favored worldwide by consumers and rice breeders,due to its full aroma and high nutritional value.Loss of function of the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene(OsBADH2)leads to aroma in rice.Our previous sequencing results showed that fragrant rice Chuan 7 belongs to badh2-E14 type,with a 1 bp insertion mutation in exon 14(Sun et al,2021),and this allele mutation is mainly distributed in Nepal and India(Kovach et al,2009).

UAV-Assisted FSO Communication System with Amplify-and-Forward Protocol under AOA Fluctuations:A Performance Analysis

Free space optical(FSO)communication has recently aroused great interest in academia due to its unique features,such as large transmission band,high data rates,and strong anti-electromagnetic interference.With the aim of evaluating the performance of an FSO communication system and extending the line-of-sight transmission distance,we propose an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-assisted dual-hop FSO communication system equipped with amplifyand-forward protocol at the relay node.Specifically,we consider impairments of atmospheric absorption,pointing errors,atmospheric turbulence,and link interruptions due to angle-of-arrival fluctuations in the relay system.The Gamma-Gamma and Malaga distributions are used to model the influence of atmospheric turbulence on the source-to-UAV and UAVto-destination links,respectively.We derive closedform expressions of the probability density function(PDF)and cumulative distribution function(CDF)for the proposed communication system,in terms of the Meijer-G function.Based on the precise PDF and CDF,analytical expressions for the outage probability,average bit error rate,and ergodic capacity are proposed with the aid of the extended generalized bivariate Fox’s H function.Finally,we show that there is a match between the analytical results and numerical results,and we analyze the influence of the system and channel parameters on the performance.

中俄联合火星电离层星-星掩星探测

中俄联合火星星-星掩星探测是人类首次在火星空间环境进行此类的联合试验。用于探测火星电离层的星-星掩星技术较以前星地间的探测技术相比,有可接收高信噪比信号,反演精度高,可探测火星上太阳天顶角大于43°,或者小于138°的区域电离层等优点。本文介绍了中俄联合火星星-星掩星探测方案、基本原理,给出了主要技术指标、地面模拟测试结果。

汶川地震前的地磁场日变化特征分析

近来很多学者报道强地震前地磁日变化异常现象.本文利用地面地磁观测台站分析了2008年5月12日汶川ML=8地震前约37天的地磁场的日变化特征,探讨了地震前地下电磁感应磁场的相对变化.分析结果表明:1)在地震之前,成都台(CDP)观测到地磁日变化的形态与其他台站相似,未见与地震相关变化;2)CDP的Z/H高于周边台站,在4月20日Z/H出现一个最大峰值(>2.5);3)以4月20日为分界点,成都CDP台站的Z/H与恩施ENS台的Z/H的比值RCDP/ENS先增加后降低,周期越短变化趋势越明显.这些结果间接反映了震前CDP台地球内部电导率的变化信息.

TC-1和Geotail对亚暴过程中近地等离子体片磁扰动的联合观测

以2004年9月28日02:53:20UT的亚暴为例,通过TC-1在磁尾约12 5R_e和Geotail卫星在近地磁尾等离子体片约8～9 R_e的联合观测,研究亚暴触发过程中近地磁尾等离子体片中等离子体波动特征.结果表明,业暴触发区是近地磁尾中心等离子体片中较小的一个区域,在亚暴触发区中低混杂不稳定性在近地磁尾等离子体片中存在,准垂直传播的低混杂波发生在亚暴触发过程中、而亚暴触发过程中近地磁尾等离子体片外边界区内的磁场偶极化信号和扰动都非常微弱.在亚暴触发和亚暴嘭胀相过程中出现了多次具有不同持征的磁场偶极化现象.

近地等离子体片中磁场扰动和离子速度扰动的统计研究

利用THEMIS THC卫星观测数据统计分析近地等离子体片中磁场扰动和等离子体整体流的速度扰动的关系,研究Alfven波动的活动性.研究结果表明:1)等离子体整体流的速度扰动幅度依赖于平均速度的大小,速度扰动幅度随平均速度的增加而增加;2)速度扰动幅度与磁场扰动幅度存在较强的正相关性;3)磁场扰动幅度与AE指数密切相关,磁场扰动幅度随着AE指数增加而增加,而速度扰动幅度与AE指数之间没有明显的相关性;4)Alfven比与AE指数的相关系数较小,但能够看出Alfven比随着AE指数增加而减小的趋势;5)速度扰动幅度和磁场扰动幅度与尾向距离及距中性片距离的关系不明显.

地球磁层极尖区场向电子事件期间能量特性研究

根据Cluster卫星2001年9月30日在北半球极尖区观测到的一次强扰动场向电子事件数据,分析研究了这次事件期间场向电子的能量特性,讨论了场向电子对太阳风能量向磁层的传输和磁层-电离层耦合过程中能量传输的作用.分析认为,这次电子扰动事件期间电子速度和密度都具有很强的扰动变化,电子速度增加是一个主要特点.本次事件中低能段5~200 eV和500~1500 eV内的能谱分析结果表明,上行电子通量大于下行电子通量,上行电子主要来源于电离层,说明电离层上行电子在本次事件中具有非常活跃的作用.根据电离层中带电粒子的能量特征分析结果可知,这次事件中电离层起源的上行电子在上行过程中得到了加速.关于加速机制问题还有待深入研究.

火星磁层顶形成和变化的理论研究

考虑太阳风动压与行星电离层中的带电粒子热压及磁压之和平衡,建立了有大气(电离层)的行星磁层顶形成的理论模型,结合卫星对火星的观测数据,对子午面内向日侧火星磁层顶位形进行了数值计算和分析,研究了火星磁层顶位形及其与太阳风动压之间的变化关系.结果认为,火星磁层顶位形与地球磁层顶相似.太阳风动压越大,火星磁层顶越靠近火星;太阳风动压越弱,火星磁层顶越远离火星.根据火星内秉磁矩从古到今逐渐减小的观点,探索了大尺度磁场(内禀磁矩)对火星磁层顶的贡献作用,结果认为大尺度磁场越强,火星磁层顶越远离行星.这对于进一步研究火星磁层的长期演化以及其他行星磁层的位形变化都具有重要的意义.