This article discusses four major transformations that took place in China during the Republican period from 1912 to 1949. The imperial institution fell and was replaced by a republican form of government. Changes in ...This article discusses four major transformations that took place in China during the Republican period from 1912 to 1949. The imperial institution fell and was replaced by a republican form of government. Changes in the writing style took place. The new colloquial style pulled people away from the idea of searching the past for answers to future questions. Popular culture changed. Men abandoned the queue and long gown, women forgot about footbinding. New technologies brought new ways of life to most Chinese and, surprisingly, many of the despotic warlords adopted telegraphs, railroads, and automobiles. By the 1950s, China had changed, but in a manner very similar to the rest of the world. In that sense China in the Republican period was in the mainstream of modern change.展开更多
AIM To characterize the understanding of hepatitis B virus(HBV) and determine if outreach improves HBV understanding among Greater Boston Area immigrants. METHODS Six outreach sessions were held in various community v...AIM To characterize the understanding of hepatitis B virus(HBV) and determine if outreach improves HBV understanding among Greater Boston Area immigrants. METHODS Six outreach sessions were held in various community venues in the Greater Boston Area. Verbal consent was obtained from participants prior to starting each session. Each session included a pre-session questionnaire, followed by a teaching session, and then a post-session questionnaire. In person interpreters were present for translation during the teaching session and assistance for questionnaire completion when needed. The questions were developed based on the HBV clinical experience of physicians who serve largely immigrant populations. Questionnaires included Likerttype scale, open-ended, and true-false questions. All results were anonymous. RESULTS One hundred and one people participated in this study. Participants were 30% male with ages ranging from 19 to 87 years. The study population included immigrants from 21 countries, as well as seven United States-born participants. The greatest numbers of participants were from Somalia(44%), Morocco(10%), and Cameroon(8%). Pre session questionnaires revealed that 42% of participants were unaware that HBV can cause cancer, and 50% were unaware that therapies for HBV exist. Our brief teaching intervention led to improved scores on post session questionnaires. For example, at baseline, 58% of participants responded correctly to the question "HBV infection can cause scarring of the liver and liver cancer", whereas 79% of participants responded correctly after the teaching session(P = 0.01). Furthermore, the mean of total correct answers in the true or false portion of the questionnaire increased from 5.5 to 7.6(P < 0.001).CONCLUSION A teaching session targeting Boston Immigrants atrisk for HBV helped improve scores on HBV knowledge questionnaires. Outreach may empower at-risk patients to pro-actively seek HBV care.展开更多
Background:Africa reduced its under-5 mortality rate(U5MR)by more than 50%during the MDGs era.However,it still has by far the highest average U5MR in the world-81 deaths compared to a global average of 43 deaths per 1...Background:Africa reduced its under-5 mortality rate(U5MR)by more than 50%during the MDGs era.However,it still has by far the highest average U5MR in the world-81 deaths compared to a global average of 43 deaths per 1000 births,with eight of the ten countries in the world with the highest child mortality rates.The primary objective of our study was to examine the socioeconomic,healthcare,and environmental determinants that most account for U5MR disparities between African countries.Methods:We used a series of ordinary least squares(OLS)regression models to assess the effects of 14 distinct socioeconomic,environmental and healthcare variables that account for the high U5MR differentials that persist between African countries.We conducted our analysis on 43 countries for which data were available.Using a dummy variable,we also emphasized factors that may be accounting for the disparity between the eight worstperforming countries and the remainder of the continent.Results:Among all the determinants analyzed in our study,the results reveal that the factors that most account for the inequities observed are,in order,expenditure on healthcare(p<0.01),total fertility rate(p<0.01),income per capita(p<0.05),and access to clean water(p<0.1).Conclusions:Our results show that the gap between the best and worst performing countries in Africa can be significantly narrowed if government and donor interventions will target downstream factors such as improving education for mothers and sensitising them about birth control since fertility rate differences play a critical role.Improving accessibility to clean water sources to reduce outbreaks of diarrhea diseases is also observed as a critical factor.展开更多
We propose a novel hybrid method to analyze the security vulnerabilities in Android applications.Our method combines static analysis,which consists of metadata and data flow analyses with dynamic analysis,which includ...We propose a novel hybrid method to analyze the security vulnerabilities in Android applications.Our method combines static analysis,which consists of metadata and data flow analyses with dynamic analysis,which includes dynamic executable scripts and application program interface hooks.Our hybrid method can effectively analyze nine major categories of important security vulnerabilities in Android applications.We design dynamic executable scripts that record and perform manual operations to customize the execution path of the target application.Our dynamic executable scripts can replace most manual operations,simplify the analysis process,and further verify the corresponding security vulnerabilities.We successfully statically analyze 5547 malwares in Drebin and 10 151real-world applications.The average analysis time of each application in Drebin is 4.52 s,whereas it reaches 92.02 s for real-word applications.Our system can detect all the labeled vulnerabilities among 56 labeled applications.Further dynamic verification shows that our static analysis accuracy approximates 95%for real-world applications.Experiments show that our dynamic analysis can effectively detect the vulnerability named input unverified,which is difficult to be detected by other methods.In addition,our dynamic analysis can be extended to detect more types of vulnerabilities.展开更多
Abstract This research is based on a short hand-written genealogy （shou chaoben 手抄本） of the kind that are appearing in flea markets in China these days. I surmise it was written in Shandong in 1944. Although its ...Abstract This research is based on a short hand-written genealogy （shou chaoben 手抄本） of the kind that are appearing in flea markets in China these days. I surmise it was written in Shandong in 1944. Although its entries are brief, an analysis reveals much about the family, including female family members （often omitted from family genealogies）, inter-family marriages practiced over hundreds of years, status markers used by the family such as the taking of second wives, the prevalence of patriarchal views. in 1944 plays a role in my analysis of how The Japanese occupation of Shandong this manuscript was compiled.展开更多
文摘This article discusses four major transformations that took place in China during the Republican period from 1912 to 1949. The imperial institution fell and was replaced by a republican form of government. Changes in the writing style took place. The new colloquial style pulled people away from the idea of searching the past for answers to future questions. Popular culture changed. Men abandoned the queue and long gown, women forgot about footbinding. New technologies brought new ways of life to most Chinese and, surprisingly, many of the despotic warlords adopted telegraphs, railroads, and automobiles. By the 1950s, China had changed, but in a manner very similar to the rest of the world. In that sense China in the Republican period was in the mainstream of modern change.
文摘AIM To characterize the understanding of hepatitis B virus(HBV) and determine if outreach improves HBV understanding among Greater Boston Area immigrants. METHODS Six outreach sessions were held in various community venues in the Greater Boston Area. Verbal consent was obtained from participants prior to starting each session. Each session included a pre-session questionnaire, followed by a teaching session, and then a post-session questionnaire. In person interpreters were present for translation during the teaching session and assistance for questionnaire completion when needed. The questions were developed based on the HBV clinical experience of physicians who serve largely immigrant populations. Questionnaires included Likerttype scale, open-ended, and true-false questions. All results were anonymous. RESULTS One hundred and one people participated in this study. Participants were 30% male with ages ranging from 19 to 87 years. The study population included immigrants from 21 countries, as well as seven United States-born participants. The greatest numbers of participants were from Somalia(44%), Morocco(10%), and Cameroon(8%). Pre session questionnaires revealed that 42% of participants were unaware that HBV can cause cancer, and 50% were unaware that therapies for HBV exist. Our brief teaching intervention led to improved scores on post session questionnaires. For example, at baseline, 58% of participants responded correctly to the question "HBV infection can cause scarring of the liver and liver cancer", whereas 79% of participants responded correctly after the teaching session(P = 0.01). Furthermore, the mean of total correct answers in the true or false portion of the questionnaire increased from 5.5 to 7.6(P < 0.001).CONCLUSION A teaching session targeting Boston Immigrants atrisk for HBV helped improve scores on HBV knowledge questionnaires. Outreach may empower at-risk patients to pro-actively seek HBV care.
文摘Background:Africa reduced its under-5 mortality rate(U5MR)by more than 50%during the MDGs era.However,it still has by far the highest average U5MR in the world-81 deaths compared to a global average of 43 deaths per 1000 births,with eight of the ten countries in the world with the highest child mortality rates.The primary objective of our study was to examine the socioeconomic,healthcare,and environmental determinants that most account for U5MR disparities between African countries.Methods:We used a series of ordinary least squares(OLS)regression models to assess the effects of 14 distinct socioeconomic,environmental and healthcare variables that account for the high U5MR differentials that persist between African countries.We conducted our analysis on 43 countries for which data were available.Using a dummy variable,we also emphasized factors that may be accounting for the disparity between the eight worstperforming countries and the remainder of the continent.Results:Among all the determinants analyzed in our study,the results reveal that the factors that most account for the inequities observed are,in order,expenditure on healthcare(p<0.01),total fertility rate(p<0.01),income per capita(p<0.05),and access to clean water(p<0.1).Conclusions:Our results show that the gap between the best and worst performing countries in Africa can be significantly narrowed if government and donor interventions will target downstream factors such as improving education for mothers and sensitising them about birth control since fertility rate differences play a critical role.Improving accessibility to clean water sources to reduce outbreaks of diarrhea diseases is also observed as a critical factor.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2016YFB0800402 and 2016QY01W0202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1836204,U1936108,61572221,61433006,U1401258,61572222,and 61502185)the Major Projects of the National Social Science Foundation(No.16ZDA092)。
文摘We propose a novel hybrid method to analyze the security vulnerabilities in Android applications.Our method combines static analysis,which consists of metadata and data flow analyses with dynamic analysis,which includes dynamic executable scripts and application program interface hooks.Our hybrid method can effectively analyze nine major categories of important security vulnerabilities in Android applications.We design dynamic executable scripts that record and perform manual operations to customize the execution path of the target application.Our dynamic executable scripts can replace most manual operations,simplify the analysis process,and further verify the corresponding security vulnerabilities.We successfully statically analyze 5547 malwares in Drebin and 10 151real-world applications.The average analysis time of each application in Drebin is 4.52 s,whereas it reaches 92.02 s for real-word applications.Our system can detect all the labeled vulnerabilities among 56 labeled applications.Further dynamic verification shows that our static analysis accuracy approximates 95%for real-world applications.Experiments show that our dynamic analysis can effectively detect the vulnerability named input unverified,which is difficult to be detected by other methods.In addition,our dynamic analysis can be extended to detect more types of vulnerabilities.
文摘Abstract This research is based on a short hand-written genealogy （shou chaoben 手抄本） of the kind that are appearing in flea markets in China these days. I surmise it was written in Shandong in 1944. Although its entries are brief, an analysis reveals much about the family, including female family members （often omitted from family genealogies）, inter-family marriages practiced over hundreds of years, status markers used by the family such as the taking of second wives, the prevalence of patriarchal views. in 1944 plays a role in my analysis of how The Japanese occupation of Shandong this manuscript was compiled.
