Optimization of Finishing Process and Energy Savings in Denim Textile Facility

Denim is widely accepted among exported textile products due to its aesthetics, appearance, and fashion. Practitioners employed several physical or chemical treatments to improve denim qualities in denim finishing operations. So, several treatment processes, including enzymatic, bleaching, singeing, heat set, and ozone finish, are used, which made this processing more energy consumption and time-consuming. Therefore, it is significant to investigate how changing the chemicals and raw ingredients could improve the finishing process, which is environmentally and economically beneficial for sustainable production practices in the denim finishing process. This study’s research design comprises an experimental investigation in a denim plant in Bangladesh. Two different fabrics were chosen to analyze, determining the potential savings of finishing on the denim fabrics’ performance characteristics. By deducting singeing and heat-set processes, the researchers ran an experimental process by maintaining the same length of fabric. Then, the impacts of finishing process optimization on the mechanical, thermal, and comfort parameters of drape, stiffness, and tear strength were examined. The study’s findings demonstrated that this experiment increased productivity and reduced the finishing unit’s energy consumption without compromising the denim fabrics’ quality. This study significantly impacts environmental sustainability by preserving limited energy resources and manufacturing denim finishing processes.

Influence of Polyester Resin Treatment on Jute Fabrics for Geotextile Applications

In this study, jute woven fabrics (1 × 1 plain, twill, zigzag and diamond weave) were manufactured from 100% raw jute yarn. The fabric specimens were treated by 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% unsaturated polyester resin where styrene monomer used as a solvent and 1% methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) was used as initiator. Two bar pressure was applied for complete wetting of the fabric by a Padder and curing was done at 130?C for 10 minutes. The physico-mechanical characteristics of untreated and treated samples were examined and evaluated. It was revealed that moisture content (MC) and water absorbency of the treated specimens were decreased with the increase of resin percentage (%) in the fabrics. MC and water absorbency were maximum decreased up to 50.23% and 60.14% respectively by 25% resin treatment. On the other hand, bending length (BL), flexural rigidity (FR), flexural modulus (FM) and tensile strength (TS) were enhanced with the increase of resin percentage in the fabrics which resulted higher fabric stiffness. The maximum improvement of BL, FR, FM and TS were found to be 6.67%, 56.04%, 10.57% and 18.75% respectively in comparison to untreated sample. Soil degradation tests exhibited that 33.59% TS loss occurred for untreated specimens where only 8.04% loss of TS found for 25% resin treated one. Furthermore, jute based twill, zigzag and diamond fabrics were also treated by 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% resin, then measured their TS and compared with plain fabrics. It was revealed that plain fabrics have superior TS over other fabrics. It was also evident that TS enhanced for all the fabrics after resin treatment and maximum increase found for all the fabrics up to 25% resin treatment.

OPTIMAL SETTING-UP OF KNITTING ELEMENTS AND ITS EFFECT ON TENSION VARIATION

The dynamic yarn tension variations during knitting cycle are very difficult to control and be-come one of barriers to knitting on modern warp knitting machine.Examination of experimentaldata and theoretical analysis show that the relative position of spring rail to knitting elements suchas needle,guide as well as their displacement has noticeable effect on tension variation so that theknitting condition can be much improved by rearrangement of the knitting elements and theirmovement within a knitting cycle.

Mechanical Properties of Weft-Knitted Spacer Fabrics Integrated with Silica Aerogels

The work investigated surface and mechanical properties of untreated and treated three-layered weftknitted spacer fabrics.In order to optimize the mechanical properties of weft-knitted spacer fabrics,silica aerogels(SAs)coating was employed.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)images of untreated and treated spacer fabrics were analyzed to ensure the presence of SAs on the coated spacer fabrics.The basic properties of uncoated and coated weftknitted spacer fabrics were studied and compared.Tensile strength and initial modulus were studied according to the GB/T3923 test standard YG026 MB-250 by testing machine.Moreover,compression properties of spacer fabrics were also tested by HD026 G test instrument.In this testing,work of compression,the linearity of compression,recovery work of compression and other parameters were calculated from stress and strain curves.It was found that SAs coating has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of weftknitted spacer fabrics.The statistical analysis also verified the significant performance(P value smaller than 0.05)of treated fabric samples at the 0.05 level.

Developing Denim Like Wash Effect on Corduroy Garments and Investigation of Different Physical Properties of Washed Corduroy Garments

Corduroy yarn is generally introduced in a fabric structure of garments due to developing different designs in terms of appearance of fabric which is called corduroy garment. In this study, both corduroy and denim garments have been made to develop a denim-like wash effect on corduroy garments that will create a new fashion, value addition and sustainability in washing technology. Both the garments are treated with the same washing process. Also, some physical properties have been investigated for both washed garments such as Washing Effect Test, Tear Strength Test, GSM Test, and Rubbing Test. Then a comparative study has been done on both washed garments. The appearance of washed corduroy garments is satisfactory. The physical properties also show a better result. Finally, a satisfactory result is achieved from this work.

Effect of Fiber Loading on the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites

Jute fiber (woven fabric, 1 × 1 plain weave) reinforced polypropylene matrix composites were prepared by compression molding with various fiber loading such as 30%, 40%, 46%, 50%, 55% by weight. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength (TS), bending strength (BS), tensile modulus (TM), bending modulus (BM) and impact strength (IS) of the composite were assessed and analyzed. The highest value of TS, BS, TM, BM and IS were 68.1 MPa, 94.1 MPa, 2936 MPa, 4831 MPa and 14.5 kJ/m2 respectively with 50% fiber loading by weight. It was found that the mechanical properties of the composites were increased with the increase in jute fiber content up to 50% by weight;however, further increase in fiber loading the value decreased. On the basis of fiber content, 50% fiber reinforced composites had the optimum set of mechanical properties. Initially the water absorption rate was higher and then it became slower and static with time. Chemical ageing test with various chemical media such as H2O2, NaOH, HCl and NaCl were performed up to 168 hours. After first 24 hours the composite samples showed gradual weight gain (%) and then the weight gain was become slow and steady in the chemical solution.

FAILURE ANALYSIS OF THE COLD FORGING DIE USED FOR COPPER CONTACT-HEAD MANUFACTURE

The lifetime of dies is an important factor in raising the economic efficiency in production.Through the microscopic analysis as well as metalloscopy on the failure status of the cold forgingdie destined,for manufacture of copper contact heads of electric switches,the paper reaches theconclusion that the inhomogeneous distribution of carbides will cause fatigue breaking.And themeasures to control the quality of material and to improve the heat treatment technology are pro-posed.

The Effects of Gas Composition on the Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Modification of Polyethylene Films

Polyethylene （PE） films are treated using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet （APPJ） with He or He/O2 gas for different periods of time. The influence of gas type on the plasma polymer interactions is studied. The surface contact angle of the PE film can be effectively lowered to 58° after 20 s of He/O2 plasma treatment and then remains almost unchanged for longer treatment durations, while, for He plasma treatment, the film surface contact angle drops gradually to 47° when the time reaches 120 s. Atomic force microscopy （AFM） results show that the root mean square （RMS） roughness was significantly higher for the He/O2 plasma treated samples than for the He plasma treated counterparts, and the surface topography of the He/O2 plasma treated PE films displays evenly distributed dome-shaped small protuberances. Chemical composition analysis reveals that the He plasma treated samples have a higher oxygen content but a clearly lower percentage of COO than the comparable He/O2 treated samples, suggesting that differences exist in the mode of incorporating oxygen between the two gas condition plasma treatments. Electron spin resonance （ESR） results show that the free radical concentrations of the He plasma treated samples were clearly higher than those of the He/O2 plasma treated ones with other conditions unchanged.

Cotton Fiber Recycling Processes in Indigo Denim Fabrics

This paper studied the recycling process of cotton fibers in indigo denim fabrics.X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy were used to characterize the crystal morphology,the grain size and the chemical composition of cotton fibers after alkali treatment.The mechanical property test and the bulk length test were done.The results show that the main functional group of the obtained regenerated cotton still exists,but the absorption peak of the bound alkali appears at the wavenumber of 3701 cm-1,and the crystallinity shows a downward trend.The K/S value increases first and then decreases,and the mechanical properties and the length of the body have a certain degree of damage.

Effect of Elastane on Physical Properties of 1×1 Knit Rib Fabrics

Because of wearing and washing the knit rib fabrics are highly vulnerable to lose their dimensional stability.The work investigated the physical properties of 1×1 knit rib fabrics with or without elastane.The fabrics made from 100%cotton yarn were compared with the fabrics made from cotton/elastane(95%/5%)blended yarns by Lisky circular knitting machine.Pilling,shrinkage,spirality,and bursting strength were tested by the ICI pilling test box,Wascator,and TruBurst machine to demonstrate the effect of elastane on fabric properties.Experimental results showed that elastane has a noteworthy impact on the physical properties of 1×1 knit rib fabrics which can make the fabrics more durable and dimensionally stable in practice.

Analysis the Influenced of Plain and Twill Structures on Woven Fabric Properties

Fabric outer appearance is influenced by various fabric structures. In this research work, the physical properties of plain and twill were analyzed. Physical, mechanical and other aesthetic properties are also tested and the finding results are also compared between two samples. After testing the samples it is found that rubbing fastness remains unchanged for plain and twill fabric. Abrasion resistance, pilling, crease recovery and cover factor were evaluated for twill and plain structures using ISO 12945-2, ISO 12945-1 and ISO 2313 methods respectively. Abrasion resistance and pills property are not good for twill fabric in comparison with plain fabric but crease recovery is better of twill fabric.

Acoustic Performance of Green Composites for Chinese Traditional Percussion Drums

Flax and jute fabrics are adopted to reinforce epoxy matrix composites in order to explore the feasibility of replacing wood in percussion instruments.The fabrics are treated with alkaline solutions to improve interfacial adhesion between fibers and epoxy.The composites are fabricated using the hand-lay and vacuum assisted resin infusion process.Acoustic dynamic moduli,acoustic radiation damping coefficients,and acoustic impedances of the composites are tested and compared with those of the wood regularly used to make the percussion instruments.It is found that the acoustic properties of the composites are within the range of those of the wood,indicating that it could be feasible to replace the wood with natural cellulose fiber reinforced composites in percussion instrument production.

Effect of Alkali Concentration on Dyeing Cotton Knitted Fabrics with Reactive Dyes

The effect of alkali concentrations has been studied on the color strength （K/S） and color fastness properties of single jersey cotton knitted fabrics dyed with 1% Novacron Red S-B reactive dye. Same bath scouring and bleaching are performed and conventional exhaust dyeing method employed by IR laboratory sample dyeing machine. Various alkali concentrations such as 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 g/L are employed and other parameters are kept fixed. The color strength （K/S） and color fastness to wash and rubbing are examined and evaluated. It is revealed that with the increase in alkali concentration from 6 g/L to 8 g/L the value of K/S increases and then up to 10 g/L the value decreases. The overall color fastness properties to washing and rubbing for the dyed samples range from good to excellent.

Dirichlet Averages, Fractional Integral Operators and Solution of Euler-Darboux Equation on Hölder Spaces

In the present paper, we discuss the solution of Euler-Darboux equation in terms of Dirichlet averages of boundary conditions on H?lder space and weighted H?lder spaces of continuous functions using Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operators. Moreover, the results are interpreted in alternative form.

Comparative Analysis of Technical Parameters of Different Knitted Structures (Jersey, Pique and Lacoste) with or without Lycra/Spandex

The relationship of Count, GSM (Gram per Square meter), and Stitch Length, Shrinkage%, spirality% and pilling are discussed by this paper among Pique, Lacoste and Jersey knit structures with or without Lycra “3% - 5%”. For this research, we used different knitted structures, yarn count and stitch length and for finding data different types of m/c are used which are discussed later. This study is based on finish GSM of Pique, Lacoste and Jersey Knit Fabrics where various kinds of yarn count, GSM and Stitch length are used to justify the experiment. The relation of count and Stitch length with GSM is inversely proportional. When count and Stitch length increases, GSM decreases which is proved through this paper by using both the expected and experimental data. For writing this paper we have distinguished both the theoretical as well as practical implications from the industry and tried to find out adjustable points of fabrics Count, GSM and Stitch Length along with Shrinkage%, Fabric width, Spirality. This paper provides a reliable result which will help selection of count, GSM and Stitch length for making of Pique, Lacoste and Jersey knit fabrics with or without Lycra maintaining the Shrinkage%, spirality%, pilling grade in an acceptable limit. This paper logically shows that GSM, shrinkage and spirality vary when structure, yarn count, and stitch length vary.

Study on Recycling Garments Wastage as an Alternative Sizing Material

This paper deals with garments wastage, which could proficiently assess alternative sizing materials than conventional sizing materials. In this research, the synthesized Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) was originated from garments wastages and after that, synthesized CMC and exported CMC were added in sizing recipe for newly sized yarn and conventionally sized yarn respectively. Yarn count, strength, CSP, desizing efficiency and dye absorbency have been evaluated and a comparison has been made among the samples. Less count variation was found in newly sized yarn and a desirable amount of strength & CSP were also acquired in newly sized yarn but it was slightly less than the conventional one. After desizing and dye absorbency test, it has shown a favorable character for further steps like dyeing, printing, etc. These findings convey that synthesized CMC prepared from garments wastage in this study are good candidates for alternative sizing agents.

Biomineralized polymer matrix composites for bone tissue repair:a review

Bone defects caused by trauma, infection or bone tumor resection, are highly prevalent. A small number(5%–10%) of these injuries fail to heal due to non-union and require surgical intervention. Currently, the principal treatment options for these defects are autografts, allografts, xenografts or synthetic grafts. The main problems associated with these therapies include pain,infection and donor site morbidity. Bone tissue engineering is a diverse field that focuses on the regeneration of bone by combining cells, scaffolds, growth factors and dynamic forces. There have been many recent studies utilizing biomineralized polymer matrix composites which mimic the natural structure of bone. The principal focus of this review is on recent advances in the synthesis of various types of biomineralized polymer matrix composite. Examples of the biomineralization of naturallyderived and synthetic polymers widely used for bone engineering are also summarized.