Adult neurogenesis:a real hope or a delusion?

Adult neurogenesis,the process of creating new neurons,involves the coordinated division,migration,and differentiation of neural stem cells.This process is restricted to neurogenic niches located in two distinct areas of the brain:the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle,where new neurons are generated and then migrate to the olfactory bulb.Neurogenesis has been thought to occur only during the embryonic and early postnatal stages and to decline with age due to a continuous depletion of neural stem cells.Interestingly,recent years have seen tremendous progress in our understanding of adult brain neurogenesis,bridging the knowledge gap between embryonic and adult neurogenesis.Here,we discuss the current status of adult brain neurogenesis in light of what we know about neural stem cells.In this notion,we talk about the importance of intra cellular signaling molecules in mobilizing endogenous neural stem cell prolife ration.Based on the current understanding,we can declare that these molecules play a role in targeting neurogenesis in the mature brain.However,to achieve this goal,we need to avoid the undesired proliferation of neural stem cells by controlling the necessary checkpoints,which can lead to tumorigenesis and prove to be a curse instead of a blessing or hope.

Nonaqueous potassium-ion full-cells:Mapping the progress and identifying missing puzzle pieces

This review addresses the growing interest for potassium-ion full-cells(KIFCs)in view of the transition from potassium-ion half-cells(KIHCs)toward commercial K-ion batteries(KIBs).It focuses on the key parameters of KIFCs such as the electrode/electrolyte interfaces challenge,major barriers,and recent advancements in KIFCs.The strategies for enhancing KIFC performance,including interfaces co ntrol,electrolyte optimization,electrodes capacity ratio,electrode material screening and electrode design,are discussed.The review highlights the need to evaluate KIBs in full-cell configurations as half-cell results are strongly impacted by the K metal reactivity.It also emphasizes the importance of understanding solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)formation in KIFCs and explores promising nonaqueous as well as quasiand all-solid-state electrolytes options.This review thus paves the way for practical,cost-effective,and scalable KIBs as energy storage systems by offering insights and guidance for future research.

多孔灰岩局部化变形的精细化描述与数字表征

压实带是一种典型的应变局部化现象,影响储层流体的封存、输运以及地下岩体的稳定性。多孔灰岩局部化变形的相关研究一直是难点,不像砂岩样品可以通过明显的声发射信号特征来分析与表征压实带的形成与演化规律。本文利用动态CT技术,实时监测灰岩局部化变形到宏观失稳的演化过程,重点描述压实带形成初期的局部化变形特征,涵盖了应变量>5%的变形部分特征。在灰岩变形过程中可以识别两处明显非弹性变形阶段:即初始大孔隙坍塌阶段和后续压实带形成过程,利用图像体积互相关技术定量表征压实带的演化特征,精细化描述压实带形成过程的微观破裂特征,系统分析离散压实带内的连通孔隙分布规律,发现连通孔隙与局部化变形有紧密联系,并基于CT扫描的孔隙网络数据,利用纳维斯特斯方程计算绝对渗透率,以渗透率为参考指标,研究局部化变形引起的损伤程度。

Promoting Health Democracy

Introduction,L’histoire de la démocratie sanitaire-devenue par un glissement sémantique la démocratie en santé-est un long processus encore et toujours en marche de la relation entre les citoyens et leur système de santé[1,2].Cette relation aétéet continue d’être influencée par des changements sociétaux majeurs au cours des dernières décennies.

湖相细粒沉积岩沉积动力学机制与沉积模式——以鄂尔多斯盆地铜川地区延长组长7油层组露头为例

为了明确鄂尔多斯盆地南部三叠系延长组长7油层组细粒沉积特征及沉积模式,以衣食村、瑶曲等典型野外剖面为研究对象,在野外踏勘和测量的基础上,分析其岩相及岩相组合特征,探讨沉积相类型及特征,并建立了细粒沉积中不同岩相的演化模式。结果表明:铜川地区延长组中下部野外露头主要发育叠覆冲刷正粒序粉砂—细砂岩相、块状层理粉砂—细砂岩相、软沉积变形砂泥混杂岩相、块状泥岩相、水平纹层泥页岩相、凝灰岩相共6种岩相类型。铜川地区长7油层组发育背景泥质沉积、凝灰岩与重力流沉积的垂向组合、滑动滑塌与背景泥岩互层叠置、重力流沉积砂岩、泥岩垂向叠置。衣食村剖面下部长73亚油层组以块状层理碎屑流沉积和滑塌沉积为主;长72亚油层组以深水原地沉积为主,岩性从粉砂岩—粉砂质泥岩过渡到水平纹层泥岩再到页理极其发育的黑色页岩;瑶曲剖面长71亚油层组发育丰富的软沉积变形构造,如液化砂岩脉、块状砂岩内具有泥质条带以及火焰状构造等。研究区延长组长73亚油层组沉积期,主要为三角洲前缘沉积物垮塌再搬运形成的相对厚层滑动滑塌沉积;长72亚油层组沉积期以深水页岩沉积为主,夹杂火山灰和少量的低密度浊流薄层粉砂岩沉积;至长71亚油层组沉积期,部分三角洲垮塌再搬运形成砂质碎屑流沉积和低密度浊流沉积;整体指示了长7油层组沉积时期湖平面先升高后降低的周期性变化特征。湖平面的升降变化控制了细粒沉积物的搬运方式与沉积模式,该研究对于明确细粒沉积物的搬运机制与分布规律具有重要的指导意义。

Impact of organic interlayer anions on the CO2 adsorption performance of Mg-Al layered double hydroxides derived mixed oxides

Herein we report a systematical investigation on the promoting effect of the carbon chain length of the intercalated carboxylic anions on the COcapture performance of Mg-Al layer double hydroxides（LDHs）.A series of organo-LDHs were successfully synthesized via co-precipitation and calcination-rehydration methods. All as-prepared samples were characterized by many techniques including XRD, ATR-FTIR, BET,and TGA. The XRD and ATR-FTIR studies indicated that organic anions were successfully intercalated into LDHs. The influence of some important parameters such as calcination temperature, adsorption temperature, and coating with（Li-Na-K）NOmolten salt was investigated. The results exhibited that when the number of carbon is greater than 10, the COcapture capacity steadily increased with the increase in carbon number. After coating with 55 mol%（Li-Na-K）NOmolten salt, the COuptake of LDH-C16 sample with high Mg/Al ratios can be increased up to 3.25 mmol/g. The COadsorption/desorption cycling stability was also studied using temperature swing adsorption, which showed a stable COcapture performance even after 22 cycles. Considering its high COcapture capacity and good cycling stability, this novel COadsorbent is very promising in the sorption-enhanced water gas shift（SEWGS） processes.

Hard carbon derived from coconut shells,walnut shells,and corn silk biomass waste exhibiting high capacity for Na-ion batteries

In recent years,hard carbon materials have gained significant interest as anode materials for Na-ion batteries.Biomass waste is considered one of the most interesting,renewable,available,and cost-effective precursor to obtain hard carbon(HC);however,HC properties must be finely tuned to achieve performance comparable to those provided by Li-ion batteries.In this work,three biomass wastes(coconut shells,walnut shells,and corn silk) were evaluated as potential precursors for HC preparation involving a pyrolysis process and subsequent acid washing to remove the inorganic impurities.All obtained materials exhibited low and similar specific surface areas(<10 m^(2)·g^(-1)), but they presented different structures and surface functionalities.The walnut shell HC possessed a lower amount of inorganic impurities and oxygen-based functional groups compared to the coconut shell and corn silk HCs,leading to higher initial coulombic efficiency(iCE).The structural organization was higher in the case of the walnut shell HC,while the corn silk HC revealed a heterogeneous structure combining both highly disordered carbon and localized graphitized domains.All HCs delivered high initial reversible capacities between 293 and 315 mAh g^(-1) at 50 mA g^(-1) current rate,which remained rather stable during long-term cycling.The best capacity(293 mAh g^(-1) after 100 charge/discharge cycles) and highest capacity retention(93%) was achieved in walnut HCs in half-cells,which could be associated with its higher sp2 C content,better organized structure,and fewer impurities.An "adsorption-insertion" Na storage mechanism is suggested based on several techniques.The walnut HCs exhibited an attractive energy density of 279 Wh/kg when tested in full cells.

Temporomandibular joint damage in K/BxN arthritic mice

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is an autoimmune disease affecting 1% of the world population and is characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints sometimes accompanied by extra-articular manifestations. K/Bx N mice, originally described in 1996 as a model of polyarthritis, exhibit knee joint alterations. The aim of this study was to describe temporomandibular joint(TMJ)inflammation and damage in these mice. We used relevant imaging modalities, such as micro-magnetic resonance imaging(μMRI)and micro-computed tomography(μCT), as well as histology and immunofluorescence techniques to detect TMJ alterations in this mouse model. Histology and immunofluorescence for Col-I, Col-II, and aggrecan showed cartilage damage in the TMJ of K/Bx N animals, which was also evidenced by μCT but was less pronounced than that seen in the knee joints. μMRI observations suggested an increased volume of the upper articular cavity, an indicator of an inflammatory process. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes(FLSs)isolated from the TMJ of K/Bx N mice secreted inflammatory cytokines(IL-6 and IL-1β) and expressed degradative mediators such as matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs). K/Bx N mice represent an attractive model for describing and investigating spontaneous damage to the TMJ, a painful disorder in humans with an etiology that is still poorly understood.

Validating the CorrectWearing of Protection Mask by Taking a Selfie:Design of a Mobile Application“CheckYourMask”to Limit the Spread of COVID-19

In a context of a virus that is transmissive by sputtering,wearing masks appear necessary to protect the wearer and to limit the propagation of the disease.Currently,we are facing the 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic.Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an infectious disease with first symptoms similar to the flu.The symptom of COVID-19 was reported first in China and very quickly spreads to the rest of the world.The COVID-19 contagiousness is known to be high by comparison with the flu.In this paper,we propose a design of a mobile application for permitting everyone having a smartphone and being able to take a picture to verify that his/her protection mask is correctly positioned on his/her face.Such application can be particularly useful for people using face protection mask for the first time and notably for children and old people.The designed method exploits Haar-like feature descriptors to detect key features of the face and a decision-making algorithm is applied.Experimental results show the potential of this method in the validation of the correct mask wearing.To the best of our knowledge,our work is the only one that currently proposes a mobile application design“CheckYourMask”for validating the correct wearing of protection mask.

Promotion effects of alkali metals on iron molybdate catalysts for CO_(2)catalytic hydrogenation

CO_(2)hydrogenation is an attractive way to store and utilize carbon dioxide generated by industrial processes,as well as to produce valuable chemicals from renewable and abundant resources.Iron catalysts are commonly used for the hydrogenation of carbon oxides to hydrocarbons.Iron-molybdenum catalysts have found numerous applications in catalysis,but have been never evaluated in the CO_(2)hydrogenation.In this work,the structural properties of iron-molybdenum catalysts without and with a promoting alkali metal(Li,Na,K,Rb,or Cs)were characterized using X-ray diffraction,hydrogen temperatureprogrammed reduction,CO_(2)temperature-programmed desorption,in-situ^(57)Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and operando X-ray adsorption spectroscopy.Their catalytic performance was evaluated in the CO_(2)hydrogenation.During the reaction conditions,the catalysts undergo the formation of an iron(Ⅱ)molybdate structure,accompanied by a partial reduction of molybdenum and carbidization of iron.The rate of CO_(2)conversion and product selectivity strongly depend on the promoting alkali metals,and electronegativity was identified as an important factor affecting the catalytic performance.Higher CO_(2)conversion rates were observed with the promoters having higher electronegativity,while low electronegativity of alkali metals favors higher light olefin selectivity.

Water Resource Monitoring Exploiting Sentinel-2 Satellite and Sentinel-2 Satellite Like Time Series;Application in Yangtze River Water Bodies

As part of the Dragon 4 project,the water extents of Wuchang and Shengjin lakes have been extracted from Sentinel-2 time series,using all exploitable images since the beginning of the acquisitions in 2015.The aim of the study is to assess the capability of the Sentinel-2 constellation and Landsat 8 over the Anhui region,especially the high temporal resolution.A total of 32 dates have been used and 10 Landsat 8 images(Libra)have been added to try to reduce the temporal gaps in the Sentinel-2 acquisitions caused by cloudy conditions.Extractions were done using a SERTIT-ICube automatized routine based on a supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification.These extractions allow to recreate the dynamic of the two lakes and show the drought and wet periods.During the 3 years interval,the surface peaks in July 2016 for both lakes.The lowest level appears at two different dates for each lake;in January 2018 for Wuchang,in February 2017 for Shengjin.Wuchang Lake surface area appears to be more variable than Shengjin Lake,with many local maximum and minimum between the end of 2017 and April 2018.In the case of Wuchang Lake,floating vegetation is a problem for automatic water surface area extraction.The lake is covered by vegetation during long periods of time and the water below can’t be detected by automatic radiometric means.Nevertheless,Sentinel-2 stays a pertinent and powerful tool for hydrological monitoring of lakes confirming the expectation from the remote sensing wetland community before launch.The presence of NIR and SWIR bands induces a strong discrimination between water and other classes,and the systematic acquisitions create dense time series,making analysis more consistent.It makes possible to sensor events occurring over short periods of time.Thanks to this a link can be done between endangered bird species,such as the Siberian Crane and the Lesser White-Fronted Goose and periodically flooded areas.These midterm results illustrated the pertinence and powerful of multi-source optical satellite data for environmental analysis.

Metabolic aspects behind ageing and neurodegeneration reveal new ways forward for therapy in motorneurone(ALS) and Parkinson diseases

Human beings evolved to run over a relatively short evolutionary time scale, ~1 million years, 2-3 million years ago, markedly increasing metabolic rate and VO2max, compared with other primates, while increasing brain size,and lifespan. Ageing leads to precise declines in performance and metabolism(VO2max): are there links with ageing-related diseases? Glucocerebrosidase(GCase;GBA1 subtype) mutations are the most common cause of Parkinson Disease,where there is lysosomal disruption and a reciprocal feedback between glucosylceramide and a-synuclein. We have shown that GBA2 is elevated and, using metabolomics, that ceramide and glucosylceramide levels are critically modified presymptomatically and at early stage in the spinal cord of superoxide dismutase1 mutant mice(SOD1G86R, ALS model),and lipid metabolism is massively changed at end stage disease. Modification of glucosylceramide synthase(GCS), and GCase activites shows that inhibiting GCS is deleterious and inhibiting GCase is beneficial to both neuromuscular junction function in sciatic nerve crush, and also grip strength and survival in the SOD1G86R model. Ambroxol(3 mmol·L-1 in drinking water), a glucocerebrosidase chaperone, accelerated recovery of NMJ function in sciatic nerve crush, and ameliorated grip strength and survival in the SOD1G86R model. Ambroxol is phase 2 ready in ALS and starting phase 3 in Parkinson disease.

Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate)and Poly(ε-Caprolactone)and Their Bionanocomposites with Cellulose Nanocrystals:Thermo-Mechanical Properties and Cell Viability Study

Although nanocomposites have recently attracted special interest in the tissue engineering area,due to their potential to reinforce scaffolds for hard tissues applications,a number of variables must be set prior to any clinical application.This manuscript addresses the evaluation of thermo-mechanical properties and of cell proliferation of cellulose nanocrystals(CNC),poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT),poly(ε-caprolactone)(PCL)films and their bionanocomposites with 2 wt% of CNC obtained by casting technique.Cellulose nanocrystals extracted from Balsa wood by acid hydrolysis were used as a reinforcing phase in PBAT and PCL matrix films.The films and pure CNC at different concentrations were cultured with osteoblasts MG-63 and the cell proliferation was assessed by AlamarBlue?assay.The thermal-mechanical properties of the films were evaluated by dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis(DMTA).It was found by DMTA that the CNC acted as reinforcing agent.The addition of CNCs in the PBAT and PCL matrices induced higher storage moduli due to the reinforcement effects of CNCs.The cell viability results showed that neat CNC favored osteoblast proliferation and both PBAT and PCL films incorporated with CNC were biocompatible and supported cell proliferation along time.The nature of the polymeric matrix or the presence of CNC practically did not affect the cell proliferation,confirming they have no in vitro toxicity.Such features make cellulose nanocrystals a suitable candidate for the reinforcement of biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering and biomedical applications.

Reconstruction of the mid-Devonian HP-HT metamorphic event in the Bohemian Massif(European Variscan belt)

Mid-Devonian high-pressure(HP)and high-temperature(HT)metamorphism represents an enigmatic early phase in the evolution of the Variscan Orogeny.Within the Bohemian Massif this metamorphism is recorded mostly in allochthonous complexes with uncertain relationship to the major tectonic units.In this regard,the MariánskéLázně Complex(MLC)is unique in its position at the base of its original upper plate(Teplá-Barrandian Zone).The MLC is composed of diverse,but predominantly mafic,magmatic-metamorphic rocks with late Ediacaran to mid-Devonian protolith ages.Mid-Devonian HP eclogite-facies metamorphism was swiftly followed by a HT granulite-facies overprint contemporaneous with the emplacement of magmatic rocks with apparent supra-subduction affinity.New Hf in zircon isotopic measurements combined with a review of whole-rock isotopic and geochemical data reveals that the magmatic protoliths of the MLC,as well as in the upper plate Teplá-Barrandian Zone,developed above a relatively unaltered Neoproterozoic lithospheric mantle.They remained coupled with this lithospheric mantle throughout a geological timeframe that encompasses separate Ediacaran and Cambrian age arc magmatism,protracted early Paleozoic rifting,and the earliest phases of the Variscan Orogeny.These results are presented in the context of reconstructing the original architecture of the Variscan terranes up to and including the mid-Devonian HP-HT event.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to left side portal hypertension after pancreatic surgery

Left-side portal hypertension(LSPH)is a rare cause of intraabdominal venous hypertension.In most of cases,LSPH is due to pancreatic diseases,especially chronic pancreatitis,but it is also described in other abdominal diseases(i.e.,retroperitoneal fibrosis or perineal abscess)after abdominal surgery(i.e.,pancreatic surgery,liver transplantation)or endovascular procedures[1–4].

Nanoscale Stiffness Distribution in Bone Metastasis

Nanomechanical heterogeneity is expected to have an effect on elasticity, injury and bone remodelling. In normal bone, we have two types of cells (osteoclasts and osteoblasts) working together to maintain existing bone. Bone cancers can produce factors that make the osteoclasts work harder. This means that more bone is destroyed than rebuilt, and leads to weakening of the affected bone. We report here the first demonstration of the nanoscale stiffness distribution in bone metastases before and after treatment of animals with the bisphosphonate Risedronate, a drug which is currently used for the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced cancers. The strategy used here is applicable to a wide class of biological tissues and may serve as a new reflection for biologically inspired scaffolds technologies.

SHORT COMMUNICATION Principal-agent Relationships: A Note on Biomass Depletion

Public authorities frequently mandate public or private agencies to manage their renewable natural resources.Contrary to the agency,which is an expert in renewable natural resource management,public authorities usually ignore the sustainable level of harvest.In this note,we first model the contractual relationship between a principal,who owns the renewable natural resource,and an agent,who holds private information on its sustainable level of harvest.We then look for the Pareto-optimal allocations.In the situation of an imperfect information setting,we find that the Pareto-optimal contracting depends on the probability that the harvesting level stands outside the sustainability interval.The information rent held by the agent turns out to be unavoidable,such that stepping outside the sustainability interval implies the possibility of depletion of the renewable natural resource.This,in turn,compromises the maintenance of the ecological balance in natural ecosystems.

Monolithic metal-based/porous carbon nanocomposites made from dissolved cellulose for use in electrochemical capacitor

Porous metal-based carbon nanocomposites,with a monolithic shape,were prepared by a one-pot synthesis from dissolved cellulose and metallic salts using a simple,cheap,and environmentally friendly route.Their potential performances as electrochemical capacitors were tested with three metal precursors(M=Cu,Mn,and Fe)with two loadings and in an asymmetric cell for the Fe-based carbon material.Interestingly,here soluble metal precursors were not deposited on a hard cellulose template but mixed in a precooled concentrated NaOH solution where cellulose was previously dissolved,allowing for a good dispersion of the metallic species.After a freezing step where concomitant cellulose regeneration and pore ice-templating phenomena took place,followed by a carbonization step,the mixture led to a porous carbon monolith embedding well-dispersed metal-based nanoparticles having a diameter below 20 nm and present as metallic,oxide,or carbide phase(s)according to the element M.These materials were characterized by different physicochemical techniques and electrochemical tests.Their performances as supercapacitors are discussed in light of the specific behaviour of the metal-based phase and its influence on the carbon matrix properties such as mesopore formation and carbon graphitization.An asymmetric energy storage cell assembled with a Fe-based carbon electrode against a carbon xerogel electrode derived from a phenolic resin shows specific energy and power of 18.3 Wh kg^(−1)at 5 mA cm^(−2)and 1.6 kW kg^(−1)at 25 mA cm^(−2),respectively.

Novel stable isotope concepts to track antibiotics in wetland systems

Antibiotics,their transformation products,and the translocation of antibiotic-resistant genes in the environment pose significant health risks to humans,animals,and ecosystems,aligning with the One Health concept.Constructed wetlands hold substantial yet underutilized potential for treating wastewater from agricultural,domestic sewage,or contaminated effluents from wastewater treatment plants,with the goal of eliminating antibiotics.However,the comprehensive understanding of the distribution,persistence,and dissipation processes of antibiotics within constructed wetlands remains largely unexplored.In this context,we provide an overview of the current application of stable isotope analysis at natural abundance to antibiotics.We explore the opportunities of an advanced multiple stable isotope approach,where isotope concepts could be effectively applied to examine the fate of antibiotics in wetlands.The development of a conceptual framework to study antibiotics in wetlands using multi-element stable isotopes introduces a new paradigm,offering enhanced insights into the identification and quantification of natural attenuation of antibiotics within wetland systems.This perspective has the potential to inspire the general public,governmental bodies,and the broader research community,fostering an emphasis on the utilization of stable isotope analysis for studying antibiotics and other emerging micropollutants in wetland systems.

Prompt neutron emission in ^(250)No spontaneous fission associated with ground and isomeric state decays

The complete-fusion reaction^(204)Pb(^(48)Ca,2n)^(250)No was used to study two activities of^(250)No with distinct half-lives.A total of 1357 events were observed in the SFiNx neutron detection system.The average number of neutrons emitted per spontaneous fission of^(250)No was determined to be(4.1±0.1).The unusually symmetrical shape of the prompt neutron multiplicity distribution was restored and presented for the first time.Statistical tests were performed to compare the prompt neutron multiplicity distributions associated with the ground state and K-isomer state decays.