Development or Environmental Jeopardy: The Carbon Footprint of Hotels in Juba South Sudan

Climate change and global warming have been identified as major threats to the development of South Sudan due to greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission responsible for the rising temperatures and erosion of existing ecosystem services that support local livelihoods. Mitigating GHGs emissions has become an urgent global policy trajectory with countries acceding to related Treaties and setting national targets. Despite having submitted its initial communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), outlining specific sectors for GHGs reduction, the rapidly growing hotel industry has not been identified among the sectors and no GHGs emission reporting has been undertaken. Therefore, this study aimed to assess, quantify and report on the GHGs emission potential of the hotel industry in Juba-South Sudan, examine existing GHGs emission reporting mechanisms and propose a reporting framework. Using a standard quantitative methodology, the carbon footprint of twenty-seven hotels was assessed. The results showed that the hotel industry is one of the leading emitters of GHGs emission amounting to 14,624.9-ton CO2eq/year. The study also found no existing GHGs reporting systems in South Sudan and proposed a reporting framework and identified potential emissions reduction strategies for the hotel industry to deal with climate change and carbon emission issues of the hospitality industry. It recommends that further research be initiated to 1) assess the applicability of the identified strategies in the context of South Sudan and 2) to quantify GHGs emissions from cooling appliance within the hospitality industry as well as emissions from other growing sectors like the transportation.

Evaluating the Impacts of Human Activities on Diversity, Abundance, and Distribution of Large Mammals in Nimule National Park, South Sudan

Globally, human activities have a significant impact on the diversity, abundance, and distribution of large mammals in Protected Areas (PAs). These disturbances increase human pressure on biodiversity and species habitats, highlighting the need for conservation. This study aimed to assess the abundance and distribution of large mammals in different habitat types within Nimule National Park (NNP) and understand the impacts of human activities on them. Data on the abundance and distribution of large mammals and their respective habitat types were collected through line transect surveys. Human activity signs were observed and recorded along the transect lines. To estimate the impacts of human activities on the diversity, abundance, and distribution of large mammal species, as well as to identify any significant differences between them and their habitat types, the study utilized the Kruskal Wallis test, Polynomial multiple regressions, and diversity indices. The findings from the Shannon-Weiner and Simpson indices indicated that large mammal species were more diverse inside the park (H’ = 1.136;D = 0.570) compared to the buffer zone (H’ = 0.413;D = 0.171), with 85% (443 out of 510 samples) recorded within Nimule National Park. The species abundance showed a semi-balanced status (0.58). The diversity results among different habitat types revealed that large mammals were more diverse and highly distributed in both open woodlands (244) and dense woodlands (192), while riverine vegetation had the lowest diversity (8). Statistical tests demonstrated a highly significant difference at a 99% confidence interval (p-value = 0.01) between habitat types and identified species of large mammals. Additionally, the results highlighted the high abundance of Uganda kob (274), baboons (141), and warthog (57) across most habitat types, accounting for at least 75% of their distribution. The most prevalent human activities observed were cattle footprints (27%) and cattle dung (14%). Human footprints and tree cutting combined accounted for 9%, indicating the practice of livestock grazing, poaching, encroachment, and fuelwood collection by local communities. However, these activities did not appear to significantly impact the diversity, abundance, and distribution of large mammals in Nimule National Park. Therefore, it is crucial to foster shared responsibilities and engage relevant stakeholders in the management and conservation of large wildlife species. Regular community awareness programs should be implemented to cultivate a sense of ownership. Moreover, it is recommended that a comprehensive survey be conducted on the population status of all mammal species in Nimule National Park, including its surrounding Buffer Zone. Monitoring the impact of human activities on their behavior and habitats using satellite images should also be carried out at least every five to ten years.

The Impacts and Causes of Land Fragmentation on Farm Productivity: Case Review of East African Countries

This report provides an overall assessment of land fragmentation problems in East Africa. Many parts of East Africa have become highly fragmented, putting development systems and activities in these areas at risk of complete collapse. Land fragmentation occurs when land gets converted for agriculture, industrialization, or urbanization, invaded by non-local plants, or enclosed for individual use and by subdividing farmlands into subsequent smaller units called parcels with varying average farm sizes. Fragmentation results from inappropriate agricultural development processes and ineffective land use planning that fails to recognize how farmland is used, and the importance of its interconnected areas. Insecurity of tenure and resource rights are key factors in making this possible. Land fragmentation is one of the key reasons why the ability of most resources in East Africa becomes scarcer, and those remaining become “privatized” by more powerful community members—keen to maintain their access to them. Such individualistic attitudes are new and disadvantage the poorest even further by affecting the traditional customary safety nets and agricultural outputs. Neither the government nor customary governance systems effectively protect resource access for the poorest. This review summary report identifies the key causes, measures, and implications, government interventions, and the common remedies to land fragmentation problems in the East African Countries of Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Tanzania including neighboring Ethiopia, and the Sudan. The findings indicated from 2005 to 2015, the population kept increasing for all the named countries in East Africa with Rwanda and Uganda having a substantial increase in population density. The study review further explores the trend in the performance of agriculture by average farm sizes within the intervals of five years by highlighting their strong linkages and found that the average farm size has declined drastically, especially for Kenya. This can only mean that small farms kept becoming smaller and smaller and that there were more small-scale farmers. The results further depicted that the major and commonly cultivated food crops among the East African countries include maize, sorghum, rice, cassava, sweet potatoes, bananas, Irish potatoes, beans, peas, etc., with maize yields (Mt/ha) in 2003 for Uganda being the highest (1.79 Mt/ha) and the lowest in Rwanda (0.77 Mt/ha) respectively. Therefore, from the review results, recommendations are being made as to how the negative impacts of land fragmentation on agricultural productivity can be reduced or mitigated. One way is by community sensitization and awareness about the importance of land consolidation and its proposition on farm productivity.

Evaluation of aquifer hydraulic properties from resistivity and pumping test data in parts of Gwagwalada,Northcentral Nigeria

Population upsurge in Gwagwalada increased water demand in the area,thereby stressing water resources in the area.Aquifer properties in parts of Gwagwalada in North-Central Nigeria were therefore investigated using resistivity and hydrogeological approaches.Static water level measurements of hand dug wells were used to determine the groundwater flow direction for the area which coincides with the North East-South West joint direction.Constant rate pumping test was adopted for the research and 10 boreholes were pumped.The weathered/fractured basement range from 7.5 m to 56.7 m.The transmissivity values in the area ranged from 0.35 m^(2)/d to 3.63 m^(2)/d while the hydraulic conductivity range from 0.045 m/d to 0.18 m/d.The Vertical Electrical Soundings(VES)were carried out on the area.The geoelectric sections revealed four to five layers and the longitudinal conductance varied from 0.11Ω^(-1)to 0.37Ω^(-1).The results of the investigation characterized the groundwater potential in the study area into low and moderate while the aquifer protective capacity into weak and moderate zones.The efficacy of resistivity and pumping test data in quantifying aquifer properties has been established in this study.The findings of this study shed light on the properties of ground water and aquifer protective capacity in the area,hence assist in the effective future groundwater resources exploitation.

Dynamics of Plate Equations with Memory Driven by Multiplicative Noise on Bounded Domains

This article examines the dynamics for stochastic plate equations with linear memory in the case of bounded domain. We investigate the existence of solutions and bounded absorbing set by using the uniform pullback attractors on the tails estimates, and the asymptotic compactness of the random dynamical system is proved by decomposition method, and then we obtain the existence of a random attractor.

Effects of hydraulic retention time, temperature, and effluent recycling on efficiency of anaerobic filter in treating rural domestic wastewater

With rural population expansion and improvement of the socio-economic standard of living, treatment of rural domestic wastewater has rapidly become a major aspect of environmental concern. Selection of a suitable method for treatment of rural domestic wastewater depends on its efficiency, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. This study investigated the effects of hydraulic retention time （HRT）, temperature, and effluent recycling on the treatment efficiency of an anaerobic filter （AF） reactor. The first round of experimental operations was run for three months with HRTs of one, two, and three days, temperatures of 18℃, 21℃, and 24℃, and no effluent recycling. The second round of experimental operations was conducted for another three months with HRTs of three and four days; temperatures of 30.67℃, 30.57℃, and 26.91 ℃ ; and three effluent recycling ratios of 1：1, 1：2, and 2：1. The first round of operations showed removal rates of 32% to 44% for COD, 30% to 35% for TN, 32% to 36% for NH4-N, 19% to 23% for NO3-N, and 12% to 22% for TE In the second round of operations, the removal rates varied from 75% to 81% for COD, 35% to 41% for TN, 31% to 39% for NH4-N, 30% to 34% for NO3-N, and 41% to 48% for TP. The average gas production rates were 6.72 L/d and 7.26 L/d for the first and second rounds of operations, respectively. The gas production rate increased in the second round of operations as a result of applied effluent recycling. The best removal efficiency was obtained for an optimum HRT of three days, a temperature of 30℃, and an effluent recycling ratio of 2：1. The results show that the removal efficiency of the AF reactor was affected by HRT, temperature, and effluent recycling.

Characterizing Dessication Cracking of a Remolded Clay (Eutric Vertisol) Using the Fractal Dimension Approach

Fractal dimension fd, was used as one of the parameters to describe dessicationcracking pattern of a remolded Black Cotton soil (Eutric Vertisol). The fractal dimension computed from filtered, thinned and skeletonized binary images of soil cracks using the Fractal3 software provided an insight into temporal variability of fd as well as its relationship with the Crack Intensity Factor (CIF) and Soil Moisture Content (SMC). The results showed that even for single crack, the fd prior to filtering and thinning were higher than after. Cracking patterns were observedfroma chosen soil sample during dessication and the corresponding relationship between fd and CIF compared and monitored. As the critical SMC decreased during drying (45% to 27%), the CIF soil increased (0.023% - 5.75%), so did the fd (1.233 to 1.7193). The fd showed a positive linear correlation with CIF at r2 = 0.247 (P fd with SMC was best described using a polynomial function at r2 = 0.969 (P fd was sensitive to dessication cracking and therefore on SMC changes. Visual observation of dessication cracking showed that CIF increased and attained stability after day 4 while the computed and logarithmic transformed crack area attained stability between days 7 to 10 gradually decreasing to values below 2%. The estimated crack Cover or Brightness of the digitized binary images also gave better approximation of the CIF though this was slightly higher. Our results showed that dessication cracking of the Eutric Vertisol was independent of antecedent critical SMC and was time-constrained. Further soil cracking therefore stopped once maximum CIF was attained and only widening and deepening of pre-existing cracks continued.

Effect of Summer Supplementary Feeding on Cattle Performance in Low Rainfall Grassland Savanna, South Darfur, Sudan

In a tropical ranch of animal production, which was divided by fire lines into 20 equal grazing paddocks of one mile square each, a grazing experiment was conducted as controlled rotational grazing with forty-five (45) cross-bred Sudanese improved Baggara cattle which were divided into four feeding systems (groups). A drop in condition scores of the farm cattle stock herd was treated during dry summer by supplementary feeding with four types of supplements to investigate the changes in average body weight changes, heart girth and condition scores, through dry summer, wet summer and winter seasons. The results showed that, animals of group three (G3) which supplemented with groundnut cake performed better in all body parameters under study when compared with group one (G1) and group two (G2) being supplemented with groundnut haulm, Stover respectively and group four (G4) which was kept under natural grazing as control group (Natural grazing alone) which reveals the worse body measurement traits performance under study. The effect of seasonal changes showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the seasons in average body weight in groundnut cake supplements both in dry and wet summer obtained better average body weight (162.53 Kg and 174.56 Kg respectively) than in groundnut haulm (in dry and wet summer -143.60 Kg and 163.50 Kg respectively), Stover supplements and natural grazing (controlled) groups. The results also showed that, the heart girth and condition score were significantly different (P < 0.05) between the treatments in wet summer and winter. While showing no significant difference between the treatments in dry summer, group supplemented with groundnut cake during the dry summer reported better performance in condition scores than other groups.

Effect of Stages of Maturity on Nutritive Value of Some Range Herbage Species in Low-Rainfall Woodland Savanna Southern Darfur, Sudan

Nine samples of range herbage species were collected within the grazing season using 0.5 × 0.5 m quadrate as from three weeks initial pasture growth established in June across throughout up to December (two seasons), to examine the effects of age on the trend of some chemical compositions and energy changes. Analysis of variance indicated that the chemical composition of grassland from 3 weeks of age, to 12 weeks of age across to 27 weeks of age was affected by the grass age, where the metabolizable energy contents were 15.85, 13.11 and 12.36 MJ/Kg/DM respectively. Hemi-celluloses and cellulose content showed a significant difference increase (P < 0.05) throughout the grazing season as grass age increases. The results also revealed that the Organic Matter (OM), Crude Protein (CP) and Metabolizable Energy (ME MJ/Kg DM) were significantly (P < 0.05) tended to be high at the beginning of growing season (mid July) (91.05%, 3.8% and 8.77 MJ respectively), then increased towards the mid of grazing season (mid September) and reduced towards the end of the grazing season (mid December).

Adoption Levels of Certain Tomato Cultivation Practices by Farmer Field Schools in Sudan

This study assessed the effect of Integrated Pest Management/Farmer Field Schools(IPM/FFS)extension approach on adoption of some tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)cultivation practices in Gezira Scheme,Sudan.A stratified random sampling technique was used to collect data from 100 tomato growers(50 FFS participants and 50 non-FFS participants),through personal interviews using a structured questionnaire.The data were statistically analyzed and interpreted using frequency distribution,percentage and Chi-square test.The study found that adoption rates for the use of improved tomato seed variety,sowing date and method,urea application,were higher among the FFS participants compared to the non-FFS participants(20%,90%and 50%)compared to 12%,76%and 36%,respectively.The result showed lower adoption rate(50%)in FFS participants for intercropping with companion plant compared to non-FFS participants(64%).Chi-square test showed that there was significant difference between FFS participants and non-FFS participant farmers in adoption of recommended sowing date and method,and intercropping at 95%confidence level,0.05 margin of error.There was no significant difference in adoption of urea application and use of recommended seed variety.This demonstrated that adoption of these two cultivation practices for tomato in the study significantly depended on FFS approach.To improve adoption rates of IPM innovations,the study recommends that FFS in the Gezira Scheme should be revitalized and later introduced in the other states in the country,with extensive and effective system of FFS trainings and follow-up.

Study on Binding Affinity of a Glutathione <i>S</i>-Transferase (GST) Fusion Protein to DNA Probe

The aims of this work were to: i) purify GST-fusion protein from bacterial cell extracts of Escherichia coli;ii) quantify the protein by SDS PAGE and Bradford assay;iii) determine protein-DNA interaction of the purified protein by Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay. Bacterial culture prepared by inoculation of a single E. coli colony that had a GST fusion protein (gst: six-X10 hd) constructed by ligation of the six-7-hd (X10) sequence into the BamHI and EcoRI sites of the vector pGEX-2T, grown overnight, was sonicated using Cole-Palmer Ultrasonic Homogenizer. Fusion protein was eluted from the beads with Tris-glutathione buffer (50 mM Tris [pH 8.1], 20 mM glutathione), which contained reduced Glutathione. SDS-PAGE was used to calculate the extracted bound protein. Total protein quantification was then estimated by the Bradford assay. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) absorbance values were used to plot the standard curve used to calculate the concentrations of the sample proteins. Nylon membrane was used for the electrophoretic transfer;membrane was cross linked and detected by Pierce’s Chemiluminescent Nucleic Acid Detection module. Results showed that X10 gave a strong band shift observed in Lanes 6 and 7 for both 200 ng and 400 ng elute 1 samples;however, there was no shift in the bands for the wild-type, positive control. The concentration of the elute 1 was obtained by the Bradford assay as 242.52 ng/μl and that of elute 2 was 106.30 ng/μl. Similarly, the result obtained by gel analysis was 300 ng/μl (0.3 μg/μl) and 150 ng/μl (0.15 μg/μl) for elutes 1 and 2 respectively.

The Discovery of a Green Wood Beetle Diastocera trifasciata(Coleoptera:Lamiinae)on Mango Tree in South Sudan

The green wood insect beetle which was later identified as Diastocera trifasciata((Fabricius)-tribus Ceropplesini,Coleoptera:Lamiinae)was found on September 18,2015,girdling a mango twig at Dr.John Garang Memorial University of Science and Technology(Dr.JG-MUST)campus,Bor county,Jonglei state,Republic of South Sudan.The beetle D.trifasciata attacks young vigorous growing mango branches of more than 20-35 mm circumferences.Severely cut branches dried up and broken away especially when there was a strong blowing wind or just remained dry,hung on the tree.Although this incidence may seem not to pose a significant economic threat at the moment,the authors keenly advocate for proactive pest surveillances,monitoring and evaluating its spread,impact damage level caused on mango plants in most areas of high mango productivity and developing control strategy that will prevent further devastations of mango trees,guarantee high fruit yields and ensure food security in South Sudan.

Development of an Integrated Tool for Small-Scale Maize Farming in Uganda

About 62% of the maize produced in developing countries is cultivated manually owing to limited access to appropriate technology. Available technologies perform a single operation, necessitating farmers to buy multiple implements, which is expensive. In this study, an ox-drawn tool integrating a plough, planter and cultivator for small-scale maize farming was developed and its performance evaluated. Planting and cultivating units were designed and fabricated for assembly onto an existing standard ox-plough beam. The integrated tool was tested in the field to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of cultivation and planting of maize. Results showed that the planting unit had an average seed rate of 35.4 kg/ha with a seed damage of 4% and an effective field capacity of 0.15 ha/h at a field efficiency of 87.3%. The cultivating unit had an effective field capacity of 0.1 ha/h and a weeding efficiency of 86%. The efficiency, effectiveness and reliability for field operations are superior to manual operations currently used by farmers and are comparable to single-unit prototypes developed in other countries. This demonstrates the technical feasibility of integrating planting and cultivation units onto an existing mould board plough instead of buying multiple tools.

Patterns of Species Richness and Abundance in Badingilo National Park in South Sudan

The study was carried out to determine patterns of birds’species richness,alpha and beta diversities;and abundance in Badingilo national park using a 10 m fixed-radius point count method.A total of 2670 individuals were recorded from 182 points in the park.The highest expected number of species(Jack1 estimator)was observed in the Riverine habitat and least was in the Agriculture and Human settlement habitat type.The total number of species observed in the park was 63;however Jack1 estimator indicated that there were 68 species in the park.The majority of the birds observed during the study were resident species,few migratory and Palaearctic bird species.Few birds observed in the park were abundant.The most abundant species was the village weaver(381 individuals),and the rarest species were black-bellied bustard,barn owl,black scimitar bill and tree pipit(one individual each).

Framing Education-Civicness-Social Contract Nexus in Africa? The Case of South Sudan

This article attempts to position education not only in the peacebuilding debate but also in the larger good governance debate about what makes a resilient social contract.We subscribe in this paper to a theoretical perspective that attributes the driver of civil wars to governance deficit that is manifested in absence of resilient social contract in terms of sustained agreement between citizens and state.We then ask the key question of whether and how education is linked to a resilient social contract.We found a wealth of evidence linking education and peacebuilding,and education and civicness,but a gap exists in the literature about the link between education and social contract.On the basis of a thorough review of theory and research on education,civicness,and social contract,we develop a theoretical framework to conceptually frame the nexus between education,civicness,resilient social contract,and sustainable peace.This framework is founded on the theory of state formation.Applying this framework to the case of South Sudan,we found that education through civicness makes students become key political stakeholders and more likely nurture a resilient social contract,which in turn sustains peace.The very low level of educated population in South Sudan might have contributed,among other factors,to limited demand for good governance that contributes to governance deficit,which perpetuates poor state-society relations,ineffective and exclusive institutions,and erosion of social cohesion,and interpersonal trust,factors central to resilient social contract.

Assessing Forest Cover Distribution, Species Diversity, and Richness of the Buffer Zone for Strategic Forest Management Planning for Nimule National Park, South Sudan

Natural forest ecosystems play an essential role in the conservation of biodiversity of many plants and animals by providing them with habitat and suitable environments. Studies have shown that biodiversity-protected areas reduce the loss and degradation of natural habitats to various wild species of plants. This study examined the forest resources in five subzones by conducting tree/shrub species inventory to be able to develop an effective forest management plan for the Buffer Zone Forest Reserve for the sustainable conservation of flora and fauna of Nimule National Park. This is with the view to identify the main tree and shrub species;assess the composition, distribution, and abundance of various tree/shrub species;to determine the species diversity as well as the richness of these areas in terms of growth and performance where DBH and heights of trees/shrubs in the circular sample plots were measured. The results revealed the overall mean DBH and H of 13.83 cm and 6.61 m respectively. The highest number of trees was obtained in subzone B followed by D, while the least were found in subzone A. The overall mean tree/shrub density was 0.83 tons/ha. The mean total basal area and volume per hectare were 3252.74 m2/ha and 46,540.82 m3/ha respectively. The overall species abundance and distribution indicate Combretum spp, Cedrella spp., Grewia mollis, Acacia Sieberiana, Ziziphus abysinica, and Acacia seyal were the most dominant species, with over 12 species richness at the deposition side of the River Nile, 13 species at the western side of the Nile, the Administration site shows only 7 species, the lowland of Mt. Gordon show over 14 different species, whereas over 10 species were found on the top of Mt. Gordon. The overall mean diversity indices and evenness of H’, D, and E depicted 2.507, 0.871, and 0.840 respectively. These results yielded are relatively moderate. Therefore, conservation efforts are very necessary to improve and maintain the quality of vegetation cover.

Assessment of Municipal Organic Solid Waste, as a Potential Feedstock for Briquette Production in Kampala, Uganda

The current shortage of energy resources coupled with environmental degradation problems resulting from deforestation in Uganda has contributed to increased demand for renewable energy resources including municipal organic solid waste and agricultural residues. However, organic waste from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) may contain contaminants that are harmful to public health and the environment. This study determined the heavy metal concentration in MSW in Kampala City, Uganda. Also, the physicochemical properties of briquettes produced from the MSW were compared with charcoal. The waste samples were collected from residential, institutional and market areas over a period of two weeks. They were then analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Briquettes were made from the bio-waste and were subjected to calorific and proximate analysis. Results indicated that the mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Pb were 1.25 mg/kg, 2.04 mg/kg, 38.2 mg/kg, 3.97 mg/kg and 1.99 mg/kg respectively while Hg was not detected. The calorific values of briquettes ranged from 8.9 to 15.3 MJ/kg and were lower than those of charcoal. Heavy metal concentrations in bio-waste collected were below the permissible acceptable limits. These findings indicate that the sampled MSW does not pose a health hazard arising from the presence of such heavy metals and therefore could be a safe source of renewable energy.

Determining the Effects of Selected Organic Fertilizer on Growth and Yields of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum: Var. Rio Grande Tomatoes) in Mundri West County, Western Equatoria State, South Sudan

Worldwide, the demand for agro-organic foods that are healthy, nutritious, and environmentally friendly is increasing dramatically across all nations among consumers. Tomatoes being one of the dietary requirements in almost every meal is not exceptional and its availability in the market all year round is very important to farmers as well as consumers because it is highly demanded as a vegetable par excellence;which is either eaten raw in salads, cooked or processed into liquid ingredients. This study investigates the impact of chicken, goat, and cow manure treatments on tomato plant growth response to height, leaf length, and width, as well as fruit yield. The experimental field trials were conducted over two planting seasons in Mundri West County. It followed a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) approach, consisting of four blocks. Each block contained three treatments replicated four times and a control group. The data of measured parameters from all 16 plots were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using the Gen Stat 14th Edition software. The findings indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) among all the different organic manure applications on tomato plant growth parameters compared to the control group. Chicken manure resulted in the tallest tomato plants (30.1 and 37.9 cm), longest leaves (9.9 and 10.4 cm), and widest leaves (2.1 and 2.5 cm) in both seasons respectively. The study showed plots treated with chicken manure had a highly significant impact (P < 0.05) on the prevalence of aphids (1.0) and white flies (1.4) with the lowest value compared to those with cow and goat manure applied. Additionally, chicken manure led to the highest yields (39.30 and 49.49 tons/ha) in both seasons. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that using chicken manure effectively improves the performance of Rio Grande Tomatoes, and thus, farmers are encouraged to utilize chicken manure to maximize their tomato yields.

Existence and Upper Semi-Continuity of Random Attractors for Nonclassical Diffusion Equation with Multiplicative Noise on Rn

This paper is concerned with the existence and upper semi-continuity of random attractors for the nonclassical diffusion equation with arbitrary polynomial growth nonlinearity and multiplicative noise in H1(Rn). First, we study the existence and uniqueness of solutions by a noise arising in a continuous random dynamical system and the asymptotic compactness is established by using uniform tail estimate technique, and then the existence of random attractors for the nonclassical diffusion equation with arbitrary polynomial growth nonlinearity. As a motivation of our results, we prove an existence and upper semi-continuity of random attractors with respect to the nonlinearity that enters the system together with the noise.

URBAN PLANNING:A TOOL FOR URBAN POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN SUDAN

In the past few dacades, urbanization and urban growth have been increasing rapidly in many of the developing countries. It is expected that over 50% of the world population will live in cities in 2005. The growing trend indicates that as many as one fifth of all households still remain with housing tenure problems, which they try to solve through very expensive rentals, insecurity, socially and environmentally-hazardous squatting or unhealthy overcrowding, sometimes ending up with none at all. And hence, proper planning is necessary in urban development policies to improve human settlement managements in a sustainable way. This article has tried to handle urban poverty in the Sudan to a reasonable level of detail. It dealt with selected areas with regard to promotion of sustainable human settlement. The study managed to identity some recent progress in Sudanese human settlements, that is, however, still accompanied by numerous serious instances of decline in the urban environment, especially that of the greater Khartoum.Such instances of environmental deterioration are profiled and analyzed by the study with respect to all human settlement aspects of management, land-use, infrastructure, energy and transport. The paper's conclusion emphasized that improving all these aspects is of high priority.