1961—2021年晋南苹果生长期气象灾害气候变化特征

利用1961—2021年晋南苹果主产区的逐日气温、降水量、日照时数等气象观测资料,分析了晋南苹果气象灾害的气候特征,主要分析了花期冻害、花期高温、膨大期高温和干旱、成熟期连阴雨以及冰雹的发生频次、极值的气候变化趋势。结果表明:1961—2021年晋南苹果花期冻害呈减轻趋势,极端最低气温在1996年出现突变,呈显著上升趋势;最近20年晋南苹果花期高温热害显著增多。膨大期高温热害呈加重趋势,近20年不仅高温日数明显增多,极端高温也出现多发态势;膨大期干旱趋势加重,2005—2018年是干旱最严重时期,连续无降水日数在1995年发生突变,之后为显著增多趋势。成熟期雨日增多、日照时数明显减少,连阴雨灾害发生趋势加重。近60年冰雹呈减少趋势,1994年开始冰雹灾害趋势减轻。近20年在气候变暖、干旱化背景下,晋南地区极端高温、强降水频发,苹果高温热害、干旱及秋季连阴雨灾害趋势加重;花期冻害和冰雹灾害趋势减轻。

Estimating Tropical Cyclone Precipitation from Station Observations

In this paper, an objective technique for estimating the tropical cyclone （TC） precipitation from station observations is proposed. Based on a comparison between the Original Objective Method （OOM） and the Expert Subjective Method （ESM）, the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique （OSAT） for partitioning TC precipitation was developed by analyzing the western North Pacific （WNP） TC historical track and the daily precipitation datasets. Being an objective way of the ESM, OSAT overcomes the main problems in OOM, by changing two fixed parameters in OOM, the thresholds for the distance of the absolute TC precipitation （D0） and the TC size （D1）, into variable parameters.Case verification for OSAT was also carried out by applying CMORPH （Climate Prediction Center MORPHing technique） daily precipitation measurements, which is NOAA＇s combined satellite precipitation measurement system. This indicates that OSAT is capable of distinguishing simultaneous TC precipitation rain-belts from those associated with different TCs or with middle-latitude weather systems.

STUDY ON CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINA-INFLUENCING TYPHOONS AND THE INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN THEM AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Climatic characteristics of China-influencing typhoons (CIT) were analyzed in this paper. Main characteristics include:(1) CIT season is May-November, especially from July to September. (2) Frequency of the CIT shows a decreasing trend during 1951-2004, especially after the late period of the 1960s. (3) Strong CIT also shows an obvious decreasing trend. Meanwhile, there exist obvious interdecadal variations in the CIT genesis, being more southward and eastward than normal in 1960s-1970s, and more northward and westward than normal in the 1980s. In addition, the interrelations between CIT and its environmental factors show that CIT has close relationships with sea surface temperature and East Asian summer monsoon;the structure of the circulations in frequent CIT years is much different from that in infrequent CIT years.

CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPHOON PRECIPITATION OVER CHINA

The spatio-temporal characteristics of typhoon precipitation over China are analyzed in this study. The results show that typhoon precipitation covers most of central-eastern China. Typhoon precipitation gradually decreases from the southeastern coastal regions to the northwestern mainland. The maximum annual typhoon precipitation exceeds 700 mm in central-eastern Taiwan and part of Hainan, while the minimum annual typhoon precipitation occurs in parts of Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Sichuan, with values less than 10 mm. Generally, typhoons produce precipitation over China during April - December with a peak in August. The annual typhoon precipitation time series for observation stations are examined for long-term trends. The results show that decreasing trends exist in most of the stations from 1957 to 2004 and are statistically significant in parts of Taiwan, Hainan, coastal Southeast China and southern Northeast China. The anomaly of typhoon precipitation mainly results from that of the general circulation over Asia and the Walker Cell circulation over the equatorial central and eastern Pacific. Typhoon torrential rain is one of the extreme rainfall events in the southeastern coastal regions and parts of central mainland. In these regions, torrential rains are mostly caused by typhoons.

STUDY ON CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINA-INFLUENCING TROPICAL CYCLONES

Analysis of the climatic characteristics of the tropical cyclones that affect China yields several interesting features. The frequency of these tropical cyclones tended to decrease from 1951 to 2005, with the lowest frequency in the past ten years. The decrease in the frequency of super typhoons is particularly significant. The main season of tropical cyclone activities is from May to November, with an active period from July to September. There are three obvious sources of these tropical cyclones and they vary with seasons and decades. Their movement has also changed with seasons. On average, these tropical cyclones affect China for 5.6 months annually and the period of influence decreases in the past decades. An analysis of daily data indicates that the days of typhoon influence are shorter in winter and spring and longer in summer. The frequency of tropical cyclones is the largest over southeastern China, decreasing northwestward. Taiwan is the region that is affected by tropical cyclones most frequently. The average annual precipitation associated with tropical cyclones has also decreased gradually northwestward from southeastern China.