Genome-wide identification and analysis of the regulation wheat DnaJ family genes following wheat yellow mosaic virus infection

The co-chaperone DnaJ plays an important role in protein folding and regulation of various physiological activities, and participates in several pathological processes. DnaJ has been extensively studied in many species including humans,drosophila, mushrooms, tomatoes, and Arabidopsis. However, few studies have examined the role of DnaJ in wheat(Triticum aestivum), and the interaction mechanism between TaDnaJs and plant viruses. Here, we identified 236 TaDnaJs and performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of conserved domains, gene structure and protein motifs, chromosomal positions and duplication relationships, and cis-acting elements. We grouped these Ta Dna Js according to their domains, and randomly selected six genes from the groups for tissue-specific analysis, and expression profiles analysis under hormone stress, and 17 genes for plant virus infection stress. In qRT-PCR, we found that among the 17 TaDnaJ genes tested, 16 genes were up-regulated after wheat yellow mosaic virus(WYMV) infection, indicating that the TaDnaJ family is involved in plant defense response. Subsequent yeast two-hybrid assays verified the WYMV NIa, NIb and 7 KD proteins interacted with TaDJC(TraesCS7 A02 G506000), which had the most significant changes in gene expression levels after WYMV infection.Insights into the molecular mechanisms of Ta Dna J-mediated stress tolerance and sensitivity could inform different strategies designed to improve crop resistance to abiotic and biotic stress. This study provides a basis for future investigation of the TaDnaJ family and plant defense mechanisms.

The genome of Chinese flowering cherry(Cerasus serrulata)provides new insights into Cerasus species

Cerasus serrulata is a flowering cherry germplasm resource for ornamental purposes.In this work,we present a de novo chromosome-scale genome assembly of C.serrulata by the use of Nanopore and Hi-C sequencing technologies.The assembled C.serrulata genome is 265.40 Mb across 304 contigs and 67 scaffolds,with a contig N50 of 1.56 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 31.12 Mb.It contains 29,094 coding genes,27,611(94.90%)of which are annotated in at least one functional database.Synteny analysis indicated that C.serrulata and C.avium have 333 syntenic blocks composed of 14,072 genes.Blocks on chromosome 01 of C.serrulata are distributed on all chromosomes of C.avium,implying that chromosome 01 is the most ancient or active of the chromosomes.The comparative genomic analysis confirmed that C.serrulata has 740 expanded gene families,1031 contracted gene families,and 228 rapidly evolving gene families.By the use of 656 single-copy orthologs,a phylogenetic tree composed of 10 species was constructed.The present C.serrulata species diverged from Prunus yedoensis~17.34 million years ago(Mya),while the divergence of C.serrulata and C.avium was estimated to have occurred∼21.44 Mya.In addition,a total of 148 MADS-box family gene members were identified in C.serrulata,accompanying the loss of the AGL32 subfamily and the expansion of the SVP subfamily.The MYB and WRKY gene families comprising 372 and 66 genes could be divided into seven and eight subfamilies in C.serrulata,respectively,based on clustering analysis.Nine hundred forty-one plant disease-resistance genes(R-genes)were detected by searching C.serrulata within the PRGdb.This research provides high-quality genomic information about C.serrulata as well as insights into the evolutionary history of Cerasus species.

Development of Antioxidant Packaging Film Based on Chinese Bayberry Tannin Extract and Polyvinyl Alcohol

The current work explores the potential use of commercial Chinese bayberry tannin(BT)to develop antioxidant PVA-based films using solvent casting process for packaging applications.The effect of BT concentration on opa-city,water resistance and antioxidant capacity of resulting films was investigated.Properties like tensile strength,thermal behavior,and morphological aspects were also characterized.The experimental results showed that PVA/BT films formed with uniformly brown color and generally good transparency,offering good antioxidant ability.The PVA film containing BT presented slightly higher water resistance according to the results of moisture content and water vapor permeability,especially at low BT content(<10 wt%).The PVA can be compounded with up to 10 wt%BT without any obvious deterioration in the tensile strength.The PVA/BT films exhibited better thermal degradation behavior compared with PVA alone because of the chemical bonds of PVA-BT and the for-mation of char at high temperature.Based on the results,PVA incorporated with Chinese bayberry tannin may provide broader formulation options for packaging materials with antioxidant action.

Assisted Compatibility, and Balanced Regulation of the Mechanical, Thermal, and Antioxidant Activity of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Chinese Bayberry Tannin Extract Films Using Different Di-Aldehydes as Cross-Linkers

Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-based films containing Chinese bayberry tannin(BT)were prepared by cross-linking using glyoxal,glutaraldehyde and dialdehyde starch,individually.The presence of cross-linkers was evident to promote the transparency and decrease the moisture content of PVA/BT films,while the water solubility stayed almost unchanged in the cross-linked PVA/BTfilms.All cross-linkers provided promotion of the water vapor per-meability,mechanical property and thermal stability of PVA/BT films.The best water vapor barrier capacity was found in case of glutaraldehyde cross-linked PVA/BT film,while the highest tensile strength was encountered in case of glyoxal cross-linked PVA/BT films,compared with the uncross-linked films.The scavenging action of the films towards DPPH radical activity was influenced by the nature of each cross-linker.Namely,the PVA/AT film cross-linked by glutaraldehyde acquired the lowest radical scavenging activity in a certain time,suggesting that glutaraldehyde decreased the release rate of BT from PVA.Based on the experimental data,glutaraldehyde and dialdehyde starch could be more suitable for PVA/BT film preparation since they can promote the intermo-lecular interaction of PVA and BT to a reasonable extent.

Effect of Reaction-Finished Solution of Hydrochar(HRFS)Application on Rice Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Saline Soil

We conducted a pot experiment to examine the feasibility of applying a reaction-finished solution of hydrochar(HRFS)to enhance rice production in a saline soil.With this purpose,HRFS was applied(0,10,20,40,60,80 and 100 mL/pot)and rice yield and nitrogen(N)use efficiency(NUE)were determined.HRFS application significantly(P<0.05)increased rice grain yield by 19.6%-30.0%compared to the control treatment(CKU,with N but without HRFS addition).Moreover,HRFS application promoted plant height and straw biomass of rice.Increases of rice yield were mainly achieved by increases in the number of panicles and grains per panicle.Compared with the CKU treatment,the NUE of HRFS amendments significantly(P<0.05)increased by 56.3%-71.7%.This indicated that the improvement of NUE was one of the mechanisms to improve rice grain yield with HRFS amendment.The results of regression analysis showed that there was a positive relationship(R^(2)=0.8332)between rice yield and HRFS application rate within an appropriate range.The highest rice yield was recorded with the HRFS application of 40 mL/pot,but a further increase in HRFS application rate appeared to reduce rice yield.Based on the results of this pot study,HRFS application can increase rice yield in a saline soil by regulating its yield components and enhancing NUE.However,impact of HRFS on these variables showed a“dose effect”.

Study on the Effect of Two-Step Saturated Steam Heat Treatment Process on the Properties of Reconstituted Bamboo

With the aim of utilizing reconstituted bamboo as a carbon cycle oriented material,the improvement of physical and mechanical properties has been actively studied to solve using problems The saturated steam heat treatment process has been widely used in worldwide.With the development and exploration of this technology,two step satu-rated steam heat treatment process appears in some practical production,that is,affer a period of saturated steam heat treatment at a lower temperature,the bamboo bundles are taken out and seasoned for a period of time,and then put back into the heat tank again,and heated at a higher temperature for another period of time.During the two-step saturated steam heat treatment,the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo changed.However,the mechanism of two step saturated steam heat treatment has not been thoroughly discussed.For purpose that this paper all discuss and find out the mechanism of two step saturated steam heat treatment on the change of physical and mechanical properties of reconstituted bamboo.In this work,the one and two step saturated steam heat treat-ments were carried out according to the actual production parameters,and the physical and mechanical properties of the reconstituted bamboo board made of treated bamboo bundles were analyzed,including the color change,the thickness swelling(TS),modulus of elasticity(MOE),modulus of rupture(MOR)and shear strength.The results indicate that two-step saturated steam heat treatment is better than one step.Based on the detailed study of the chemical composition,crytalinity and micro morphologial characteristics of the heated bamboo bundles,it is further revealed that during two-step saturated steam heat treatment,oxygen air is added to the reaction system between the two heat treatment processes to further catalyze the oxidation of hemicellulose and enhance the crystal-linity of cellulose,so as to improve the properties of the final products.Our work has optimized the saturated steam heat treatment process which is widely used in industry,pointing out a new idea in the experimental and theoretical basis for the development of recombinant bamboo manufacturing industry.

Crude Polysaccharide and Triterpene Content of Ganoderma Fruit Bodies at Different Stages of Development

Crude polysaccharide and triterpene levels were determined in the fruit bodies of eleven Lingzhi samples,designated as Ganoderma lucidum,G.capense and G.tsugae,harvested at four different stages of development: budding,elongation,maturation and senescence.In most cases,crude polysaccharide levels were highest at the budding stage,decreased during the elongation stage,increased again at maturation and were lowest at senescence.Triterpene levels generally remained relatively high during the first three developmental stages but were markedly lower at senescence.

Phenotypic variation in Phoebe bournei populations preserved in the primary distribution area

Phoebe bournei（Hemsl.） Yang is a rare and protected plant in China. This study was conducted to determine the phenotypic variation in this species and to document phenotypic variation within and among populations of P. bournei. Nested analysis of variance, coefficient of variation, multiple comparisons, principal component analysis（PCA） and correlation analysis were used to analyze ten phenotypic traits in ten natural populations of P.bournei from both the northeastern and the primary region of the range of this species. Significant differences among and within populations were observed in leaf and seed phenotypic traits. Variation among populations（34.92%）was greater than that within populations（26.19%）. The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 53.77% among populations, indicating that variation among populations comprised the majority of the phenotypic variation of P. bournei. The coefficient of variance（CV） of ten traits varied from 6.44 to 18.45%, with an average of 12.03%.The CV of leaf traits among populations（15.64%） was higher than that of seed traits（8.60%）, indicating that seed traits were more stable. The results from CV and PCA indicated that leaf area, leaf length and thousand seed weight were the main factors accounting for the observed phenotypic variations. Significant or highly significant correlations were observed among most leaf and/or in seed phenotypic traits, whereas no significant correlations were observed between phenotypic traits and geographic factors.Based on cluster analysis, the ten populations can be divided into three clusters. These clusters were not a result of geographic distances.

Estimated biomass carbon in thinned Cunninghamia lanceolate plantations at different stand-ages

Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolate[Lamb.]Hook.)is a fast-growing species which is not only important as a timber-supplier,but also as an available sink for carbon(C)storage in biomass.Stand age and density are two critical factors that can determine tree C sequestration as interrelated drivers through natural self-thinning.C.lanceolate were planted using 1-year-old bare-root seedlings at the initial density of 1800 stems ha^(-1)in a 15-ha montane area of Hunan Province,China in 1987.The plantation was thinned twice 10 and 20 years after planting to leave trees of437.5±26.6,675.0±155.2 and 895.8±60.1 stems ha^(-1)as low,medium,and high densities,respectively.Tree height and diameter at breast height(DBH)were measured every2 years beginning from 23 years(2009)to 31 years(2018)after establishment,timber volume(TV)and biomass C were estimated accordingly.We did not find any interactive effect of age and density on any variables except for height.Both TV and biomass C increased with stand age or decreased in higher densities.The allometric heightDBH relationship can be fitted by an exponential risingto-maximum model with higher maximum value over time.The decline of biomass C along density fit with the inverse first-order polynomial model which indicated that at least1300-1500 stems ha^(-1)may be needed to maximize TV and biomass C for a longer term over 20 years.Therefore,to control the density to a reasonable level,over 1300 stems ha^(-1)in a rotation over 20 years old will be practical for tree biomass C in Chinese fir plantations.

Management scheme influence and nitrogen addition effects on soil CO_(2),CH_(4),and N_(2)O fluxes in a Moso bamboo plantation

Background:It is still not clear whether the effects of N deposition on soil greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions are influenced by plantation management schemes.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of conventional management(CM)versus intensive management(IM),in combination with simulated N deposition levels of control(ambient N deposition),30 kg N·ha^(−1)·year^(−1)(N30,ambient+30 kg N·ha^(−1)·year^(−1)),60 kg N·ha^(−1)·year^(−1)(N60,ambient+60 kg N·ha^(−1)·year^(−1)),or 90 kg N·ha^(−1)·year^(−1)(N90,ambient+90 kg N·ha^(−1)·year^(−1))on soil CO_(2),CH_(4),and N_(2)O fluxes.For this,24 plots were set up in a Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis)plantation from January 2013 to December 2015.Gas samples were collected monthly from January 2015 to December 2015.Results:Compared with CM,IM significantly increased soil CO_(2) emissions and their temperature sensitivity(Q_(10))but had no significant effects on soil CH_(4) uptake or N_(2)O emissions.In the CM plots,N30 and N60 significantly increased soil CO_(2) emissions,while N60 and N90 significantly increased soil N_(2)O emissions.In the IM plots,N30 and N60 significantly increased soil CO_(2) and N_(2)O emissions,while N60 and N90 significantly decreased soil CH_(4) uptake.Overall,in both CM and IM plots,N30 and N60 significantly increased global warming potentials,whereas N90 did not significantly affect global warming potential.However,N addition significantly decreased the Q_(10) value of soil CO_(2) emissions under IM but not under CM.Soil microbial biomass carbon was significantly and positively correlated with soil CO_(2) and N_(2)O emissions but significantly and negatively correlated with soil CH_(4) uptake.Conclusion:Our results indicate that management scheme effects should be considered when assessing the effect of atmospheric N deposition on GHG emissions in bamboo plantations.

Identification of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers Linked to Sex Determination in Calamus simplicifolius C. F. Wci

The random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） molecular marker technique was used to determine the sex of Calamus simplicifolius C. F. Wei In the present study, DNA samples were extracted individually from 10 male and 10 female plants. After a total of 1 040 decamer primers had been tested, an approximate 500-bp male-specific DNA fragment was generated with the S 1443 primer. It is feasible to identify sex at the early stages of plant life, which is beneficial for improving breeding programs of this dioecious species. In addition, we have obtained a proper RAPD protocol that is useful for other species of rattan.