Automation 5.0: The Key to Systems Intelligence and Industry 5.0

AUTOMATION has come a long way since the early days of mechanization,i.e.,the process of working exclusively by hand or using animals to work with machinery.The rise of steam engines and water wheels represented the first generation of industry,which is now called Industry Citation:L.Vlacic,H.Huang,M.Dotoli,Y.Wang,P.Ioanno,L.Fan,X.Wang,R.Carli,C.Lv,L.Li,X.Na,Q.-L.Han,and F.-Y.Wang,“Automation 5.0:The key to systems intelligence and Industry 5.0,”IEEE/CAA J.Autom.Sinica,vol.11,no.8,pp.1723-1727,Aug.2024.

Attack-Resilient Distributed Cooperative Control of Virtually Coupled High-Speed Trains via Topology Reconfiguration

Dear Editor,This letter addresses the resilient distributed cooperative control problem of a virtually coupled train convoy under stochastic disturbances and cyber attacks.The main purpose is to achieve distributed coordination of virtually coupled high-speed trains with the prescribed inter-train distance and same cruise velocity.

Security and Privacy in Solar Insecticidal Lamps Internet of Things:Requirements and Challenges

Solar insecticidal lamps(SIL) can effectively control pests and reduce the use of pesticides. Combining SIL and Internet of Things(IoT) has formed a new type of agricultural IoT,known as SIL-IoT, which can improve the effectiveness of migratory phototropic pest control. However, since the SIL is connected to the Internet, it is vulnerable to various security issues.These issues can lead to serious consequences, such as tampering with the parameters of SIL, illegally starting and stopping SIL,etc. In this paper, we describe the overall security requirements of SIL-IoT and present an extensive survey of security and privacy solutions for SIL-IoT. We investigate the background and logical architecture of SIL-IoT, discuss SIL-IoT security scenarios, and analyze potential attacks. Starting from the security requirements of SIL-IoT we divide them into six categories, namely privacy, authentication, confidentiality, access control, availability,and integrity. Next, we describe the SIL-IoT privacy and security solutions, as well as the blockchain-based solutions. Based on the current survey, we finally discuss the challenges and future research directions of SIL-IoT.

Fighting COVID-19 and Future Pandemics With the Internet of Things:Security and Privacy Perspectives

The speed and pace of the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2;also referred to as novel Coronavirus 2019 and COVID-19)have resulted in a global pandemic,with significant health,financial,political,and other implications.There have been various attempts to manage COVID-19 and other pandemics using technologies such as Internet of Things(IoT)and 5G/6G communications.However,we also need to ensure that IoT devices used to facilitate COVID-19 monitoring and treatment(e.g.,medical IoT devices)are secured,as the compromise of such devices can have significant consequences(e.g.,life-threatening risks to COVID-19 patients).Hence,in this paper we comprehensively survey existing IoT-related solutions,potential security and privacy risks and their requirements.For example,we classify existing security and privacy solutions into five categories,namely:authentication and access control solutions,key management and cryptography solutions,blockchain-based solutions,intrusion detection systems,and privacy-preserving solutions.In each category,we identify the associated challenges.We also identify a number of recommendations to inform future research.

Resilient and Safe Platooning Control of Connected Automated Vehicles Against Intermittent Denial-of-Service Attacks

Connected automated vehicles(CAVs)serve as a promising enabler for future intelligent transportation systems because of their capabilities in improving traffic efficiency and driving safety,and reducing fuel consumption and vehicle emissions.A fundamental issue in CAVs is platooning control that empowers a convoy of CAVs to be cooperatively maneuvered with desired longitudinal spacings and identical velocities on roads.This paper addresses the issue of resilient and safe platooning control of CAVs subject to intermittent denial-of-service(DoS)attacks that disrupt vehicle-to-vehicle communications.First,a heterogeneous and uncertain vehicle longitudinal dynamic model is presented to accommodate a variety of uncertainties,including diverse vehicle masses and engine inertial delays,unknown and nonlinear resistance forces,and a dynamic platoon leader.Then,a resilient and safe distributed longitudinal platooning control law is constructed with an aim to preserve simultaneous individual vehicle stability,attack resilience,platoon safety and scalability.Furthermore,a numerically efficient offline design algorithm for determining the desired platoon control law is developed,under which the platoon resilience against DoS attacks can be maximized but the anticipated stability,safety and scalability requirements remain preserved.Finally,extensive numerical experiments are provided to substantiate the efficacy of the proposed platooning method.

Robust Consensus Tracking Control of Uncertain Multi-Agent Systems With Local Disturbance Rejection

In this paper,a new distributed consensus tracking protocol incorporating local disturbance rejection is devised for a multi-agent system with heterogeneous dynamic uncertainties and disturbances over a directed graph.It is of two-degree-of-freedom nature.Specifically,a robust distributed controller is designed for consensus tracking,while a local disturbance estimator is designed for each agent without requiring the input channel information of disturbances.The condition for asymptotic disturbance rejection is derived.Moreover,even when the disturbance model is not exactly known,the developed method also provides good disturbance-rejection performance.Then,a robust stabilization condition with less conservativeness is derived for the whole multi-agent system.Further,a design algorithm is given.Finally,comparisons with the conventional one-degree-of-freedombased distributed disturbance-rejection method for mismatched disturbances and the distributed extended-state observer for matched disturbances validate the developed method.

Data-Driven Learning Control Algorithms for Unachievable Tracking Problems

For unachievable tracking problems, where the system output cannot precisely track a given reference, achieving the best possible approximation for the reference trajectory becomes the objective. This study aims to investigate solutions using the Ptype learning control scheme. Initially, we demonstrate the necessity of gradient information for achieving the best approximation.Subsequently, we propose an input-output-driven learning gain design to handle the imprecise gradients of a class of uncertain systems. However, it is discovered that the desired performance may not be attainable when faced with incomplete information.To address this issue, an extended iterative learning control scheme is introduced. In this scheme, the tracking errors are modified through output data sampling, which incorporates lowmemory footprints and offers flexibility in learning gain design.The input sequence is shown to converge towards the desired input, resulting in an output that is closest to the given reference in the least square sense. Numerical simulations are provided to validate the theoretical findings.

Coherent H^(∞)Control for Linear Quantum Systems With Uncertainties in the Interaction Hamiltonian

This work conducts robust H^(∞)analysis for a class of quantum systems subject to perturbations in the interaction Hamiltonian.A necessary and sufficient condition for the robustly strict bounded real property of this type of uncertain quantum system is proposed.This paper focuses on the study of coherent robust H^(∞)controller design for quantum systems with uncertainties in the interaction Hamiltonian.The desired controller is connected with the uncertain quantum system through direct and indirect couplings.A necessary and sufficient condition is provided to build a connection between the robust H^(∞)control problem and the scaled H^(∞)control problem.A numerical procedure is provided to obtain coefficients of a coherent controller.An example is presented to illustrate the controller design method.

Experimental Evaluation of Medium-Voltage Cascode Gallium Nitride(GaN)Devices for Bidirectional DC-DC Converters

Wide bandgap(WBG)semiconductors,such as silicon carbide(SiC)and gallium nitride(GaN),exhibit superior physical properties and demonstrate great potential for replacing conventional silicon(Si)semiconductors with WBG technology,pushing the boundaries of power devices to handle higher blocking voltages,switching frequencies,output power levels,and operating temperatures.However,tradeoffs in switching performance and converter efficiency when substituting GaN devices for Si and SiC counterparts are not well-defined,especially in a cascode configuration.Additional research with further detailed investigation and analysis is necessitated for medium-voltage GaN devices in power converter applications.Therefore,the aim of this research is to experimentally investigate the impact of emerging 650/900 V cascode GaN devices on bidirectional dc-dc converters that are suitable for energy storage and distributed renewable energy systems.Dynamic characteristics of Si,SiC,and cascode GaN power devices are examined through the double-pulse test(DPT)circuit at different gate resistance values,device currents,and DC bus voltages.Furthermore,the switching behavior and energy loss as well as the rate of voltage and current changes over the time are studied and analyzed at various operating conditions.A 500 W experimental converter prototype is implemented to validate the benefits of cascode GaN devices on the converter operation and performance.Comprehensive analysis of the power losses and efficiency improvements for Si-based,SiC-based,and GaN-based converters are performed and evaluated as the switching frequency,working temperature,and output power level are in-creased.The experimental results reveal significant improvements in switching performance and energy efficiency from the emerging cascode GaN devices in the bidirectional converters.

Mechanics of Tokamak fusion components

Fusion is an ideal clean energy for human being utilized in the future. Much more significant research progress for such new energy exploited in a limited finite space of the high temperature plasma flow constrained by strong magnetic fields of superconducting magnets has been achieved on Tokamak research, which comes to a new era with the international joint efforts from China, Europe, India, Japan, Korea, Russia and United States for building the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER). The plasma chamber and magnets are key components of a fusion power reactor system.

Energy Optimization of Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

This paper reports a wind-powered water pumping system implemented in rural side of Pakistan. The design methodology presented in this paper shah enhance the efficiency of the existing Savonius turbine＇s performance by modifying it aerodynamically. Blades with different twist angles are designed in Solid Edge and analyzed using computational fluid dynamics （CFD） with ANSYS FLUENT software. Static and rotational analyses are performed to get optimized twist angle and results are highlighted. The performances of the turbine in both static and rotational analyses are compared.

Study on Calculation Model of High Speed Machine Silicon Steel Sheet Electromagnetic Characteristics Considering Magnetic, Stress and Temperature Condition

High-speed motor has the characteristics of high frequency, high temperature, and more stress, resulting in the field distribution inside the motor being complicated. To better study the electromagnetic characteristics of silicon steel sheet for high-speed motor. In this article, a study on the calculation model of silicon sheet electromagnetic characteristics considers the effects of electromagnetic, stress, and temperature factors. The study is divided into two parts, one is to propose the calculation model of silicon steel sheet’s permeability;the other is to improve the calculation model of silicon steel sheet’s loss. Then, the magnetic field, stress field, and temperature field of a surface mount high speed permanent magnet motor(SMHSPMSM) are analyzed by finite element method(FEM), and the results under the consideration of magnetic, stress, and temperature factors are brought into the calculation model for calculation. Finally, the accuracy of the calculation model for electromagnetic characteristics of silicon steel sheet is verified by comparing the calculated results with the finite element results.

THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF GREEN ROOF PANELS IN SUB-ZERO TEMPERATURES

To date,much of the research on green roof technology has focused on the capacity for these systems to contribute to the cooling of buildings during summer months.The thermal performance of green roofs in cold climate conditions is critical to understanding the potential of these roofs to decrease energy use in buildings during winter.This paper compares the behavior of two green roof systems with that of a conventional built-up roof by making use of a novel hot box testing apparatus.The green roofs tested are classified as extensive systems.Each system included:a 3 mm thick styrene butadiene rubber waterproofing membrane,0.2 mm thick polyethylene slip sheet,a 76 mm thick extruded polystyrene insulation layer,2 mm thick filter fabric,a 51 mm drainage layer followed by a 2 mm thick filter cloth,either 100 mm or 150 mm growing medium,and a 25 mm thick wild flower vegetated mat.The conventional roof consisted of a 2 mm thick layer of Kraft™vapour retarder bonded with insulation adhesive,51 mm of isocyanurate insulation,25 mm of fibreboard,a three ply(2 mm)cold-applied built-up roof membrane,and a gravel ballast finish 51 mm thick.Each roof was subjected to temperatures between 0℃ and–25℃,while the temperature within the hot box was held at 21℃.The effect of vegetation on a green roof to reduce wind speeds or increase snow cover were not considered in this study.The power required,as well as the temperatures throughout each system at steady state conditions,were monitored for 5 hours.The data collected from thermal testing suggests that the R-value of green roofs with 100 mm or 150 mm thick layers of growing medium is 37%higher than a conventional roof when subjected to temperatures of 0℃ to–25℃.

Enhancing Iterative Learning Control With Fractional Power Update Law

The P-type update law has been the mainstream technique used in iterative learning control(ILC)systems,which resembles linear feedback control with asymptotical convergence.In recent years,finite-time control strategies such as terminal sliding mode control have been shown to be effective in ramping up convergence speed by introducing fractional power with feedback.In this paper,we show that such mechanism can equally ramp up the learning speed in ILC systems.We first propose a fractional power update rule for ILC of single-input-single-output linear systems.A nonlinear error dynamics is constructed along the iteration axis to illustrate the evolutionary converging process.Using the nonlinear mapping approach,fast convergence towards the limit cycles of tracking errors inherently existing in ILC systems is proven.The limit cycles are shown to be tunable to determine the steady states.Numerical simulations are provided to verify the theoretical results.

Kernel-Based State-Space Kriging for Predictive Control

In this paper, we extend the state-space kriging(SSK) modeling technique presented in a previous work by the authors in order to consider non-autonomous systems. SSK is a data-driven method that computes predictions as linear combinations of past outputs. To model the nonlinear dynamics of the system, we propose the kernel-based state-space kriging(K-SSK), a new version of the SSK where kernel functions are used instead of resorting to considerations about the locality of the data. Also, a Kalman filter can be used to improve the predictions at each time step in the case of noisy measurements. A constrained tracking nonlinear model predictive control(NMPC) scheme using the black-box input-output model obtained by means of the K-SSK prediction method is proposed. Finally, a simulation example and a real experiment are provided in order to assess the performance of the proposed controller.

Relay-Switching-Based Fixed-Time Tracking Controller for Nonholonomic State-Constrained Systems:Design and Experiment

Dear Editor,This letter investigates the fixed-time trajectory tracking controller design for nonholonomic chained systems with static state constraints.Firstly,a fixed-time tracking control law is given to carry out relay switching,which divides the controller development process into two stages.

U形件拉深成形回弹影响因素的计算机仿真(英文)

回弹是板料冲压成形中的主要缺陷之一 ,控制回弹涉及到回弹量的准确预算。利用DANAFORM软件 ,对U形件拉深成形回弹影响因素进行了计算机仿真 ,得到了压边力、凸凹模间隙、摩擦系数、材料特性等参数对回弹影响的数值结果 ,并对模拟结果进行了分析。

客车概念设计阶段的车身结构优化设计分析

阐述了概念开发阶段客车车身结构优化分析的方法 ,结合客车的概念实例 ,采用简化的参数化有限元模型 ,进行了以降低车身骨架自重为目标的车身结构参数的优化分析 ,从而有助于在设计初期预测和完善整车性能 ,减少设计重复和缩短开发周期 ,为车身结构设计有关参数的选择提供明确的方向。

Fault Diagnosis Based on Interpretable Convolutional Temporal-spatial Attention Network for Offshore Wind Turbines

Fault diagnosis(FD)for offshore wind turbines(WTs)are instrumental to their operation and maintenance(O&M).To improve the FD effect in the very early stage,a condition monitoring based sample set mining method from supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA)time-series data is proposed.Then,based on the convolutional neural network(CNN)and attention mechanism,an interpretable convolutional temporal-spatial attention network(CTSAN)model is proposed.The proposed CTSAN model can extract deep temporal-spatial features from SCADA time-series data sequentially by:(1)a convolution feature extraction module to extract features based on time intervals;(2)a spatial attention module to extract spatial features considering the weights of different features;and(3)a temporal attention module to extract temporal features considering the weights of intervals.The proposed CTSAN model has the superiority of interpretability by exposing the deep temporal-spatial features extracted in a human-understandable form of the temporal-spatial attention weights.The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed CTSAN model are verified by real offshore wind farms in China.

轿卡货厢车顶盖疲劳失效分析及改进设计

利用有限元方法对一种轿卡货厢顶盖总成进行了静态分析和模态分析,探讨这种货厢车顶侧围外板前端翻边拐角部位疲劳裂纹失效的影响因素,并提出了加强改进方案,对原方案和改进方案进一步应力分析,阐述了结构改进的意义,其结果有效地指导了实际的车顶结构改进设计。