Institutional Changes and Globalisation Alter the Landscape of Chinese Auto Industry

In light of the institutional environment transformation and globalisation, this article draws on institutional theory and global value chain theory to explore the growth path of China's state-owned automakers. The study finds that the institution and globalisation factors have become the growth driver of state-owned automakers. At each stage, it is found that there is a convergence in the organisational behaviour of state-owned automakers. The change in driving force, has, however, led to the transformation of organisational behaviour of those state-owned automobile enterprises undergoing the process of evolving from a joint venture model to a proprietary innovation model. This change has come about due to the leveraging of partnership opportunities with multinational motor companies.

Quanzhou— Start of the Maritime Silk Road

IN November 2002,during a dinner in Fuzhou,then governor of Fujian Province Xi Jinping said to me:"You’ve written a book about Xiamen,your second home.Why don’t you write about Quanzhou,your third home?"I laughed.But

Exploring medication rules in Chinese randomized controlled trials of type 2 diabetes based on data mining technology

Background:To systematically summarize and categorize the Chinese herbal medicine in the domestic traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)literature on type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),in this paper,we mine traditional Chinese medicine data for relationships and provide for future practitioners and researchers.Methods:Taking randomized controlled trials on the treatment of T2DM in TCM as the research theme,we searched for full-text literature in three major clinical databases,including CNKI,Wan Fang,and VIP,published between 1990 and 2020.We then conducted frequency statistics,cluster analysis,association rules extraction,and principal component analysis based on a corpus of medical academic words extracted from 1116 research articles.Results:The most frequently used is Astragali Radix,and the most commonly used two-herb combination in T2DM treatment consisted of Coptidis Rhizoma and Moutan Cortex.Moutan Cortex,Alismatis Rhizoma,and Dioscoreae Rhizoma were the most frequently used three-herb combination.We found a“lung”and“liver”and“kidney”model and confirmed the value of classical meridian tropism theory and pattern identification.The treatment is mainly to fill deficiency and clear heat and consider water infiltration,dampness,blood circulation,and silt.Conclusion:This study provides an in-depth perspective on the TCM medication rules for T2DM and offers practitioners and researchers valuable information about the current status and frontier trends of TCM research on T2DM in terms of diagnosis and treatment.

A Mean-Field Game for a Forward-Backward Stochastic System With Partial Observation and Common Noise

This paper considers a linear-quadratic(LQ) meanfield game governed by a forward-backward stochastic system with partial observation and common noise,where a coupling structure enters state equations,cost functionals and observation equations.Firstly,to reduce the complexity of solving the meanfield game,a limiting control problem is introduced.By virtue of the decomposition approach,an admissible control set is proposed.Applying a filter technique and dimensional-expansion technique,a decentralized control strategy and a consistency condition system are derived,and the related solvability is also addressed.Secondly,we discuss an approximate Nash equilibrium property of the decentralized control strategy.Finally,we work out a financial problem with some numerical simulations.

How Are MNCs Readjusting Their Global Strategies in China's Marketplace?

This paper is intended to make a comparative study of MNC subsidiaries in China at different stages. First of all, we built an S-SWOT theoretical framework for MNC Chinese subsidiary strategy analysis. Then, we conducted an empirical analysis of MNC Chinese subsidiary strategies at different periods of time based on the two questionnaire-based surveys undertaken in 2001 and 2005 and a field interview made with such subsidiary executives in 2006. Our study found that MNC Chinese subsidiary overall strategies and functional strategies significantly changed from 2001 to 2006. In particular, MNC Chinese subsidiaries: became increasingly wholly foreign owned and profit oriented; boosted M&A and alliance activities; localized research and development; paid more attention to intangible assets (brand and image) management; coordinated the extent of localization and integration; and assigned key positions to local personnel. We also noticed both a strategic convergence and a considerable strategic difference between the Chinese subsidiaries of MNCs from different countries during the evolution of their Chinese subsidiary strategies.

Supply chain decisions and coordination in the presence of an imperfect spot market

This study considers a supply chain consisting of a commodity supplier and a final product manufacturer with uncertain demand.In addition to purchasing from the supplier through a forward contract,the manufacturer can adjust their inventory by trading the commodity in an online spot market after observing the actual demand.However,the spot market is imperfect in that transactions cannot be certainly realized and come with additional transaction costs.Furthermore,the spot price is volatile such that overly relying on the spot market is unwise.To investigate how the spot market affects the decisions and coordination in a supply chain,we develop a game-theoretical model incorporating spot trading.We derive the optimal ordering decision in a centralized supply chain,as well as the supplier's and manufacturer's equilibrium pricing and ordering decisions in a decentralized supply chain.The impact of the imperfect spot market on the optimal decisions and profits is analyzed.This study also demonstrates how the supply chain can be coordinated in the presence of an imperfect spot market.Finally,a numerical analysis is performed to examine the analytical results.Our results indicate that the spot market can generally improve the performance of the centralized supply chain and benefit the manufacturer in the decentralized one.However,it can be detrimental to the supplier.The supply chain can be coordinated by a revenue-sharing contract,and both parties'profits can be improved.Our findings suggest that the manufacturer could take advantage of the spot market,and the supplier should attempt to integrate or coordinate the supply chain to share the benefits of spot trading.

Pythagorean Uncertain Linguistic Variable Hamy Mean Operator and Its Application to Multi-attribute Group Decision Making

Pythagorean fuzzy set(PFS) can provide more flexibility than intuitionistic fuzzy set(IFS) for handling uncertain information, and PFS has been increasingly used in multi-attribute decision making problems. This paper proposes a new multiattribute group decision making method based on Pythagorean uncertain linguistic variable Hamy mean(PULVHM) operator and VIKOR method. Firstly, we define operation rules and a new aggregation operator of Pythagorean uncertain linguistic variable(PULV) and explore some properties of the operator.Secondly, taking the decision makers' hesitation degree into account, a new score function is defined, and we further develop a new group decision making approach integrated with VIKOR method. Finally, an investment example is demonstrated to elaborate the validity of the proposed method. Sensibility analysis and comprehensive comparisons with another two methods are performed to show the stability and advantage of our method.

Commentary on C2(Sino-U.S.Cooperation)

The fourth round of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue was held in Beijing from May 3 to 4 in 2012. At around the same time,the third meeting of the China-U.S. High-Level Consultation on People-to-People Exchange and the second round of the China-U.S. Strategic Security Dialogue were also held. President Hu Jintao talked about creating mutually-beneficial relations and developing a new type of big powers relationship when he addressed the opening session of the fourth round of the China-U.S. Strategic and Economic Dialogue.

Homonyms Discovery in Folksonomy Based on User Community Analysis

to the capability of reflecting social perception on semantic of resources, folksonomy has been proposed to improve the social learning for education and scholar researching. However, its actual impact is significantly influenced by the semantic ambiguity problem of tags. So, in this paper, we proposed a novel way of detecting homonyms, one of the main sources of tag＇s semantic ambiguity problem, in noisy folksonomies. The study is based on two hypotheses： 1） Users having different interests tend to have different understanding of the same tag. 2） Users having similar interest tend to have common understanding of the same tag. Therefore, we firstly discover user communities according to users＇ interests. Then, tag contexts are discovered in subsets of folksonomy on the basis of user communities. The experimental results show that our method is effective and outperform the method finding tag contexts using all tags in folksonomy with overlapping clustering algorithm especially when various users having different interests are contained by the folksonomyo

How Can China Achieve Industrial Upgrade?

Traditional OEM enterprises are facing increasing upgrading pressure due to tighten export environment. This paper carries out a comparative case study on two bathroom hardware manufacturers,by analyzing enterprises upgrading process from OEM to ODM and OBM,this article will be a good reference for other Chinese OEM manufacturers who pursue an independent road of innovation.

Mediation effects of online public attention on the relationship between air pollution and precautionary behavior

This study investigates the mediation effects of online public attention on the relationship between air pollution and precautionary behavior based on a merged real-world data set that includes daily air quality,Internet search and media indices,social media discussions,and product purchases.Using a Bayesian structural equation modeling approach,we show that online public attention to air pollution increases when air pollution increases,and such attention is captured by more media reports,social media discussions,and Internet searches.A comprehensive relationship involving direct and indirect effects between air pollution and precautionary behavior is established.Air pollution has a positive effect on proactive defensive behaviors,reflected in increased purchases of preventive products,and this effect is partially mediated by online media coverage and the public's Internet searches.Air pollution also motivates passive defensive behaviors,reflected in decreased purchases of outdoor sports products,and this effect is partially mediated by social media coverage.These results suggest that governments could improve the quality of policy making by considering the different roles of various forms of online public attention in the public's risk perceptions of and reactions to air pollution.

Xiamen Bay City

THOUGH I was only 32 when I moved to Xiamen （formerly Amoy） in 1988, I had already lived in over 30 cities, and had no intention of staying in Xiamen longer than a year or two. I never imagined our family would still be here 28 years later.

Robot Application and Labor Force Employment:Substitution or Complementation?——An Empirical Analysis Based on the Data from 22 Economies

The rise of robotics has brought great uncertainty to the labor market.Based on the sectoral data from 22 economies during 2008-2019,this paper explores the impact of robot application on employment.The results show that,on the whole,robot application will have complementary effects on labor force employment,and the grouped regression by economic development level and demographic characteristics supports this conclusion,while the effect of robot application on labor force employment is significantly different by industry.Further research shows that the degree of robot use is the key factor that determines the effect of robots on employment,and the complementary effect is dominant in economies with low degree of robot application,and the subtitution effect is dominant in economies with high degree of robot application.In addition,obvious spillover effects are observed in robotic application.On the one hand,robot application will have a forward crowdingout effect and a reverse siphon effect,which drive the labor force moving from the primary industry to the secondary and tertiary industries.On the other hand,robot application will also have heterogeneous effects on the labor force employment of economies in the upstream and downstream position along the value chain through the transmission effect of the Global Value Chains(GVC).The conclusions of this paper provide some practical implications for the rational formulation of artificial intelligence plans in the context of“stabilizing employment”.

Molecular Genetic Variation in a Clonal Plant Population of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） analysis was used to investigate the genetic variation among populations, between populations, and within populations, relationships between genetic distance and geographic distance, and the molecular variation and population size. The effects of geographic and genetic distances, as well as of genetic differentiation and population size, on genetic variations of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel. are discussed. The present study showed that there was significant RAPD variation between the Baicheng region population and the Daqing region population, with a molecular variance of 6.35% （P 〈 0.04）, and for differentiation among area populations of the Daqing region, with a molecular variance of 8.78% （P 〈 0.002）. A 21.06% RAPD variation among all 16 populations among two regions was found （P 〈 0.001）, as well as 72.59% variation within populations （P 〈 0.001）. Molecular variation within populations was significantly different among 16 populations.

Data Mining Study on Prescription Patterns of Different Dosage Forms of Chinese Herbal Medicines for Treating and Improving Immune-Inflammatory Indices in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective:To explore the prescription patterns of different dosage forms of Chinese herbal medicines(CHMs)for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA)and their effects on immune-inflammatory indices.Methods:Clinical data were collected from patients with RA in 4 hospitals(3 Class A comprehensive hospitals and 1 Class B comprehensive hospital)in Anhui Province,China,from August 2012 to June 2018 via the electronic medical record gathering system.Following extraction of prescription information,each prescribed herb was quantified and standardized according to the knowledge base to establish a database of RA treatment formulae.The medical records were divided into the granules group and decoction pieces group.Core herbs and their combination patterns were obtained from the two groups of cases using Liquorice software.Changes in immune-inflammatory and hepatic and renal function indices were compared between the two groups using SPSS 23.0 software.The Aprior module of SPSS Clementine 11.1 software was applied to analyse the correlation between CHMs and improvement in indices.Finally,the ORACLE 10 g tool was used to evaluate the random walk model of the immune-inflammatory indices between the two groups.Results:(1)We retrospectively analysed 35,898 prescriptions for 6,829 patients with RA who received CHM treatment.There were 3,816 patients in the granules group and 3,013 in the decoction pieces group.(2)The core herbs were Pi(Spleen)-strengthening and dampness-resolving drugs,blood-activating and stasis-resolving drugs,wind/dampness-dispelling drugs and heatclearing and detoxifying drugs.(3)Both dosage forms could improve immune-inflammatory indices in RA patients,with similar efficacy and no influence on hepatic or renal function.(4)Herba Siegesbeckiae and Oldenlandia had a stronger association with immune-inflammatory indices in the two groups.(5)The immune-inflammatory indices showed obvious improvement after treatment with granules and decoction pieces of CHMs,and there were long range correlations between the comprehensive evaluation indices and interventions.Conclusions:The principal CHM treatment methods for RA in four hospitals in Anhui Province are strengthening Pi and resolving dampness,activating blood and resolving stasis,dispelling wind/dampness and clearing heat.Granules and decoction pieces of CHMs have similar efficacy in improving immune-inflammatory indices in RA patients and could be used as treatment options for RA.

Resource Allocation Based on DEA and Non-Cooperative Game

Resource allocation is one of the most important applications of data envelopment analysis(DEA).Usually,the resource to be allocated is directly related to the interests of decision-making units(DMUs),thus the dynamic non-cooperative game is one of the representative behaviours in the allocation process.However,it is rarely considered in the previous DEA-based allocation studies,which may reduce the acceptability of the allocation plan.Therefore,this paper proposes a DEA-based resource allocation method considering the dynamic non-cooperative game behaviours of DMUs.The authors first deduce the efficient allocation set under the framework of variable return to scale(VRS)and build the allocation model subjecting to the allocation set.Then an iteration algorithm based on the concept of the non-cooperative game is provided for generating the optimal allocation plan.Several interesting characteristics of the algorithm are proved,including i)the algorithm is convergent,ii)the optimal allocation plan is a unique Nash equilibrium point,and iii)the optimal allocation plan is unique no matter which positive value the initial allocation takes.Some advantages of the allocation plan have been found.For example,the allocation plan is more balanced,has more incentives and less outliers,compared with other DEA-based allocation plans.Finally,the proposed method is applied to allocate the green credit among the 30 Chinese iron and steel enterprises,and the results highlight the applicability of the allocation method and solution approach.Therefore,the approach can provide decision makers with a useful resource allocation tool from the perspective of dynamic non-cooperative game.

Composite Quantile Regression Estimation for Left Censored Response Longitudinal Data

For left censored response longitudinal data, we propose a composite quantile regression estimator（CQR） of regression parameter. Statistical properties such as consistency and asymptotic normality of CQR are studied under relaxable assumptions of correlation structure of error terms. The performance of CQR is investigated via simulation studies and a real dataset analysis.