Based on a quantitative analysis of planktonic foraminifera in two gravity cores (17928 and 17954), the history of the upper-water structure of the eastern and western slopes of the South China Sea (SCS) over the last...Based on a quantitative analysis of planktonic foraminifera in two gravity cores (17928 and 17954), the history of the upper-water structure of the eastern and western slopes of the South China Sea (SCS) over the last 220 Ka was reconstructed using the transfer function technique. Our results show that lower sea surface temperature (SST) and shallower depth of thermocline (DOT) exist at Core 17928, off Luzon, in the glacial periods; on the contrary, the same situation turned up in the interglacial at Core 17954, off Vietnam. These changes of the upper-water column structure in the two areas are induced by coastal up-welling, which in turn is driven by monsoons, namely, winter monsoon leads to upwelling at the eastern slope, and summer monsoon gives birth to upwelling on the western slope. Moreover, the intensity of upwellings is also closely related to the evolution of the East Asian monsoon. Therefore, we assume that the changes of the upwelling in the two sites indicate strengthenning of winter and展开更多
Sediment components and their fluxes of Cores MD12-3428(water depth: 903 m), MD12-3433(water depth: 2125 m),and MD12-3434(water depth: 2995 m), obtained along a transect on the continental slope of the northern South ...Sediment components and their fluxes of Cores MD12-3428(water depth: 903 m), MD12-3433(water depth: 2125 m),and MD12-3434(water depth: 2995 m), obtained along a transect on the continental slope of the northern South China Sea, have been conducted to reveal the spatiotemporal variations and the controlling factors of the sediment components and of their fluxes.Results show that deep-sea sediments in the northern South China Sea are composed mainly of terrigenous(59–89%) and carbonate(6–38%) particles, with minor components of opal(1.6–9.4%) and organic matter(0.7–1.9%). Fluxes of terrigenous and carbonate particles reach up to 2.4–21.8 and 0.4–6.5 g cm–2 kyr–1, respectively, values that are one to two orders of magnitude higher than the fluxes of opal and organic matter. Temporal variations of the percentages and fluxes of deep-sea sediment components have displayed clear glacial-interglacial cyclicity since the last glaciation. Terrigenous, opal, and organic matter percentages and their fluxes increas clearly during marine isotope stage 2, while carbonate percentages and fluxes show an opposite variation pattern or are characterized by an unremarkable increase. This implies that deep-sea carbonate in the South China Sea is affected by the dilution of terrigenous inputs during the sea-level lowstand. With increasing water depth along the transect, the terrigenous percentage increases but with largely decreased fluxes. Both the percentage and flux of carbonate decrease, while the percentages and fluxes of opal and organic matter display much more complicated variational features. The spatiotemporal variations of deep-sea sediment components and of their fluxes since the last glaciation in the northern South China Sea are strongly controlled by sea-level fluctuations. Simultaneously, terrigenous supply associated with monsoonal rainfall, marine primary productivity,and the dilution effect between terrigenous and biogenic particles, also play interconnected roles in the sediment accumulation processes.展开更多
Quantitative analysis of benthic foraminifera from ODP Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) shows that abundance of Bulimina alazanensis, sometimes up to about 90%, decreased gradually since 3.2 Ma, especia...Quantitative analysis of benthic foraminifera from ODP Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) shows that abundance of Bulimina alazanensis, sometimes up to about 90%, decreased gradually since 3.2 Ma, especially at 2.1 Ma. Abundance of other benthic foraminiferal species, Globobulimina sub-globosa and Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, increased after 2.1 Ma. Comparison with changes in oxygen and carbon isotopes of planktonic and benthic foraminifera shows that high abundance values of B. alazanensis corresponded with lower values of oxygen isotope, but for carbon isotope, high values of the species were consistent with heavier carbon isotope of benthic foraminifera and lighter carbon isotope of planktonic foraminifera, respectively, and vice versa. Considering factors such as uplift of Bashi Strait, expansion of the North Hemisphere Glaciation, strengthening of East Asian winter mon-soon and variations in oxygen and carbon isotope of foraminifera, changes of B. alazanensis in ODP Site 1146 suggest that the source of deep water masses of the northern South China Sea changed from the warm Pacific deep water with high oxygen content to Pacific Intermediate water with low oxygen content at 2.1 Ma. In addition, the strengthened East Asian winter monsoon resulted in increased pri-mary productivity, high nutrient and suboxic bottom water. Variations in species of B. alazanensis seemed to be unable to tolerate environmental stress induced by deep water masses and productivity changes.展开更多
To constrain short-term changes of climate and oceanography in the northern South China Sea （SCS） over interglacial marine isotope stage （MIS） 5.5, we studied planktic and benthic δ18O records of seven marine sed...To constrain short-term changes of climate and oceanography in the northern South China Sea （SCS） over interglacial marine isotope stage （MIS） 5.5, we studied planktic and benthic δ18O records of seven marine sediment cores with a time resolution of 70-700 yr. Using 6-8 tie points the planktic records were tuned to the U/Th chronology of speleothem δ180 records in China and Europe. The last occurrence of pink Globigerinoides ruber marks the top of Heinrich stadial 11 （HS-11） near 128.4 ka. HS-11 matches a 2300-yr long positive δ180 excursion by 1.5/0.8‰ both in planktic and benthic δ18O records. Hence half of the planktic δ180 signal was linked to increased upwelling of δ18O- and 12C-enriched deep waters in the southwestern SCS. The increase was possibly linked to a strengthened inflow of Pacific deep waters through the Bashi Strait, that form a boundary current along the northern slope of the SCS, building a major sediment drift. At its lower margin near 2300-2400 m water depth （w.d.） Parasound records reveal a belt of modern erosion. At the end of glacial termination 2, stratigraphic gaps deleted HS-11 in core MD05-2904 and subsequent peak MIS 5.5 at ODP Site 1144. Likewise hiatuses probably earmarked all preced- ing glacial terminations at Site 1144 back to 650 ka. Accordingly, boundary current erosion then shifted -300 m upslope to ~2040-2060 m w.d. These vertical shifts imply a rise in boundary current buoyancy, that in turn may be linked to transient events of North Pacific deepwater formation similar to that traced in SCS and North Pacific paleoceanographic records over glacial termination 1.展开更多
A palynological analysis of a marine sediment core in the southern Philippines,provides a detailed regional vegetation and climate history for the West Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP)since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM).Chrono...A palynological analysis of a marine sediment core in the southern Philippines,provides a detailed regional vegetation and climate history for the West Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP)since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM).Chronology was determined by a detailed oxygen isotope record.A higher representation of pollen from tropical upper montane rainforest during the LGM indicate that this forest type moved down along elevation,probabaly due to the lowered temperature.During the last deglaciation and the early Holocene,mangroves were more expanded and tropical mid and upper montane rainforests were restricted,suggesting a rising sea-level and temperature increase.Herbaceous pollen and pteridophyte spore records indicate a much drier condition during the LGM than the Holocene.Mangrove development is controlled by conditions at the river mouth influenced by river discharge.Pteridophyte spores are abundant in wet conditions and are mainly transported by rivers.During the mid-Holocene,the reduction in mangrove pollen and pteridophyte spore appears to be a result of climate change:mainly decrease in river discharge.This may have been affected by the decreasing intensity of the Southeast Asian Monsoon,and the increasing frequency and intensity of warm ENSO events,El Ni?o,in this region.展开更多
Forced by transient solar activities since 7 ka,the thermal structures of the Pacific upper water at boreal winter are featured by an enhanced response of 3-dimensional Western Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP) in an Earth syst...Forced by transient solar activities since 7 ka,the thermal structures of the Pacific upper water at boreal winter are featured by an enhanced response of 3-dimensional Western Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP) in an Earth system model of Intermediate Complexity at centennial scales.During solar maximum periods,the magnitude of surface ocean temperature variations is 30% larger in the western tropical Pacific than in the Ni o3 region,while at subsurface,it is 40% larger in the subtropical North Pacific than in the western Equatorial Pacific.They compromise stronger zonal and meridional thermal gradients in surface and subsurface Pacific respectively which are both linearly responded to solar forcing at centennial periods.The surface gradient is most sensitive at 208-year period while the subsurface gradient shows more significance at periods longer than 208-year.Also noteworthy are two differences:(1) the phase lags at these periods of surface gradient are slightly smaller than that of subsurface;(2) the 148-year and 102-year periods in surface gradient are lost in subsurface gradient.These modeled features preliminary confirm the centennial fluctuations of WPWP in paleo-proxies and a potential solar forcing during the Holocene.展开更多
Core 255 from the southern Okinawa Trough was selected to monitor the shift of the Kuroshio axis over the last 20 000 years. During the last glacial maximum the Kuroshio axis had ever shifted outside the Okinawa Troug...Core 255 from the southern Okinawa Trough was selected to monitor the shift of the Kuroshio axis over the last 20 000 years. During the last glacial maximum the Kuroshio axis had ever shifted outside the Okinawa Trough. It entered the Okinawa Trough again at about 6 500 a BP, leading to abrupt increase of sedimentation rate, distinctly coarser sediment and remarkably increased abundance of foraminiferal indicators of the Kuroshio in the core. But, during about 4 000-3 000 a BP the abundance of the Kuroshio indicator Pulleniatina obliquiloculata sharply decreased again, indicating that the Kuroshio axis had ever shifted easterly for a short period or the Kuroshio was weakened and that moment.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49732060, 49776290 and 49776289).
文摘Based on a quantitative analysis of planktonic foraminifera in two gravity cores (17928 and 17954), the history of the upper-water structure of the eastern and western slopes of the South China Sea (SCS) over the last 220 Ka was reconstructed using the transfer function technique. Our results show that lower sea surface temperature (SST) and shallower depth of thermocline (DOT) exist at Core 17928, off Luzon, in the glacial periods; on the contrary, the same situation turned up in the interglacial at Core 17954, off Vietnam. These changes of the upper-water column structure in the two areas are induced by coastal up-welling, which in turn is driven by monsoons, namely, winter monsoon leads to upwelling at the eastern slope, and summer monsoon gives birth to upwelling on the western slope. Moreover, the intensity of upwellings is also closely related to the evolution of the East Asian monsoon. Therefore, we assume that the changes of the upwelling in the two sites indicate strengthenning of winter and
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91528304, 41530964, 91428310 & 41525020)
文摘Sediment components and their fluxes of Cores MD12-3428(water depth: 903 m), MD12-3433(water depth: 2125 m),and MD12-3434(water depth: 2995 m), obtained along a transect on the continental slope of the northern South China Sea, have been conducted to reveal the spatiotemporal variations and the controlling factors of the sediment components and of their fluxes.Results show that deep-sea sediments in the northern South China Sea are composed mainly of terrigenous(59–89%) and carbonate(6–38%) particles, with minor components of opal(1.6–9.4%) and organic matter(0.7–1.9%). Fluxes of terrigenous and carbonate particles reach up to 2.4–21.8 and 0.4–6.5 g cm–2 kyr–1, respectively, values that are one to two orders of magnitude higher than the fluxes of opal and organic matter. Temporal variations of the percentages and fluxes of deep-sea sediment components have displayed clear glacial-interglacial cyclicity since the last glaciation. Terrigenous, opal, and organic matter percentages and their fluxes increas clearly during marine isotope stage 2, while carbonate percentages and fluxes show an opposite variation pattern or are characterized by an unremarkable increase. This implies that deep-sea carbonate in the South China Sea is affected by the dilution of terrigenous inputs during the sea-level lowstand. With increasing water depth along the transect, the terrigenous percentage increases but with largely decreased fluxes. Both the percentage and flux of carbonate decrease, while the percentages and fluxes of opal and organic matter display much more complicated variational features. The spatiotemporal variations of deep-sea sediment components and of their fluxes since the last glaciation in the northern South China Sea are strongly controlled by sea-level fluctuations. Simultaneously, terrigenous supply associated with monsoonal rainfall, marine primary productivity,and the dilution effect between terrigenous and biogenic particles, also play interconnected roles in the sediment accumulation processes.
基金Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40306007)
文摘Quantitative analysis of benthic foraminifera from ODP Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) shows that abundance of Bulimina alazanensis, sometimes up to about 90%, decreased gradually since 3.2 Ma, especially at 2.1 Ma. Abundance of other benthic foraminiferal species, Globobulimina sub-globosa and Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, increased after 2.1 Ma. Comparison with changes in oxygen and carbon isotopes of planktonic and benthic foraminifera shows that high abundance values of B. alazanensis corresponded with lower values of oxygen isotope, but for carbon isotope, high values of the species were consistent with heavier carbon isotope of benthic foraminifera and lighter carbon isotope of planktonic foraminifera, respectively, and vice versa. Considering factors such as uplift of Bashi Strait, expansion of the North Hemisphere Glaciation, strengthening of East Asian winter mon-soon and variations in oxygen and carbon isotope of foraminifera, changes of B. alazanensis in ODP Site 1146 suggest that the source of deep water masses of the northern South China Sea changed from the warm Pacific deep water with high oxygen content to Pacific Intermediate water with low oxygen content at 2.1 Ma. In addition, the strengthened East Asian winter monsoon resulted in increased pri-mary productivity, high nutrient and suboxic bottom water. Variations in species of B. alazanensis seemed to be unable to tolerate environmental stress induced by deep water masses and productivity changes.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91028004 and 41023004)
文摘To constrain short-term changes of climate and oceanography in the northern South China Sea （SCS） over interglacial marine isotope stage （MIS） 5.5, we studied planktic and benthic δ18O records of seven marine sediment cores with a time resolution of 70-700 yr. Using 6-8 tie points the planktic records were tuned to the U/Th chronology of speleothem δ180 records in China and Europe. The last occurrence of pink Globigerinoides ruber marks the top of Heinrich stadial 11 （HS-11） near 128.4 ka. HS-11 matches a 2300-yr long positive δ180 excursion by 1.5/0.8‰ both in planktic and benthic δ18O records. Hence half of the planktic δ180 signal was linked to increased upwelling of δ18O- and 12C-enriched deep waters in the southwestern SCS. The increase was possibly linked to a strengthened inflow of Pacific deep waters through the Bashi Strait, that form a boundary current along the northern slope of the SCS, building a major sediment drift. At its lower margin near 2300-2400 m water depth （w.d.） Parasound records reveal a belt of modern erosion. At the end of glacial termination 2, stratigraphic gaps deleted HS-11 in core MD05-2904 and subsequent peak MIS 5.5 at ODP Site 1144. Likewise hiatuses probably earmarked all preced- ing glacial terminations at Site 1144 back to 650 ka. Accordingly, boundary current erosion then shifted -300 m upslope to ~2040-2060 m w.d. These vertical shifts imply a rise in boundary current buoyancy, that in turn may be linked to transient events of North Pacific deepwater formation similar to that traced in SCS and North Pacific paleoceanographic records over glacial termination 1.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40621063 and 40771072)the National Basic Research Program of China(2007CB815900)
文摘A palynological analysis of a marine sediment core in the southern Philippines,provides a detailed regional vegetation and climate history for the West Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP)since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM).Chronology was determined by a detailed oxygen isotope record.A higher representation of pollen from tropical upper montane rainforest during the LGM indicate that this forest type moved down along elevation,probabaly due to the lowered temperature.During the last deglaciation and the early Holocene,mangroves were more expanded and tropical mid and upper montane rainforests were restricted,suggesting a rising sea-level and temperature increase.Herbaceous pollen and pteridophyte spore records indicate a much drier condition during the LGM than the Holocene.Mangrove development is controlled by conditions at the river mouth influenced by river discharge.Pteridophyte spores are abundant in wet conditions and are mainly transported by rivers.During the mid-Holocene,the reduction in mangrove pollen and pteridophyte spore appears to be a result of climate change:mainly decrease in river discharge.This may have been affected by the decreasing intensity of the Southeast Asian Monsoon,and the increasing frequency and intensity of warm ENSO events,El Ni?o,in this region.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB815901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41023004 and 91028004)
文摘Forced by transient solar activities since 7 ka,the thermal structures of the Pacific upper water at boreal winter are featured by an enhanced response of 3-dimensional Western Pacific Warm Pool(WPWP) in an Earth system model of Intermediate Complexity at centennial scales.During solar maximum periods,the magnitude of surface ocean temperature variations is 30% larger in the western tropical Pacific than in the Ni o3 region,while at subsurface,it is 40% larger in the subtropical North Pacific than in the western Equatorial Pacific.They compromise stronger zonal and meridional thermal gradients in surface and subsurface Pacific respectively which are both linearly responded to solar forcing at centennial periods.The surface gradient is most sensitive at 208-year period while the subsurface gradient shows more significance at periods longer than 208-year.Also noteworthy are two differences:(1) the phase lags at these periods of surface gradient are slightly smaller than that of subsurface;(2) the 148-year and 102-year periods in surface gradient are lost in subsurface gradient.These modeled features preliminary confirm the centennial fluctuations of WPWP in paleo-proxies and a potential solar forcing during the Holocene.
文摘Core 255 from the southern Okinawa Trough was selected to monitor the shift of the Kuroshio axis over the last 20 000 years. During the last glacial maximum the Kuroshio axis had ever shifted outside the Okinawa Trough. It entered the Okinawa Trough again at about 6 500 a BP, leading to abrupt increase of sedimentation rate, distinctly coarser sediment and remarkably increased abundance of foraminiferal indicators of the Kuroshio in the core. But, during about 4 000-3 000 a BP the abundance of the Kuroshio indicator Pulleniatina obliquiloculata sharply decreased again, indicating that the Kuroshio axis had ever shifted easterly for a short period or the Kuroshio was weakened and that moment.
