Migration patterns and habitat use of the tapertail anchovy Coilia mystus in the Oujiang River Estuary and the Zhujiang River Estuary, China

Habitat use of the tapertail anchovy(Coilia mystus Linnaeus, 1758) from the Oujiang River Estuary and the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Estuary was studied by examining the environmental signatures of Sr and Ca in otoliths using electron probe microanalysis. Individuals from the Oujiang River had higher and varied Sr:Ca ratios(expressed as(Sr:Ca)×1 000, 3.83–13.0 average) in the otolith core regions, suggesting that they were born in brackish or sea waters, and that a freshwater habitat might not be necessary for egg hatching and larval growth.While, individuals from the Zhujiang River had lower Sr:Ca ratios(0.39–2.51 average) in the core regions,suggesting a freshwater origin. After hatching, anchovies from the Zhujiang River migrate downstream to the river estuary close to brackish water. Our results demonstrated varied habitat use for spawning during stages of early life history between the two populations, and suggested that such variations are promoting diversity of life history strategies of this species.

林芝市引进梨品种果实品质的综合分析与评价模型构建

【目的】在西藏引入不同优良梨品种,以调整区内梨果树种植结构,为推动西藏特色林果业发展提供理论依据。【方法】以西藏林芝市引入的9个梨品种作为试验材料,成熟后测定其12项果实品质指标。通过相关性分析和因子分析,建立基于因子分析、主成分分析、线性回归分析以及相似性分析的综合品质评价模型,并根据综合品质得分进行优良度排序,筛选出适宜林芝市种植的优良梨品种。【结果】9个梨品种的果实品质性状变异系数有所不同,其中果形指数的变异系数较大,单果质量、果实硬度、可滴定酸含量、固酸比和石细胞含量的变异系数均中等,果实横径、果实纵径、果心横径、果心比、可溶性固形物和维生素C含量的变异系数均相对较小。对9个梨品种的12项果实品质性状的因子分析,得知前4个公因子的累积方差贡献率达89.120%,其中,第1个公因子的贡献率为37.240%,主要反映果实大小和酸甜口感品质,第2个公因子的贡献率为20.658%,主要反映了梨果实的软硬程度,第3个公因子的贡献率为17.760%,主要反映了果实形状和维生素C含量,第4个公因子的贡献率为13.642%,主要反映了果实可食部分大小和果实糖含量。各品种间存在显著的统计差异(R=0.768,p=0.001),新梨七号与晚秋黄品种显示出最大的差异性。品种间在多维性状上的分布特点表明质量和横径被识别为分类的关键因素。经综合品质评价模型,得出9个梨品种在林芝种植后的果实综合品质得分高低排序为圆黄、华山、翠冠、中梨1号、初夏绿、新梨七号、翠玉、红太阳和晚秋黄。【结论】研究结果对指导西藏自治区内特色梨品种的选育和促进梨产业的可持续发展具有重要意义。

Otolith microchemical evidence revealing multiple spawning site origination of the anadromous tapertail anchovy(Coilia nasus)in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River Estuary

The estuarine tapertail anchovy(Coilia nasus)is a high-value commercial fish.Estimating the spawning site or hatchery origin and habitat is essential for its conservation.This study aimed to determine the habitat use and life history characteristics of C.nasus from the Changjiang River Estuary.We investigated the environmental signatures of strontium(Sr)and calcium(Ca)in the otoliths of the collected specimens using electron probe microanalysis;additionally,we examined their gonadal maturity stage.Our results indicate that the 31 adult C.nasus specimens used in this study could be classified into two types based on their otolith Sr:Ca concentration ratios and their gonadal maturity stage.The long freshwater early life history type(Type LF)had wider central region in the otolith with low Sr:Ca concentration ratios ranging from 1.24±0.62 to 1.92±0.78 and a bluish pattern of low Sr content level.These fish are of riverine origin and had a relatively long early life history in freshwater and low gonadal maturation when captured.The short freshwater early life history type(Type SF)had a shorter central region in the otolith with low Sr:Ca concentration ratios ranging from 1.35±0.5 to 2.82±0.97 and a correspondingly bluish pattern.These fish also had a relatively short-term early life history in freshwater and high gonadal maturation when captured.The results of the otolith microchemical analysis indicated that Type LF and Type SF originated in spawning/hatching sites far from and close to the estuary,respectively.The mature gonads of Type SF fish indicated that they may breed in areas close to the estuary,whereas the immature gonads of Type LF fish indicated that they may breed in areas far from the estuary.This study is the first to reveal that the Changjiang River Estuary contains stocks of anadromous C.nasus originating in different spawning sites during the same season.The estuarine habitat plays a critical role in the connectivity between freshwater recruitment and the marine resources available to adult spawners of this commercially valued species.From a conservation perspective,this study provides important information for identifying anadromous C.nasus stocks originating in different spawning sites in the Changjiang River Basin.

应用于全固态电池的复合固态电解质的制备实验设计——综合化学实验教学探究

介绍了一种有机-无机复合型固态电解质(SPE)的综合化学实验,使学生了解聚环氧乙烷(PEO)的改性策略及SPE在全固态电池中的应用。通过X射线衍射(XRD)表征晶体结构,采用交流阻抗、线性扫描伏安法、恒流充放电等测试增强学生对极化和离子迁移数等概念的理解。该实验有助于学生将化学中的理论知识延伸至实际运用,提高理论水平,锻炼实践能力。

黄钾铁矾对硫脲浸金的影响及草酸盐的作用机理

研究生物氧化产生的黄钾铁矾对酸性硫脲浸金的影响,并探讨草酸添加剂的作用机制。结果表明,黄钾铁矾会增加硫脲的消耗和阻碍金的溶解。黄钾铁矾能显著提高硫脲的分解,阻碍金的溶解。黄钾铁矾造成不利影响的主要原因可能是酸性溶液中黄钾铁矾释放的铁离子使溶液浆电位增加,从而加速硫脲的分解,并加剧硫脲分解产生的钝化物种对金表面的钝化作用。添加草酸盐可以有效削弱黄钾铁矾的不利影响,表现为明显降低硫脲的消耗和促进金的溶解。通过溶液电位、Zeta电位和XPS分析,揭示草酸的可能作用机理。草酸盐不仅可以通过与Fe^(3+)配位减弱Fe^(3+)与硫脲之间的相互作用,还可以通过无差别吸附和静电斥力阻止钝化产物在金表面包裹。

氮添加对色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林土壤呼吸的影响

西藏氮沉降相对较低,但是近些年随着工业的建设和发展,西藏氮沉降也呈现出上升趋势。氮沉降对西藏森林土壤呼吸产生了较大影响,从而影响土壤生态环境和森林生态环境。对西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉(Abiesgeorgeivar.smithii)林,通过设置对照(CK,0kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1))、低氮(LN,10kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1))、中氮(MN,15kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1))和高氮(HN,20kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1))4种氮添加梯度试验组,评估氮沉降对土壤呼吸和生态环境的影响。在2020-2023年期间,持续进行施氮肥试验,并定期检测土壤呼吸指标。结果表明:1年期各梯度的氮添加对土壤呼吸均有抑制作用,并且抑制作用:HN>MN>LN。1年期CK、LN、HN添加的土壤呼吸速率均在9月最大,MN添加的土壤呼吸速率则在6月最大。1年期各梯度的氮添加均降低了各月间土壤呼吸的变化幅度,且具有显著差异性。1年期氮添加的单日土壤呼吸速率总体上在12:00-16:00较大,在2:00-4:00较小,但是在不同时刻的变化幅度不大,不具有显著差异性。4年期HN添加对土壤呼吸的抑制作用明显减弱,MN添加甚至会在6月促进土壤呼吸,对土壤呼吸的总体抑制作用:HN>LN>MN。与1年期相比,4年期的各梯度氮添加处理的土壤呼吸速率在10月下降幅度显著增大,单日土壤呼吸速率变化的单峰分布趋势增强,并且个别时刻出现了土壤呼吸速率与平均值偏离较大的现象。此外,4年期的氮添加会提升土壤酶活性,并且显著增加土壤温度与土壤呼吸的指数相关性,4年期LN、HN添加还会显著增加土壤呼吸的Q10值。总体而言,长期氮添加减弱了对土壤呼吸的抑制作用。该研究为了解高海拔地区土壤呼吸和氮沉降之间的关系,以及保护高原山地生态系统提供了理论依据。

氮沉降对土壤呼吸影响的研究进展

氮沉降作为土壤生态系统中的一个关键生态因子,显著影响生态系统的结构和功能。为系统阐述氮沉降对土壤呼吸的影响,综述了氮沉降对土壤根系、土壤微生物、土壤动物呼吸以及土壤含碳矿物质化学氧化的影响,分析了不同氮沉降量梯度对土壤呼吸的具体影响,并对土壤呼吸领域未来的研究方向作出展望,以期为后续深入监测、研究土壤呼吸及相关生命活动提供理论参考。

太湖生态涵养区浮游植物多样性

为支撑太湖生态涵养区政策实施成效后续评估,以太湖生态涵养实验区为对象,于2023年7月—2024年4月,对西山岛、东山岛周边太湖水域开展浮游植物季度调查。本轮4次调查,共鉴定到浮游植物8门109种,以绿藻门物种数最多,夏季物种数(93种)最多,冬季(45种)最少;共记录到20种优势种,以蓝藻门物种数最多,假鱼腥藻属某种的年度优势度最高(0.425),微囊藻的年度优势度较低,仅为0.042。浮游植物平均物种数和平均密度具有相同的季节差异性,春季和冬季之间、夏季和秋季之间均没有显著差异(P>0.05),但春、冬两季和夏、秋两季浮游植物平均物种数和平均密度差异显著(P<0.05)。浮游植物平均密度表现为夏季>秋季>冬季>春季,冬季浮游植物空间分布更为均匀。冬季浮游植物香农维纳(Shannon-Wiener)多样性指数平均值显著低于其他3个季节(P<0.05),春、夏、秋3个季节浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数平均值差异不显著(P>0.05);春季浮游植物Pielou均匀度指数平均值显著高于其他3个季度(P<0.05),夏、秋、冬3个季节浮游植物皮耶罗(Pielou)均匀度指数平均值差异不显著(P>0.05)。基于浮游植物指标的区域水质评价结果整体处于β-中污型~寡污型状态。

9个梨品种在林芝市的果实品质表现

【目的】筛选适合在林芝市栽培的梨品种,为林芝市的梨树种植提供参考。【方法】选择了2016年引种的9个梨品种作为研究对象,采用单果质量、果形指数、果心比率、果柄长度、果实硬度、果肉密度等指标评估果实外观品质,采用维生素C含量、石细胞含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量等指标评估果实内在品质,统计各品种的产量。【结果】9个梨品种的单果质量为116.70~277.19 g,果形指数为0.75~0.93,果心比率为31.84%~44.60%,果柄长度为15.57~31.20 mm,硬度为9.84~13.04 kg/cm^(2),果肉密度为0.96~1.07 g/mL,维生素C含量为25.63~42.23 mg/kg,石细胞含量为0.23%~0.86%,可溶性固形物含量为10.23%~12.13%,可溶性糖含量为3.79%~8.84%,可滴定酸含量为0.17%~0.32%,糖酸比为14.33~55.30,株产为4.91~14.86 kg,单位面积产量为4094.17~12379.91 kg/hm^(2)。【结论】南月、中梨一号、翠冠、晚秋黄、黄冠、黄金、华山和翠玉这8个梨品种适合在林芝市栽培。其中,中梨一号和翠冠表现优秀,南月、晚秋黄、黄冠、黄金和华山表现良好,而初夏绿品种总体表现较差。这些品种在果实品质方面表现出较好的综合性能,能够满足林芝市居民对高品质梨果的需求。在梨树种植中,可优先考虑这些品种。

High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite all-pellet integrated burden optimization and softening-melting behavior based on flux pellets

High-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite(HVTM)is a crucial polymetallic-associated resource to be developed.The allpellet operation is a blast furnace trend that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the future.By referencing the production data of vanadium-titanium magnetite blast furnaces,this study explored the softening-melting behavior of high-chromium vanadium-titanium magnetite and obtained the optimal integrated burden based on flux pellets.The results show that the burden with a composition of 70wt%flux pellets and 30wt%acid pellets exhibits the best softening-melting properties.In comparison to that of the single burden,the softening-melting characteristic temperature of this burden composition was higher.The melting interval first increased from 307 to 362℃and then decreased to 282℃.The maximum pressure drop(ΔPmax)decreased from 26.76 to 19.01 kPa.The permeability index(S)dropped from 4643.5 to 2446.8 kPa·℃.The softening-melting properties of the integrated burden were apparently improved.The acid pellets played a role in withstanding load during the softening process.The flux pellets in the integrated burden exhibited a higher slag melting point,which increased the melting temperature during the melting process.The slag homogeneity and the TiC produced by over-reduction led to the gas permeability deterioration of the single burden.The segregation of the flux and acid pellets in the HVTM proportion and basicity mainly led to the better softening-melting properties of the integrated burden.

果园生草栽培技术研究进展

果园生草是国内外推行的果园生产管理模式,也是果园可持续发展的必然途径。但我国大多数地区仍然采用传统的“清耕”种植模式,且为追求效益而大量施用化肥、除草剂,极易造成土壤侵蚀和土壤压实等现象,从而导致果品质量下降。果园种草后残根落叶等凋落物可以在酸性土壤条件中缓慢降解或转化形成少量腐殖质,有利于表层土壤有机质含量逐渐增加,进而促进农田土壤质量的提高。对目前我国果园的生草草种选择原则,以及果园生草对果园土壤理化性质、果树生长发育和果实品质的影响进行了综述,可为果园生草栽培技术推广以及高营养的绿色果品生产提供借鉴。

Solvothermal synthesis and adsorption performance of layered boehmite using aluminum chloride and high-alumina fly ash

High alumina fly ash(FAHAl)is a kind of bulk solid waste unique to China,whose availability of high-value aluminum and the threat to the environment makes its high-value utilization urgent.In this work,the alumina containing leaching solution obtained from Na_(2)CO_(3) roasting and HCl leaching of FAHAl was used as the mother liquor to prepare layered boehmite in situ.The preparation process with AlCl_(3) as the raw material was also compared.The formation process and mechanism of boehmite,the choice of solvent,along with the adsorption capability of Congo red were analyzed by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method and adsorption experiments.Results showed that during the preparation of layered boehmite,the precursor Al(OH)_(3) from the reaction of Al^(3+) and OH-is transformed into boehmiteγ-AlOOH.The existence of ethanol is beneficial to regulate and promote the growth of boehmite crystal effectively.When water and ethanol are mixed with a volume ratio of 2:1 and used as the solvent,the maximum specific surface area of the boehmite is obtained at 135.7 m^(2)·g^(-1),and 99.16%of Congo red can be absorbed after 10 min when AlCl3 is used as a raw material.As purified leaching solution is used as the mother liquid,the crystallinity of boehmite decreases slightly when the pH value decreases from 12.5 to 11.When pH is 11,the removal efficiency of Congo red reaches a maximum of 72.25%.This process not only achieves the extraction of aluminum and high-value utilization of FAHAl but also provides a thought to prepare layered boehmite with adsorption properties.

A novel multi-channel porous structure facilitating mass transport towards highly efficient alkaline water electrolysis

An advantageous porous architecture of electrodes is pivotal in significantly enhancing alkaline water electrolysis(AWE)efficiency by optimizing the mass transport mechanisms.This effect becomes even more pronounced when aiming to achieve elevated current densities.Herein,we employed a rapid and scalable laser texturing process to craft novel multi-channel porous electrodes.Particularly,the obtained electrodes exhibit the lowest Tafel slope of 79 mV dec^(-1)(HER)and 49 mV dec^(-1)(OER).As anticipated,the alkaline electrolyzer(AEL)cell incorporating multi-channel porous electrodes(NP-LT30)exhibited a remarkable improvement in cell efficiency,with voltage drops(from 2.28 to 1.97 V)exceeding 300 mV under 1 A cm^(-1),compared to conventional perforated Ni plate electrodes.This enhancement mainly stemmed from the employed multi-channel porous structure,facilitating mass transport and bubble dynamics through an innovative convection mode,surpassing the traditional convection mode.Furthermore,the NP-LT30-based AEL cell demonstrated exceptional durability for 300 h under 1.0 A cm^(-2).This study underscores the capability of the novel multi-channel porous electrodes to expedite mass transport in practical AWE applications.

A flexible multiscale algorithm based on an improved smoothed particle hydrodynamics method for complex viscoelastic flows

Viscoelastic flows play an important role in numerous engineering fields,and the multiscale algorithms for simulating viscoelastic flows have received significant attention in order to deepen our understanding of the nonlinear dynamic behaviors of viscoelastic fluids.However,traditional grid-based multiscale methods are confined to simple viscoelastic flows with short relaxation time,and there is a lack of uniform multiscale scheme available for coupling different solvers in the simulations of viscoelastic fluids.In this paper,a universal multiscale method coupling an improved smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)and multiscale universal interface(MUI)library is presented for viscoelastic flows.The proposed multiscale method builds on an improved SPH method and leverages the MUI library to facilitate the exchange of information among different solvers in the overlapping domain.We test the capability and flexibility of the presented multiscale method to deal with complex viscoelastic flows by solving different multiscale problems of viscoelastic flows.In the first example,the simulation of a viscoelastic Poiseuille flow is carried out by two coupled improved SPH methods with different spatial resolutions.The effects of exchanging different physical quantities on the numerical results in both the upper and lower domains are also investigated as well as the absolute errors in the overlapping domain.In the second example,the complex Wannier flow with different Weissenberg numbers is further simulated by two improved SPH methods and coupling the improved SPH method and the dissipative particle dynamics(DPD)method.The numerical results show that the physical quantities for viscoelastic flows obtained by the presented multiscale method are in consistence with those obtained by a single solver in the overlapping domain.Moreover,transferring different physical quantities has an important effect on the numerical results.

Development of Direct Reduced Iron in China:Challenges and Pathways

The steel industry is considered an important basic sector of the national economy,and its high energy consumption and carbon emissions make it a major contributor to climate change,especially in China.The majority of crude steel in China is produced via the energy-and carbon-intensive blast furnace–basic oxygen furnace(BF–BOF)route,which greatly relies on coking coal.In recent years,China’s steel sector has made significant progress in energy conservation and emission reduction,driven by decarbonization policies and regulations.However,due to the huge output of crude steel,the steel sector still produces 15%of the total national CO_(2) emissions.The direct reduced iron(DRI)plus scrap–electric arc furnace(EAF)process is currently considered a good alternative to the conventional route as a means of reducing CO_(2) emissions and the steel industry’s reliance on iron ore and coking coal,since the gas-based DRI plus scrap–EAF route is expected to be more promising than the coal-based one.Unfortunately,almost no DRI is produced in China,seriously restricting the development of the EAF route.Here,we highlight the challenges and pathways of the future development of DRI,with a focus on China.In the short term,replacing natural gas with coke oven gas(COG)and byproduct gas from the integrated refining and chemical sector is a more economically feasible and cleaner way to develop a gas-based route in China.As the energy revolution proceeds,using fossil fuels in combination with carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)and hydrogen will be a good alternative due to the relatively low cost.In the long term,DRI is expected to be produced using 100%hydrogen from renewable energy.Both the development of deep processing technologies and the invention of a novel binder are required to prepare high-quality pellets for direct reduction(DR),and further research on the one-step gas-based process is necessary.

Adsorption behaviors and mechanisms of gold recovery from thiosulfate solution by ion exchange resin

The adsorption behaviors and mechanisms of gold from thiosulfate solution on strong-base anion exchange resin were systematically investigated.The comparison experiment of adsorption ability and selectivity for gold showed that gel Amberlite IRA-400 resin with Type Ⅰ quaternary ammonium functional group had better adsorption performance.The increases of resin dosage,ammonia concentration and solution pH were favorable to gold adsorption,whereas the rises of cupric and thiosulfate concentrations were disadvantageous to gold loading.Microscopic characterization results indicated that gold was adsorbed in the form of [Au(S_(2)O_(3))_(2)]^(3–) complex anion by exchanging with the counter ion Cl^(–) in the functional group of the resin.Density functional theory calculation result manifested that gold adsorption was mainly depended on the hydrogen bond and van der Waals force generated between O atom in [Au(S_(2)O_(3))_(2)]^(3–) and H atom in the quaternary ammonium functional group of the resin.

Advances in Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Blue Energy Harvesting and Marine Environmental Monitoring

Blue energy,which includes rainfall,tidal current,wave,and water-flow energy,is a promising renewable resource,although its exploitation is limited by current technologies and thus remains low.This form of energy is mainly harvested by electromagnetic generators(EMGs),which generate electricity via Lorenz force-driven electron flows.Triboelectric nano genera tors(TENGs)and TENG networks exhibit superiority over EMGs in low-frequency and high-entropy energy harvesting as a new approach for blue energy harvesting.A TENG produces electrical outputs by adopting the mechanism of Maxwell’s displacement current.To date,a series of research efforts have been made to optimize the structure and performance of TENGs for effective blue energy harvesting and marine environmental applications.Despite the great progress that has been achieved in the use of TENGs in this context so far,continuous exploration is required in energy conversion,device durability,power management,and environmental applications.This review reports on advances in TENGs for blue energy harvesting and marine environmental monitoring.It introduces the theoretical foundations of TENGs and discusses advanced TENG prototypes for blue energy harvesting,including TENG structures that function in freestanding and contact-separation modes.Performance enhancement strategies for TENGs intended for blue energy harvesting are also summarized.Finally,marine environmental applications of TENGs based on blue energy harvesting are discussed.

Pig H3K4me3,H3K27ac,and gene expression profiles reveal reproductive tissue-specific activity of transposable elements

Regulatory sequences and transposable elements(TEs)account for a large proportion of the genomic sequences of species;however,their roles in gene transcription,especially tissue-specific expression,remain largely unknown.Pigs serve as an excellent animal model for studying genomic sequence biology due to the extensive diversity among their wild and domesticated populations.Here,we conducted an integrated analysis using H3K27ac ChIP-seq,H3K4me3 ChIP-seq,and RNA-seq data from 10 different tissues of seven fetuses and eight closely related adult pigs.We aimed to annotate the regulatory elements and TEs to elucidate their associations with histone modifications and mRNA expression across different tissues and developmental stages.Based on correlation analysis between mRNA expression and H3K27ac and H3K4me3 peak activity,results indicated that H3K27ac exhibited stronger associations with gene expression than H3K4me3.Furthermore,1.45%of TEs overlapped with either the H3K27ac or H3K4me3 peaks,with the majority displaying tissue-specific activity.Notably,a TE subfamily(LTR4C_SS),containing binding motifs for SIX1 and SIX4,showed specific enrichment in the H3K27ac peaks of the adult and fetal ovaries.RNA-seq analysis also revealed widespread expression of TEs in the exons or promoters of genes,including 4688 TE-containing transcripts with distinct development stage-specific and tissue-specific expression.Of note,1967 TE-containing transcripts were enriched in the testes.We identified a long terminal repeat(LTR),MLT1F1,acting as a testis-specific alternative promoter in SRPK2(a cell cycle-related protein kinase)in our pig dataset.This element was also conserved in humans and mice,suggesting either an ancient integration of TEs in genes specifically expressed in the testes or parallel evolutionary patterns.Collectively,our findings demonstrate that TEs are deeply embedded in the genome and exhibit important tissue-specific biological functions,particularly in the reproductive organs.

Differences in and factors controlling organic matter enrichment in the Ziliujing Formation shale in the Sichuan Basin

Lacustrine shale oil and gas are important fields for unconventional exploration and development in China,and organic-rich shale deposition lays down the critical foundation for hydrocarbon generation.There are two sets of shale,the Dongyuemiao and Da’anzhai Members,in the Ziliujing Formation in the Sichuan Basin.To identify the differential enrichment characteristics of organic matter and clarify its controlling factors,geochemical analyses of organic and inorganic geochemical analyses were performed.The results showed that the total organic carbon content of the Dongyuemiao shale(1.36%)is slightly higher than that of the Da’anzhai shale(0.95%).The enrichment of organic matter in the two shales resulted from the comprehensive controls of paleoproductivity,paleoenvironment,and terrigenous input,but different factors have different effects.In addition,driven by climate,the change in the sulfate concentration in the bottom water further led to the different intensities of bacterial sulfate reduction in early diagenesis.This made a great difference regarding organic matter accumulation in the two members.In general,climate may have played a dominant role in organic matter enrichment in the two sets of shale.

Efficient signal detector design for OTFS with index modulation

In this paper,efficient signal detectors are designed for Orthogonal Time Frequency Space(OTFS)modulation with Index Modulation(IM)systems.Firstly,the Minimum Mean Squared Error(MMSE)based linear equalizer and its corresponding soft-aided decision are studied for OTFS-IM.To further improve the performance,a Vectorby-Vector-aided Message Passing(VV-MP)detector and its associated soft-decision are proposed,where each IM symbol is considered an entire vector utilized for message calculation and passing.Simulation results are shown that the OTFS-IM system relying on the proposed detectors is capable of providing considerable Bit Error Rate(BER)performance gains over the OTFS and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex(OFDM)with IM systems.