Compound Danshen injection improves endotoxin-induced microcirculatory disturbance in rat mesentery

AIM: To investigate the effect of compound Danshen injection on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat mesenteric microcirculatory dysfunctions and the underlying possible mechanism by an inverted intravital microscope and high-speed video camera system. METHODS: LPS was continuously infused through the jugular artery of male Wistar rats at the dose of 2 mg/kg per hour. Changes in mesenteric microcirculation,such as diameters of arterioles and venules,velocity of RBCs in venules,leukocyte rolling,adhesion and emigration,free radicals released from post-capillary venules,FITC- albumin leakage and mast cell degranulation,were observed through an inverted intravital microscope assisted with CCD camera and SIT camera. Meanwhile,the expression of adhesion molecules CD11b/CD18 and the production of free radical in neutrophils,and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were quantified by flow cytometry (FACS) in vitro. RESULTS: The continuous infusion with LPS resulted in a number of responses in microcirculation,including a significant increase in the positive region of venulestained with Monastral blue B,rolling and adhesion of leukocytes,production of oxygen radical in venular wall,albumin efflux and enhanced mast cell degranulation in vivo,all of which,except for the leukocyte rolling,were attenuated by the treatment with compound Danshen injection. Experiments performed in vitro further revealed that the expression of CD11b/CD18 and the production of oxygen free radical in neutrophils,and the expression of ICAM-1 in HUVECs were increased by exposure to LPS,and they were attenuated by compound Danshen injection. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that compound Danshen injection is an efficient drug with multi-targeting potential for improving the microcirculatory disturbance.

Effect of notoginsenoside R1 on hepatic microcirculation disturbance induced by gut ischemia and reperfusion

AIM： To assess the effect of notoginsenoside R1 on hepatic microcirculatory disturbance induced by gut ischemia/reperfusion （I/R） in mice. METHODS： The superior mesenteric artery （SMA） of C57/BL mice was ligated for 15 min to induce gut ischemia followed by 30-rain reperfusion. In another set of experiments, R1 was continuously infused （10 mg/kg per hour） from 10 min before I/R until the end of the investigation to study the influence of R1 on hepatic microcirculatory disturbance induced by gut I/R. Hepatic microcirculation was observed by inverted microscopy, and the vascular diameter, red blood cell （RBC） velocity and sinusoid perfusion were estimated. Leukocyte rolling and adhesion were observed under a laser confocal microscope. Thirty and 60 min after reperfusion, lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）, alanine aminotransferase （ALl＇） and aspartate transaminase （AST） in peripheral blood were determined. The expression of adhesion molecules CD11b/CD18 in neutrophils and tumor necrosis factor- alpha （TNF-α）, interleukin-6 （IL-6） and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 （MCP-1） in plasma were evaluated by flow Oltometry. E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） in hepatic tissue were examined by immunofluorescence.RESULTS： After gut I/R, the diameters of terminal portal venules and central veins, RBC velocity and the number of perfused sinusoids were decreased, while the leukocyte rolling and adhesion, the expression of E-selectin in hepatic vessels and CD18 in neutrophils, IL-6, MCP-1, LDH, ALT and AST were increased. R1 treatment attenuated these alterations except for IL-6 and MCP-1. CONCLUSION： R1 prevents I/R-induced hepatic microcirculation disturbance and hepatocyte injury, The effect of R1 is related to its inhibition of leukocyte rolling and adhesion by inhibiting the expression of E-selectin in endothelium and CD18 in neutrophils.

Are parental rearing patterns and learning burnout correlated with empathy amongst undergraduate nursing students?

Objective:Empathy can help establish harmonious nurse-patient relationships.We aimed to assess the status of empathy,and explore the relationship between learning burnout,parental rearing patterns and empathy amongst nursing students.Method:A questionnaire survey that employed the Learning Burnout Scale,the Short-Form Egna Minnenav Barndoms Uppfostran(s-EMBU)and the Jefferson Scale of Empathy was conducted amongst 562 nursing students.The data were analysed on the basis of descriptive statistic and correlation analysis was used.Results:Empathy is negatively correlated with learning burnout,parental rejection and overprotection and showed no positive correlation with parental emotional warmth.Conclusions:Educators should pay attention to nursing students'feelings and learning burnout status and take positive measures to improve the empathy level of the students.Positive parental rearing patterns also help cultivate empathy.

A New Solar Radio Spectrometer at 1.10-2.06 GHz and First Observational Results

An improved Solar Radio Spectrometer working at 1.10-2.06 GHz with much improved spectral and temporal resolution, has been accomplished by the National Astronomical Observatories and Hebei Semiconductor Research Institute,based on an old spectrometer at 1 2 GHz. The new spectrometer has a spectral resolution of 4 MHz and a temporal resolution of 5 ms, with an instantaneous detectable range from 0.02 to 10 times of the quiet Sun flux. It can measure both left and right circular polarization with an accuracy of 10% in degree of polarization. Some results of preliminary observations that could not be recorded by the old spectrometer at 1-2 GHz are presented.

Are Homologous Radio Bursts Driven by Solar Post-Flare Loops?

Three particularly complex radio bursts （2001 October 19, 2001 April 10 and 2003 October 26） obtained with the spectrometers （0.65-7.6GHz） at the National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences （NAOC, Beijing and Yunnan） and other instruments （NoRH, TRACE and SXT） are presented. They each have two groups of peaks occurring in different frequency ranges （broad-band microwave and narrow-band decimeter wavelengths）. We stress that the second group of burst peaks that occurred in the late phase of the flares and associated with post-flare loops may be homologous radio bursts. We think that they are driven by the post-flare loops. In contrast to the time profiles of the radio bursts and the images of coronal magnetic polarities, we are able to find that the three events are caused by the active regions including main single-bipole magnetic structures, which are associated with multipole magnetic structures during the flare evolutions. In particular, we point out that the later decimetric radio bursts are possibly the radio counterparts of the homologous flares （called ＂homologous radio bursts＂ by us）, which are also driven by the single-bipole mag- netic structures. By examining the evolutions of the magnetic polarities of sources （17 GHz）, we could presume that the drivers of the homologous radio bursts are new and/or recurring appearances/disappearances of the magnetic polarities of radio sources, and that the triggers are the magnetic reconnections of single-bipole configurations.

Reaction zone characterization of counter-flow diffusion flame with diluted and preheated reactants

Reaction zone characteristics were studied using hydroxy radical planar laser-induced fluorescence （OH-PLIF） technique for a counter-flow preheated （CH4＋N2）/（Air＋N2） diluted diffusion flames. The effects of preheat temperature and dilute ratio on the reaction zone characteristics were investigated by demonstrating the OH intensity distribution and reaction zone thickness from OH-PLIF images. Under the experimental conditions of constant cold flow velocity, the results show that the OH intensity and reaction zone thickness decrease with the increase of dilute ratio at constant preheat temperature and increase with preheat temperature at fixed dilute ratio. The OH maximum intensity shifts towards the ＂lean＂ side of counter flow at constant preheat temperature, and it shifts towards the fuel side with the increase of dilute ratio of fuel stream and towards the oxidizer side with the increase of dilute ratio of oxidizer stream respectively. The feasibility of OH as a reaction zone marker in this diluted combustion is verified further. The variation of diffusion and chemical reaction rate of reactants due to preheat and dilution contributes to the reaction zone characteristics simultaneously. The effect of strain on the flame reaction zone should be included in the future work.

Stability of trivalent human papillomavirus(types 16,18,58)recombinant vaccine(Escherichia coli)

To the Editor:There are 530,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 270,000 deaths annually in the world,85%occur in developing countries.Among them,about 150,000 new cases of cervical cancer are in China each year,accounting for one-third of the total patients worldwide.[1]Vaccines are the most economical and effective ways of preventing infectious diseases.To stop the transmission of human papillomavirus(HPV)fundamentally,the most effective measure is to vaccinate safe and effective HPV vaccines.[2,3]Numerous studies have shown that vaccines based on HPV L1 virus-like particles(VLPs)have good safety and protective efficacy.[4]Infection of HPV16,HPV18,and HPV58 viruses is the main cause of cervical cancer in Chinese women.By preventing the infection of HPV16,HPV18,and HPV58 viruses,85.0%to 93.7%of cervical cancers can be prevented.[5].

Paeonol Improves Lipopolysaccharide-induced Microcirculatory Disturbance in Rat Mesentery

Objective: To investigate the effect of paeonol on lipopolysaccheride(LPS)-induced rat mesenteric microcirculatory dysfunctions.Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into 5 groups(n=6 in each): Sham group, LPS group, paeonol group, paeonol+LPS group, and LPS+paeonol group. Endotoximia model was conducted by continuous LPS infusion. Changes in mesenteric microcirculatory variables, including diameter of venule, velocity of red blood cells in venule, leukocyte adhesion, free radicals produced in venule and albumin leakage from venule, were observed through an inverted intravital microscope. Meanwhile, the expression of myeloperoxidase(MPO), CD18,intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), toll-like receptor 4(TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa B p65 subunit(NF-κB p65), activator protein-1(AP-1), and Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK) was assessed by Western blot.Results: After infusion of LPS, the number of leukocytes adherent to venular wall, the intensity of dihydrorhodamine 123(DHR)fluorescence in the venular walls, and albumin leakage from venules were significantly increased, whereas the red blood cell velocity in venule was decreased. All the manifestations were significantly reduced by pre-treatment and post-treatment with paeonol. Moreover, paeonol significantly attenuated the expression of MPO, CD18, ICAM-1, TLR4, NF-κB p65, AP-1 and JNK in rat mesentery after LPS.Conclusions: The results demonstrated that paeonol could protect from and ameliorate the microcirculation disturbance induced by LPS.

Effect of salvianolic acid B on TNF-a induced cerebral microcirculatory changes in a micro-invasive mouse model

Purpose： To investigate the effects of salvianolic acid B （SAB） on tumor necrosis factor a （TNF-a） induced alterations of cerebral microcirculation with a bone-abrading model. Methods： The influences of craniotomy model and bone-abrading model on cerebral microcirculation were compared. The bone-abrading method was used to detect the effects of intracerebroventricular application of 40 μg/kg.bw TNF-a on cerebral venular leakage of fluorescein isothiocyanate （FITC）- albulmin and the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes on venules with fluorescence tracer rhodamine 6G, The therapeutical effects of SAB on TNF-a induced microcirculatory alteration were observed, with continuous intravenous injection of 5 mg/kg.h SAB starting at 20 min before or 20 min after TNF-a administration, respectively, The expressions of CDllb/CD18 and CD62L in leukocytes were measured with flow cytometry, Immunohistochemical staining was also used to detect E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells, Results： Compared with craniotomy method, the bone-abrading method preserved a higher erythrocyte velocity in cerebral venules and more opening capillaries. TNF-a intervention only caused responses of vascular hyperpermeability and leukocyte roiling on venular walls, without leukocyte adhesion and other hemodynamic changes. Pre- or post-SAB treatment attenuated those responses and suppressed the enhanced expressions of CDII b/CDI8 and CD62L in leukocytes and E-selectin and ICAM-I in endothelial cells induced by TNF-a. Conclusions： The pre- and post-applications of SAB during TNF-a stimulation could suppress adhesive molecular expression and subsequently attenuate the increase of cerebral vascular permeability and leukocyte rolling.

Determination of trace gadolinium by catalytic kinetic fluorimetry

There was a significant catalytic effect of trace Gd(III) ions on the oxidative reaction of potassium persulfate with Saffron T in the acetic acid–sodium acetate buffer solution. Thus, a catalytic kinetic fluorimetry method for the determination of trace Gd(III) ions was established. The factors such as acidity, concentration of reagents, reaction time, and temperature as well as influence of coexisting ions were discussed. The optimum reaction conditions were established. The apparent rate constant and apparent activation energy of the reaction were determined. The linear range is 0.02–0.10 lgáml-1,and the detection limit is 7.27 9 10-4lgáml-1. This method was used for the determination of gadolinium in the samples of lanthanum acetate with RSD of 0.9 %–3.1 %.

Effects of rebinding rate and asymmetry in unbinding rate on cargo transport by multiple kinesin motors

Many intracellular transports are performed by multiple molecular motors in a cooperative manner.Here,we use stochastic simulations to study the cooperative transport by multiple kinesin motors,focusing mainly on effects of the form of unbinding rate versus force and the rebinding rate of single motors on the cooperative transport.We consider two forms of the unbinding rate.One is the symmetric form with respect to the force direction,which is obtained according to Kramers theory.The other is the asymmetric form,which is obtained from the prior studies for the single kinesin motor.With the asymmetric form the simulated results of both velocity and run length of the cooperative transport by two identical motors and those by a kinesin-1 motor and a kinesin-2 motor are in quantitative agreement with the available experimental data,whereas with the symmetric form the simulated results are inconsistent with the experimental data.For the cooperative transport by a faster motor and a much slower motor,the asymmetric form can give both larger velocity and longer run length than the symmetric form,giving an explanation for why kinesin adopts the asymmetric form of the unbinding rate rather than the symmetric form.For the cooperative transport by two identical motors,while the velocity is nearly independent of the rebinding rate,the run length increases linearly with the rebinding rate.For the cooperative transport by two different motors,the increase of the rebinding rate of one motor also enhances the run length of the cooperative transport.The dynamics of transport by N(N=3,4,5,6,7 and 8)motors is also studied.

Panax Notoginseng Saponins Restrains Ischemia-reperfusion-induced Rat Mesenteric Microcirculatory Disturbance

Objective: To investigate the effect of Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS) on ischemia reperfusion(I/R) induced rat mesenteric microcirculatory dysfunctions.Methods: Male Wistar rats weighting 200–250 g were subjected to 10 min ligation of the superior mesenteric artery and vein, followed by60 min reperfusion. PNS(5 mg/kg/hr) was continuously administrated starting from 10 min before ischemia or 10 min after reperfusion until60 min after reperfusion via left jugular vein. Leukocytes adhesion, mast cell degranulation, endothelial peroxidation, and albumin leakage of rat mesenteric venules were observed. Serum myeloperoxidase(MPO) level, intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) expression and Src phosphorylation were examined.Results: PNS ameliorated leukocyte adhesion and mast cell degranulation, while with no obvious effects on endothelial peroxidation and albumin leakage. In addition, PNS inhibited serum MPO increase, intestinal ICAM-1 expression and Src phosphorylation induced by I/R.Conclusions: PNS ameliorated I/R-induced leukocyte adhesion and mast cell degranulation, the former is related to its inhibition of Src phosphorylation and ICAM-1 expression.