三种有机磷农药在双孢蘑菇及其栽培基质中的残留动态

为明确二嗪磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷3种有机磷农药在双孢蘑菇栽培过程中的残留动态规律,采用在工厂化双孢蘑菇栽培基质(覆土和培养料)中拌料施药的方式,开展了田间试验,运用QuEChERS净化前处理技术结合UPLC-MS/MS分析,检测了3种农药在双孢蘑菇子实体和栽培基质中的残留动态。结果表明:建立的双孢蘑菇子实体、覆土和培养料3种基质中3种有机磷农药的液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法,经验证,在二嗪磷分别以0.0003、0.003、0.1 mg/kg为添加水平,毒死蜱和辛硫磷分别以0.0006、0.006、0.1 mg/kg为添加水平下,3种有机磷农药在双孢蘑菇、覆土和培养料3种基质中的平均回收率为76%~108%,相对标准偏差为2.2%~13%。检出限分别为:二嗪磷0.0001 mg/kg、毒死蜱和辛硫磷均为0.0002 mg/kg,定量限分别为:二嗪磷0.0003 mg/kg、毒死蜱0.0006 mg/kg和辛硫磷0.0006 mg/kg。在2和10mg/kg两个施药水平下,二嗪磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷在双孢蘑菇栽培基质中的消解规律均符合一级反应动力学方程,在培养料中的消解半衰期分别为5.2、10.6、13.6 d和5.6、11.4、12.3 d;在覆土中的消解半衰期分别为25.9、41.7、27.2 d和41.7、48.1、36.8 d,且在培养料中的消解快于在覆土中的。在施药剂量不超过10 mg/kg的条件下,在双孢蘑菇子实体中毒死蜱残留量最高,为0.014 mg/kg,超过了欧盟规定的最大残留限量(MRL)标准,其余均低于现行日本、欧盟和美国规定的MRL值。

叶菜中三种新烟碱类农药的残留吸附动力学和复合效应初探

采用乙腈提取,QuEChERS方法净化,超高压液相色谱仪检测的方法,动态监测3种新烟碱类农药单一及混合使用后青菜中吡虫啉、啶虫脒及噻虫嗪的残留量变化,并进行吸附动力学分析。结果表明,青菜中3种农药的残留量随时间延长增加,不同处理组分别在24~48h达到残留量最高值,之后残留量缓慢降低并趋于稳定。经卡方检验分析,3种农药在青菜中的吸附行为更符合准一级动力学模型,且决定系数R2大部分大于0.9。3种农药混合使用时存在相互作用,相较于农药的单独使用,混用能够提高各自在青菜中的吸附速率。吡虫啉与啶虫脒之间存在相互促进作用,混合使用后各自的残留量和峰值均提高。但两者与噻虫嗪存在抑制作用,混用后青菜中噻虫嗪的最高残留量降低。该研究为农药复合残留风险评估和田间混合施药提供了基础数据。

六种蔬菜吸附吡虫啉的动力学研究初探

以青菜、杭白菜、黄瓜、番茄、芹菜、豇豆为对象,采用吡虫啉溶液浸泡,QuEChERS法进行预处理,超高压液相色谱仪检测,动态监测不同蔬菜吸附吡虫啉的残留数据并进行吸附动力学分析。结果表明:六种蔬菜对吡虫啉的吸附残留量逐渐升高,分别在30 h和36 h到达峰值,之后趋于平衡;同一时间点各蔬菜中吡虫啉残留量差异极显著(P<0.001);吡虫啉的吸附行为符合准一级动力学模型,决定系数R^2>0.9;吸附的残留峰值理论量与实际量接近,但速率有所差异。

新型硅酸镁(1:6)用于几种蔬菜中4-壬基酚净化效果研究

壬基酚检测需要吸附性能好且成本低的净化材料。通过溶胶-凝胶法制备新型硅酸镁(MS-1:6)材料,考察其吸附性能,作为固相萃取材料用于净化白菜、四季豆、黄瓜、生菜和洋葱5种基质中4-壬基酚,结合液相色谱-串联质谱仪(LC-MS∕MS)测定。结果表明:25℃下新型硅酸镁材料(1:6)对4-NP的最大吸附量为30.84 mg∕g。洗脱液5.0 m L乙腈的条件下对4-NP回收率最高。与商品化吸附材料氨基化多壁碳纳米管(AMCNTs)、多层氧化石墨烯(GO)和N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)相比,MS-1:6对基质效应的降低作用仅次于GO,优于AMCNTs和PSA。具有较高的经济优势,价格仅为GO的1∕1 500。考察MS-1:6循环利用性,结果显示该萃取柱在6次吸附解析循环后,回收率仍在80%以上。平均回收率为88.63%—106.82%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.5%—10.86%,检出限为0.6—0.8μg∕kg,定量限为2μg∕kg。该方法简单、快速、成本较低,具有较好的净化效果,能够满足蔬菜中4-壬基酚的检测需要。

Theoretical Aspects on Doped-Zirconia for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells:from Structure to Conductivity

Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)are regarded to be a key clean energy system to convert chemical energy(e.g.H_(2) and O_(2))into electrical energy with high efficiency,low carbon footprint,and fuel flexibility.The electrolyte,typically doped zirconia,is the"state of the heart"of the fuel cell technologies,determining the performance and the operating temperature of the overall cells.Yttria stabilized zirconia(YSZ)have been widely used in SOFC due to its excellent oxide ion conductivity at high temperature.The composition and temperature dependence of the conductivity has been hotly studied in experiment and,more recently,by theoretical simulations.The characterization of the atomic structure for the mixed oxide system with different compositions is the key for elucidating the conductivity behavior,which,however,is of great challenge to both experiment and theory.This review presents recent theoretical progress on the structure and conductivity of YSZ electrolyte.We compare different theoretical methods and their results,outlining the merits and deficiencies of the methods.We highlight the recent results achieved by using stochastic surface walking global optimization with global neural network potential(SSW-NN)method,which appear to agree with available experimental data.The advent of machine-learning atomic simulation provides an affordable,efficient and accurate way to understand the complex material phenomena as encountered in solid electrolyte.The future research directions for design better electrolytes are also discussed.

Solar-assisted selective separation and recovery of precious group metals from deactivated air purification catalysts

The mitigation of environmental and energy crises could be advanced by reclaiming platinum group precious metals(PGMs) from decommissioned air purification catalysts. However, the complexity of catalyst composition and the high chemical inertness of PGMs significantly impede this process. Consequently,recovering PGMs from used industrial catalysts is crucial and challenging. This study delves into an environmentally friendly approach to selectively recover PGMs from commercial air purifiers using photocatalytic redox technology. Our investigation focuses on devising a comprehensive strategy for treating three-way catalysts employed in automotive exhaust treatment. By meticulously pretreating and modifying reaction conditions, we achieved noteworthy results, completely dissolving and separating rhodium(Rh), palladium(Pd), and platinum(Pt) within a 12-h time frame. Importantly, the solubility selectivity persists despite the remarkably similar physicochemical properties of Rh, Pd, and Pt. To bolster the environmental sustainability of our method, we harness sunlight as the energy source to activate the photocatalysts, facilitating the complete dissolution of precious metals under natural light irradiation. This ecofriendly recovery approach demonstrated on commercial air purifiers, exhibits promise for broader application to a diverse range of deactivated air purification catalysts, potentially enabling implementation on a large scale.

固相萃取净化-气相色谱法测定食用菌及其栽培基质中26种多溴联苯醚

建立了食用菌及其栽培基质中26种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的检测方法。考察了不同提取溶剂,不同净化材料,不同仪器条件对检测结果的影响,确立了乙腈提取,盐析分层,乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)复合去活化硅胶固相萃取柱净化,气相色谱-电子捕获器(GC-ECD)分析,外标法定量的检测方法。方法的线性相关系数大于0.996,检出限为0.02~0.06µg/kg,定量限为0.06~0.2µg/kg,方法加标回收率在72.5%~119.2%之间,相对标准偏差在2.2%~14%之间。