柔性直流输电技术迅速发展,但其所面对的问题也越来越多,一个典型的问题是直流输电线路出现故障时,其迅速变化的故障电流会对其可靠性产生影响,因此,如何在最短的时间内切断故障电流,保证电网的安全运行,研究符合要求的快速、可靠的柔...柔性直流输电技术迅速发展,但其所面对的问题也越来越多,一个典型的问题是直流输电线路出现故障时,其迅速变化的故障电流会对其可靠性产生影响,因此,如何在最短的时间内切断故障电流,保证电网的安全运行,研究符合要求的快速、可靠的柔性直流输电(FDC,flexible direct current)故障处理方法显得尤为重要;本文首先对FDC系统保护机理的研究现状进行了综述分析,对故障特点进行了探讨,针对直流输电线路的新原理、新的布线方式进行了创新,提出了一种既能满足各种需求又能保证其正常运行的高效的直流线路故障处理方法;仿真试验得出:在灵敏度系数K_(sen)=8.7的时候,不受过渡电阻的干扰,能够迅速地识别和隔离故障,判定时间最大为0.84 ms,判定准确率为100%,在工程应用中保证FDC系统的安全作用显著。展开更多
The one-step conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene has achieved a breakthrough with the development of beta zeolite supported dual metal catalysts.However,the reaction mechanism from ethanol to butadiene is complex a...The one-step conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene has achieved a breakthrough with the development of beta zeolite supported dual metal catalysts.However,the reaction mechanism from ethanol to butadiene is complex and has not yet been fully elucidated,and no catalyst screening effort has been done based on central metal atoms.In this work,density functional theory(DFT)calculations were employed to study the mechanism of one-step conversion of ethanol to butadiene over ZnY/BEA catalyst.The results show that ethanol dehydrogenation prefers to proceed on Zn site with a reaction energy of 0.77 eV in the rate-determining step,and the aldol condensation to produce butadiene prefers to proceed on Y site with a reaction energy of 0.69 eV in the rate-determining step.Based on the mechanism revealed,six elements were selected to replace Y for screening superior combination of Zn-M/BEA(M=Sn,Nb,Ta,Hf,Zr,Ti;BEA:beta polymorph A)for this reaction.As a result,Zn-Y/BEA(0.69 eV)is proven to be the most preferring catalyst compared with the other six ones,and Zn-Zr/BEA(0.85 eV),Zn-Ti/BEA(0.87 eV),and Zn-Sn/BEA(0.93 eV)can be potential candidates for the conversion of ethanol to butadiene.This work not only provides mechanistic insights into one-step catalytic conversion of ethanol to butadiene over Zn-Y/BEA catalyst but also offers more promising catalyst candidates for this reaction.展开更多
文摘柔性直流输电技术迅速发展,但其所面对的问题也越来越多,一个典型的问题是直流输电线路出现故障时,其迅速变化的故障电流会对其可靠性产生影响,因此,如何在最短的时间内切断故障电流,保证电网的安全运行,研究符合要求的快速、可靠的柔性直流输电(FDC,flexible direct current)故障处理方法显得尤为重要;本文首先对FDC系统保护机理的研究现状进行了综述分析,对故障特点进行了探讨,针对直流输电线路的新原理、新的布线方式进行了创新,提出了一种既能满足各种需求又能保证其正常运行的高效的直流线路故障处理方法;仿真试验得出:在灵敏度系数K_(sen)=8.7的时候,不受过渡电阻的干扰,能够迅速地识别和隔离故障,判定时间最大为0.84 ms,判定准确率为100%,在工程应用中保证FDC系统的安全作用显著。
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22078257,No.22038011,and No.22108213)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFA0710000)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018T111034 and No.2021M692548)the Rising Star Program in Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province(No.2020KJXX-079).Chun-Ran Chang also acknowledges the support from the K.C.Wong Education Foundation.The calculations were performed by using the HPC Platform at Xi’an Jiaotong University。
文摘The one-step conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene has achieved a breakthrough with the development of beta zeolite supported dual metal catalysts.However,the reaction mechanism from ethanol to butadiene is complex and has not yet been fully elucidated,and no catalyst screening effort has been done based on central metal atoms.In this work,density functional theory(DFT)calculations were employed to study the mechanism of one-step conversion of ethanol to butadiene over ZnY/BEA catalyst.The results show that ethanol dehydrogenation prefers to proceed on Zn site with a reaction energy of 0.77 eV in the rate-determining step,and the aldol condensation to produce butadiene prefers to proceed on Y site with a reaction energy of 0.69 eV in the rate-determining step.Based on the mechanism revealed,six elements were selected to replace Y for screening superior combination of Zn-M/BEA(M=Sn,Nb,Ta,Hf,Zr,Ti;BEA:beta polymorph A)for this reaction.As a result,Zn-Y/BEA(0.69 eV)is proven to be the most preferring catalyst compared with the other six ones,and Zn-Zr/BEA(0.85 eV),Zn-Ti/BEA(0.87 eV),and Zn-Sn/BEA(0.93 eV)can be potential candidates for the conversion of ethanol to butadiene.This work not only provides mechanistic insights into one-step catalytic conversion of ethanol to butadiene over Zn-Y/BEA catalyst but also offers more promising catalyst candidates for this reaction.
