基于空间光调制器构建二维任意形状的87Rb原子阵列

超冷原子系统是一个纯净的、高度可控的量子体系,可对凝聚态物理、高能物理、天体物理和化学反应等领域的重要物理问题进行量子模拟.构造不同构型的光晶格是模拟多样化的复杂量子系统的一个重要前提.本文采用权重Gerchberg-Saxton算法生成多种形状的光晶格全息图,利用液晶型空间光调制器和高分辨率光学系统,把全息图(动量空间)变换到实空间构造出多种形状的二维晶格阵列,包括简单的三角、六角、正方晶格和更为复杂的蜂巢晶格等,并实现对87Rb超冷原子二维晶格阵列的装载,晶格的最小间距为3μm.这种方法具有通用性强、操控灵活的优势,将有助于拓展光晶格中超冷原子量子模拟的应用.

Optimal preparation of Bose and Fermi atomic gas mixtures of ^(87)Rb and ^(40)K in a crossed optical dipole trap

We report on the optimal production of the Bose and Fermi mixtures with ^(87) Rb and ^(40)K in a crossed optical dipole trap(ODT).We measure the atomic number and lifetime of the mixtures in combination of the spin state |F=9/2,m_(F)=9/2> of^(40)K and |1,1>of ^(87) Rb in the ODT,which is larger and longer compared with the combination of the spin state |9/2,9/2> of^(40)K and 12,2) of ^(87)Rb in the ODT.We observe the atomic numbers of ^(87)Rb and ^(40)K shown in each stage of the sympathetic cooling process while gradually reducing the depth of the optical trap.By optimizing the relative loading time of atomic mixtures in the MOT,we obtain the large atomic number of ^(40)K(~6 ×10^(6)) or the mixtures of atoms with an equal number(~1.6 × 10^(6)) at the end of evaporative cooling in the ODT.We experimentally investigate the evaporative cooling in an enlarged volume of the ODT via adding a third laser beam to the crossed ODT and found that more atoms(8 × 10^(6)) and higher degeneracy(T/T_(F)=0.25) of Fermi gases are obtained.The ultracold atomic gas mixtures pave the way to explore phenomena such as few-body collisions and the Bose-Fermi Hubbard model,as well as for creating ground-state molecules of ^(87)Rb^(40)K.

光学相位锁定激光在原子玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚中实现拉曼耦合

采用光学相位锁定环路技术将外腔反馈式半导体激光器锁定到与钛宝石激光器输出激光频率上.锁定后两束激光的差频线宽从MHz降低到Hz量级,同时两束激光的频率差可实现几百兆赫兹到7 GHz的精密调节.锁定的两束激光作用在铷原子玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的两个基态超精细态=2,1,观测到在两个超精细态之间的拉曼跃迁.该技术可用于超冷原子两个超精细态之间自旋轨道耦合.

^(87)Rb玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体的快速实验制备

采用二维磁光阱产生了-个快速^(87)Rb原子流,并在高真空的三维磁光阱中实现了^(87)Rb原子的快速俘获,进一步采用射频蒸发冷却技术实现了原子云的预冷却,然后将原子转移到远失谐的光学偶极阱中蒸发得到了玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体.实验上可以在25 s内完成三维磁光阱的装载(约1.0×10^(10)个^(87)Rb原子),然后经过16 s的冷却过程最终在光学偶极阱中获得5.0×10~5个原子的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体.实验重点研究了二维磁光阱的优化设计和采用蓝失谐大功率光束对四极磁阱零点的堵塞,抑制四极磁阱中原子的马约拉纳损耗,更加有效地对原子云进行预冷却.

^(87)Rb玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体中双拉曼相对相位对相干跃迁操控的实验研究

发展了利用两对拉曼光之间的相对相位精确调控拉曼耦合强度的新方法,实现了两个量子态相干跃迁的操控.对两对拉曼光的光路进行了特殊设计,从而保证两对拉曼激光在传输过程中的相对相位保持恒定,然后作用到^(87)Rb原子的两个超精细塞曼能级|1,1〉和|1,0〉上,实验观测了两个量子态的布居数随两对拉曼光之间的相对相位的变化关系.该方法为超冷原子量子模拟实验提供了一个独特的操控参量--激光相位,由此拓展了受激拉曼跃迁的应用范围,为研究光与原子相互作用提供了一种新的方法.

超冷87Rb原子在二维光晶格中Mott绝缘态的实验实现

超冷原子气体的量子相变是研究量子关联多体物理的核心内容之一.本文采用单一激光光束通过折叠反射产生二维光晶格,通过控制激光偏振产生两种不同的二维光晶格结构,一种是两个独立的一维光晶格构成,另一种是两个方向的一维光晶格互相干涉形成.将超冷87Rb原子装载到二维光晶格中,通过改变光晶格激光功率调控原子在光晶格中的隧穿强度和相互作用强度,观察到87Rb原子从超流态到Mott绝缘态之间的量子相变,并且分析了两种光晶格对量子相变的影响,为今后开展光晶格中强关联物理研究奠定基础.

Active Learning Approach to Optimization of Experimental Control

We present a general machine learning based scheme to optimize experimental control.The method utilizes the neural network to learn the relation between the control parameters and the control goal,with which the optimal control parameters can be obtained.The main challenge of this approach is that the labeled data obtained from experiments are not abundant.The central idea of our scheme is to use the active learning to overcome this difficulty.As a demonstration example,we apply our method to control evaporative cooling experiments in cold atoms.We have first tested our method with simulated data and then applied our method to real experiments.It is demonstrated that our method can successfully reach the best performance within hundreds of experimental runs.Our method does not require knowledge of the experimental system as a prior and is universal for experimental control in different systems.

Production of dual species Bose–Einstein condensates of ^(39)K and ^(87)Rb

We report the production of^(39) K and^(87) Rb Bose–Einstein condensates(BECs) in the lowest hyperfine states |F =1, m_(F) = 1 simultaneously. We collect atoms in bright/dark magneto-optical traps(MOTs) of^(39) K/^(87) Rb to overcome the light-assisted losses of^(39) K atoms. Gray molasses cooling on the D1 line of the^(39) K is used to effectively increase the phase density, which improves the loading efficiency of^(39) K into the quadrupole magnetic trap. Simultaneously, the normal molasses is employed for^(87) Rb. After the microwave evaporation cooling on^(87) Rb in the optically plugged magnetic trap,the atoms mixture is transferred to a crossed optical dipole trap, where the collisional properties of the two species in different combinations of the hyperfine states are studied. The dual species BECs of^(39) K and^(87) Rb are obtained by further evaporative cooling in an optical dipole trap at a magnetic field of 372.6 G with the background repulsive interspecies scattering length a_(KRb)= 34 a_(0)(a_(0) is the Bohr radius) and the intraspecies scattering length a_K= 20.05 a_(0).

Achieving ultracold Bose–Fermi mixture of^(87)Rb and^(40)K with dual dark magnetic-optical-trap

We demonstrate that dual dark magnetic-optical-traps(MOTs)have great importance in the two-species^(87)Rb and^(40)K mixture compared with dual bright MOTs.The dark MOT has a little improvement in the trapping of single-species^(87)Rb or^(40)K gases compared with bright MOT.For the case of loading two-species^(87)Rb and^(40)K simultaneously,the improvement of^(40)K in the dual dark MOTs is mainly from the reduction of light-assisted collision losses.The dual dark MOTs employ a pair of conical lenses to produce the hollow beam for repump laser with high efficiency.The number and density of^(87)Rb and^(40)K atoms after evaporative cooling in the hybrid magnetic trap with dark MOT loading are compared with those in bright MOT.The atoms with large number and high density make it easier to realize the quantum degenerate of Bose-Fermi mixture.

Sub-Doppler Laser Cooling of ^(23)Na in Gray Molasses on the D_2 Line

We report on the efficient gray molasses cooling of sodium atoms using the D2 optical transition at 589.1 nm.Thanks to the hyperfine split about 6Γ between |F’ = 2> and |F’ = 3> in the excited state 32 P3/2, this atomic transition is effective for the gray molasses cooling mechanism. Using this cooling technique, the atomic sample in F = 2 ground manifold is cooled from 700 μK to 56 μK in 3.5 ms. We observe that the loading efficiency into magnetic trap is increased due to the lower temperature and high phase space density of atomic cloud after gray molasses. This technique offers a promising route for the fast cooling of the sodium atoms in the F = 2 state.

基于超冷原子扭转双层光晶格的量子模拟

将两个二维周期晶格扭转一个角度可以产生莫尔超晶格,如图1所示,这一现象被广泛应用于光学精密检测、图像处理、艺术设计、纺织工业以及建筑学等。最近研究发现莫尔超晶格不但具有独特的美学价值,而且在量子系统中还可能导致各种新奇的物理效应,一个著名的例子是扭转双层石墨烯。

Magnetic-Field Dependence of Raman Coupling Strength in Ultracold ^(40)K Atomic Fermi Gas

We experimentally demonstrate the relation of Raman coupling strength with the external bias magnetic field in degenerate Fermi gas of 40K atoms. Two Raman lasers couple two Zeeman energy levels, whose energy splitting depends on the external bias magnetic field. The Raman coupling strength is determined by measuring the Rabi oscillation frequency. The characteristics of the Rabi oscillation is to be damped after several periods due to Fermi atoms in different momentum states oscillating with different Rabi frequencies. The experimental results show that the Raman coupling strength will decrease as the external bias magnetic field increases, which is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction.

Preparation of a two-state mixture of ultracold fermionic atoms with balanced population subject to the unstable magnetic field

We report a novel method to prepare a mixture of ^(40)K Fermi gas having an equal population of the two ground magnetic spin states confined in an optical dipole trap,in the presence of an noisy quantization(magnetic)field.We realize the equal population mixture by applying a series of RF pulses.We observe the dependence of the population distribution between two spin states on the number of the applied RF pulses and find that the decoherence effects leading to the population fluctuations are overcome by the high number of RF pules.Our demonstrated technique can be potentially used in the precision measurement experiments with ultracold gases in noisy environments.

Influence on the Lifetime of ^(87)Rb Bose-Einstein Condensation for Far-Detuning Single-Frequency Lasers with Different Phase Noises

We study the influence of the phase noises of far detuning single frequency lasers on the lifetime of Bose-Einstein condensation（BEC）of^（87）Rb in an optical dipole trap.As a comparison,we shine a continuous-wave singlefrequency Ti：sapphire laser,an external-cavity diode laser and a phase-locked diode laser on BEC.We measure the heating and lifetime of BEC in two different hyperfine states：｜F=2,m_F=2〉and｜F=1,m_F=1〉.Due to the narrow linewidth and small phase noise,the continuous-wave single-frequency Ti：sapphire laser has less influence on the lifetime of^（87）Rb BEC than the external-cavity diode laser.To reduce the phase noise of the external-cavity diode laser,we use an optical phase-locked loop for the external-cavity diode laser to be locked on a Ti：sapphire laser.The lifetime of BEC is increased when applfying the phase-Jocked diode laser in contrast with the external-cavity diode laser.

Measurement of intensity difference squeezing via non-degenerate four-wave mixing process in an atomic vapor

We report the measurement of the intensity difference squeezing via the non-degenerate four-wave mixing process in a rubidium atomic vapor medium. Two pairs of balanced detection systems are employed to measure the probe and the conjugate beams, respectively. It is convenient to get the quantum shot noise limit, the squeezed and the amplified noise power spectra. We also investigate the influence of the input extra quadrature amplitude noise of the probe beam. The influence of the extra noise can be minimized and the squeezing can be optimized under the proper parameter condition. We measure the -3.7-dB intensity difference squeezing when the probe beam has a 3-dB extra quadrature amplitude noise. This result is slightly smaller than -4.1 dB when the ideal coherent light （no extra noise） for the probe beam is used.

Experimental realization of two-dimensional single-layer ultracold gases of ^(87)Rb in an accordion lattice

We experimentally realize two-dimensional(2D) single-layer ultracold gases of ^(87)Rb by dynamically tuning the periodicity of a standing wave, known as accordion lattice. In order to load ^(87)Rb Bose-Einstein condensate into single dark fringe node of the blue detuning optical lattice, we reduce the lattice periodicity from 26.7 μm to 3.5 μm with the help of an acousto-optic deflector(AOD) to compress the three-dimensional BEC adiabatically into a flat and uniform quasi-2D single-layer. We describe the experimental procedure of the atoms loading into the accordion lattice in detail and present the characteristics of the quasi-2D ultracold gases. This setup provides an important platform for studying in-and out-of equilibrium physics, phase transition and 2D topological matter.

Experimental Observation of Spin-Exchange in Ultracold Fermi Gases

We experimentally study the spin exchange collision in ultracold 40K Fermi gases. The quadratic Zeeman shift, trap potential and temperature of atomic cloud will influence on the spin changing dynamics. Dependences of the spin components populations on the external bias magnetic field, the optical trap depth and the temperature of atomic cloud are experimentally investigated. The spin exchange from the initial states to the final state are observed for different initial states. This work shows an interesting process of reaching equilibrium by redistribution among the spin states with the spin exchange collision in an ultracold large-spin Fermi gas.

相位锁定的激光器系统用于电磁诱导透明光谱实验

使用数字锁相环ADF4107芯片,设计了锁频带宽为1～7GHz的光学锁相环(OPLL)。通过光学探测器得到两台外腔半导体激光器的拍频信号,经过OPLL,产生两种误差信号,它们分别被加载到半导体激光器的光栅压电陶瓷和反馈电流上,从而将拍频信号的噪声由兆赫兹降低到赫兹量级。将该系统应用到电磁诱导透明光谱实验中,成功地观察到电磁诱导透明现象。该方法还可应用到超冷原子拉曼光谱实验中。

原子气室中四波混频线型的实验研究

理论上利用双边费曼图对四波混频过程进行了研究,该方法可直观清晰地展示光与原子相互作用的物理过程。计算了四波混频过程的色散性质。实验上研究了85 Rb原子D2线的四波混频线型,并且对实验结果进行了拟合,两者符合较好。对四波混频线型的研究可加深对四波混频过程的理解,从而促进四波混频过程在量子信息研究中的应用。

(87)Rb玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体中的电磁诱导透明现象

通过吸收成像方法,统计探测光对原子气体的加热损耗,在^(87)Rb玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体中观察到电磁诱导透明现象。观察电磁诱导透明现象的常规方法是测量探测光的透射光谱,但是对于玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体这种易受外界干扰的研究对象,应用吸收成像的方法更加简单适用。实验发现,经过透镜聚焦后耦合光的光斑大小强烈影响电磁诱导透明的线型。改变探测光的偏振状态,在电磁诱导透明的峰值处观察到拉曼跃迁过程。拉曼跃迁过程使电磁诱导透明窗口出现极窄的吸收线。相比于电磁诱导透明效应,在拉曼跃迁机制下,探测光的色散曲线更加陡峭,可实现更高效的光减速效果。在双光子共振处,通过改变探测光的偏振状态从而改变其吸收与色散性质,可构造光学开关和光偏振的光致旋转。