Increases in the volume of urban waste are due principally to increasingly affluent lifestyle, rather than urban growth. Municipal solid waste production continues to grow in both per capita and overall terms. During ...Increases in the volume of urban waste are due principally to increasingly affluent lifestyle, rather than urban growth. Municipal solid waste production continues to grow in both per capita and overall terms. During the latter part of the 1990's, annual waste production ranged from 300-800kg per capita in the more developed countries to less than 200kg per person in the least developed countries. Furthermore, the composition of waste differs between high and low-income settlements, affecting both recycling and the commercial feasibility of private waste management. The proportion of hazardous household waste, and wastes from small industries and medical clinics, also continues to increase. This article gives a brief introduction to the issues related to solid waste.展开更多
The economic system takes resources from the natural environment, and returns the wastes generated by production and consumption——a cycle which may be harmful if the concentration of wastes exceeds the capacity of t...The economic system takes resources from the natural environment, and returns the wastes generated by production and consumption——a cycle which may be harmful if the concentration of wastes exceeds the capacity of the environment to assimilate them. The subsequent pollution of the air, seas, lakes, rivers and underground fresh water resources——as well as the land's surface——affects not only human beings, but all living organisms and buildings. The unprecedented growth of cities in the 20th century makes them major contributors to local, regional and global environmental problems. This article briefly introduces trans-border effects of pollution, the principal sources of pollution, the impacts of pollution and pollution management and policy implications.展开更多
Over the past fifty years, largely as a result of economic forces, many cities have been transformed from concentrated and identifiable towns into amorphous urban areas. Although the contribution of cities to the nati...Over the past fifty years, largely as a result of economic forces, many cities have been transformed from concentrated and identifiable towns into amorphous urban areas. Although the contribution of cities to the national economy of both developed and developing countries is crucial, the forces of urban growth often destroy the very social, cultural and environmental fabric they were intended to improve. Changes accompanying urban growth frequently involve the destruction of distinctive and meaningful built and natural elements, eradicating the physical expression of former indigenous ways of life that are very much part of the settlement culture. This article describes the related issues of heritage conservation and introduces two projects as best practices.展开更多
文摘Increases in the volume of urban waste are due principally to increasingly affluent lifestyle, rather than urban growth. Municipal solid waste production continues to grow in both per capita and overall terms. During the latter part of the 1990's, annual waste production ranged from 300-800kg per capita in the more developed countries to less than 200kg per person in the least developed countries. Furthermore, the composition of waste differs between high and low-income settlements, affecting both recycling and the commercial feasibility of private waste management. The proportion of hazardous household waste, and wastes from small industries and medical clinics, also continues to increase. This article gives a brief introduction to the issues related to solid waste.
文摘The economic system takes resources from the natural environment, and returns the wastes generated by production and consumption——a cycle which may be harmful if the concentration of wastes exceeds the capacity of the environment to assimilate them. The subsequent pollution of the air, seas, lakes, rivers and underground fresh water resources——as well as the land's surface——affects not only human beings, but all living organisms and buildings. The unprecedented growth of cities in the 20th century makes them major contributors to local, regional and global environmental problems. This article briefly introduces trans-border effects of pollution, the principal sources of pollution, the impacts of pollution and pollution management and policy implications.
文摘Over the past fifty years, largely as a result of economic forces, many cities have been transformed from concentrated and identifiable towns into amorphous urban areas. Although the contribution of cities to the national economy of both developed and developing countries is crucial, the forces of urban growth often destroy the very social, cultural and environmental fabric they were intended to improve. Changes accompanying urban growth frequently involve the destruction of distinctive and meaningful built and natural elements, eradicating the physical expression of former indigenous ways of life that are very much part of the settlement culture. This article describes the related issues of heritage conservation and introduces two projects as best practices.
