Sodium metal batteries are emerging as promising energy storage technologies owing to their high-energy density and rich resources.However,the challenge of achieving continuous operation at high areal capacity hinders...Sodium metal batteries are emerging as promising energy storage technologies owing to their high-energy density and rich resources.However,the challenge of achieving continuous operation at high areal capacity hinders the application of this system.Here,a robust two-dimensional tin/sodium‒tin alloy interface was introduced onto an Al substrate as an anode via an industrial electroplating strategy.Unlike the widely accepted in situ formation of Na15Sn4 alloys,the formation of Na_(9)Sn_(4)alloys results in a semi-coherent interface with sodium due to low lattice mismatch(20.84%),which alleviates the lattice stress of sodium deposition and induces subsequent dense sodium deposition under high areal capacity.In addition,the strong interaction of Sn with anions allows more PF6−to preferentially participate in the interfacial solvation structure,thereby facilitating the formation of a thin(10 nm)NaF-rich solid electrolyte interface.Therefore,the substrate can withstand a high areal capacity of 5 mA h cm^(-2),exhibiting a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.7%.The full battery exhibits long-term cycling performance(600 cycles)with a low decay rate of 0.0018%per cycle at 60 mA g^(-1).展开更多
基金supported by the Science Technology and Innovation Team in the Universities of Henan Province(24IRTSTHN002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279121and 22409179)+1 种基金supported by the National Supercomputing Centre in Zhengzhouthe funding of Zhengzhou University。
文摘Sodium metal batteries are emerging as promising energy storage technologies owing to their high-energy density and rich resources.However,the challenge of achieving continuous operation at high areal capacity hinders the application of this system.Here,a robust two-dimensional tin/sodium‒tin alloy interface was introduced onto an Al substrate as an anode via an industrial electroplating strategy.Unlike the widely accepted in situ formation of Na15Sn4 alloys,the formation of Na_(9)Sn_(4)alloys results in a semi-coherent interface with sodium due to low lattice mismatch(20.84%),which alleviates the lattice stress of sodium deposition and induces subsequent dense sodium deposition under high areal capacity.In addition,the strong interaction of Sn with anions allows more PF6−to preferentially participate in the interfacial solvation structure,thereby facilitating the formation of a thin(10 nm)NaF-rich solid electrolyte interface.Therefore,the substrate can withstand a high areal capacity of 5 mA h cm^(-2),exhibiting a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.7%.The full battery exhibits long-term cycling performance(600 cycles)with a low decay rate of 0.0018%per cycle at 60 mA g^(-1).
