In this paper,the data of Automatic Weather Stations(AWSs),ERA5 reanalysis,sounding,wind profile radar,and dual-polarization radar are used to study an extreme rainfall event in the south China Coast on 11 to 12 May 2...In this paper,the data of Automatic Weather Stations(AWSs),ERA5 reanalysis,sounding,wind profile radar,and dual-polarization radar are used to study an extreme rainfall event in the south China Coast on 11 to 12 May 2022 from the aspects of thermodynamics and microphysical characteristics under the influence of low-level jets(LLJs).Results show that:(1)The extreme rainfall event can be divided into two stages:the first stage(S1)from 0000 to 0600 LST on May 12 and the second stage(S2)from 0700 to 1700 LST on the same day.During S1,the rainfall is mainly caused by the upper-level shortwave trough and the boundary layer jet(BLJ),characterized by strong upward motion on the windward side of mountains.In S2,the combined influence of the BLJ and synoptic-system-related low-level jet(SLLJ)increases the vertical wind shear and vertical vorticity,strengthening the rainstorm.In combination with the effect of topography,a warm and humid southwest flow continuously transports water vapor to farther north,resulting in a significant increase in rainfall over the study area(on the terrain’s windward slope).From S1 to S2,the altitude of a divergence center in the upper air decreases obviously.(2)The rainfalls in the two stages are both associated with the mesoscale convergence line(MCL)on the surface,and the wind field from the mesoscale outflow boundary(MOB)in S1 is in the same direction as the environmental winds.Due to a small area of convergence that is left behind the MOB,convection moves eastward quickly and causes a short duration of heavy rainfall.In S2,the convergence along the MOB is enhanced,which strengthens the rainfall and leads to strong outflows,further enhancing the surface convergence near the MOB and forming a positive feedback mechanism.It results in a slow motion of convection and a long duration of heavy rainfall.(3)In terms of microphysics,the center of a strong echo in S1 is higher than in S2.The warm-rain process of the oceanic type characterizes both stages,but the convective intensity in S2 is significantly stronger than that in S1,featuring bigger drop sizes and lower concentrations.It is mainly due to the strengthening of LLJs,which makes small cloud droplets lift to melting levels,enhancing the ice phase process(riming process),producing large amounts of graupel particles and enhancing the melting and collision processes as they fall,resulting in the increase of liquid water content(LWC)and the formation of large raindrops near the surface.展开更多
采用NCEPFNL 1°×1°再分析资料、国家气候中心0.1°×0.1°降水融合资料以及地面观测站逐时雨量数据对台风"彩虹"过程湿位涡进行分析。结果表明:850 h Pa上MPV1正负值交界的等值线密集区、925 h Pa...采用NCEPFNL 1°×1°再分析资料、国家气候中心0.1°×0.1°降水融合资料以及地面观测站逐时雨量数据对台风"彩虹"过程湿位涡进行分析。结果表明:850 h Pa上MPV1正负值交界的等值线密集区、925 h Pa上MPV1负值区与强降水区域均有很好的对应关系;高层MPV1正值,低层负值,有利于能量下传,增强了对流层低层的不稳定度(即θe/p增加),导致不稳定能量释放;在台风中心附近有-θe/p≈0转为<0,有利于上升运动的发展;在低层MPV2正负值弱中心降雨均不明显,反而在正负值交界等值线密集区的近负值区域一侧降雨强度大,在一定程度上可根据MPV2的分布得出冷暖空气的相互作用。展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2242203,41975138,42275008)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2019A1515010814,2021A1515011415)+1 种基金Science and Technology Development Fund Project of Guangdong Meteorological Bureau(GRMC2020M27)Jiangmen Young science and technology talents lifting Project(2022-2023)。
文摘In this paper,the data of Automatic Weather Stations(AWSs),ERA5 reanalysis,sounding,wind profile radar,and dual-polarization radar are used to study an extreme rainfall event in the south China Coast on 11 to 12 May 2022 from the aspects of thermodynamics and microphysical characteristics under the influence of low-level jets(LLJs).Results show that:(1)The extreme rainfall event can be divided into two stages:the first stage(S1)from 0000 to 0600 LST on May 12 and the second stage(S2)from 0700 to 1700 LST on the same day.During S1,the rainfall is mainly caused by the upper-level shortwave trough and the boundary layer jet(BLJ),characterized by strong upward motion on the windward side of mountains.In S2,the combined influence of the BLJ and synoptic-system-related low-level jet(SLLJ)increases the vertical wind shear and vertical vorticity,strengthening the rainstorm.In combination with the effect of topography,a warm and humid southwest flow continuously transports water vapor to farther north,resulting in a significant increase in rainfall over the study area(on the terrain’s windward slope).From S1 to S2,the altitude of a divergence center in the upper air decreases obviously.(2)The rainfalls in the two stages are both associated with the mesoscale convergence line(MCL)on the surface,and the wind field from the mesoscale outflow boundary(MOB)in S1 is in the same direction as the environmental winds.Due to a small area of convergence that is left behind the MOB,convection moves eastward quickly and causes a short duration of heavy rainfall.In S2,the convergence along the MOB is enhanced,which strengthens the rainfall and leads to strong outflows,further enhancing the surface convergence near the MOB and forming a positive feedback mechanism.It results in a slow motion of convection and a long duration of heavy rainfall.(3)In terms of microphysics,the center of a strong echo in S1 is higher than in S2.The warm-rain process of the oceanic type characterizes both stages,but the convective intensity in S2 is significantly stronger than that in S1,featuring bigger drop sizes and lower concentrations.It is mainly due to the strengthening of LLJs,which makes small cloud droplets lift to melting levels,enhancing the ice phase process(riming process),producing large amounts of graupel particles and enhancing the melting and collision processes as they fall,resulting in the increase of liquid water content(LWC)and the formation of large raindrops near the surface.
文摘采用NCEPFNL 1°×1°再分析资料、国家气候中心0.1°×0.1°降水融合资料以及地面观测站逐时雨量数据对台风"彩虹"过程湿位涡进行分析。结果表明:850 h Pa上MPV1正负值交界的等值线密集区、925 h Pa上MPV1负值区与强降水区域均有很好的对应关系;高层MPV1正值,低层负值,有利于能量下传,增强了对流层低层的不稳定度(即θe/p增加),导致不稳定能量释放;在台风中心附近有-θe/p≈0转为<0,有利于上升运动的发展;在低层MPV2正负值弱中心降雨均不明显,反而在正负值交界等值线密集区的近负值区域一侧降雨强度大,在一定程度上可根据MPV2的分布得出冷暖空气的相互作用。
