Tropical cyclone(TC) genesis forecasting is essential for daily operational practices during the typhoon season.The updated version of the Tropical Regional Atmosphere Model for the South China Sea(CMA-TRAMS) offers f...Tropical cyclone(TC) genesis forecasting is essential for daily operational practices during the typhoon season.The updated version of the Tropical Regional Atmosphere Model for the South China Sea(CMA-TRAMS) offers forecasters reliable numerical weather prediction(NWP) products with improved configurations and fine resolution. While traditional evaluation of typhoon forecasts has focused on track and intensity, the increasing accuracy of TC genesis forecasts calls for more comprehensive evaluation methods to assess the reliability of these predictions. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the CMA-TRAMS for cyclogenesis forecasts over the western North Pacific and South China Sea. Based on previous research and typhoon observation data over five years, a set of localized, objective criteria has been proposed. The analysis results indicate that the CMA-TRAMS demonstrated superiority in cyclogenesis forecasts, predicting 6 out of 22 TCs with a forecast lead time of up to 144 h. Additionally, over 80% of the total could be predicted 72 h in advance. The model also showed an average TC genesis position error of 218.3 km, comparable to the track errors of operational models according to the annual evaluation. The study also briefly investigated the forecast of Noul(2011). The forecast field of the CMA-TRAMS depicted thermal and dynamical conditions that could trigger typhoon genesis, consistent with the analysis field. The 96-hour forecast field of the CMA-TRAMS displayed a relatively organized threedimensional structure of the typhoon. These results can enhance understanding of the mechanism behind typhoon genesis,fine-tune model configurations and dynamical frameworks, and provide reliable forecasts for forecasters.展开更多
本文在GRAPES_TMM(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Tropical Mesoscale Model)——中国南海台风模式版(面向南海和东南亚)中发展和引进了KA95(Kim and Arakawa,1995)地形重力波拖曳参数化方案(GWDO),并对2012...本文在GRAPES_TMM(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Tropical Mesoscale Model)——中国南海台风模式版(面向南海和东南亚)中发展和引进了KA95(Kim and Arakawa,1995)地形重力波拖曳参数化方案(GWDO),并对2012年主要的9个登陆台风进行了试验对比研究,考察了不同标准Richardson数(c Ri)的GWDO试验对台风路径和强度预报的影响。结果表明,在引入地形重力波拖曳参数化过程后,模式对台风登陆时路径和强度的预报能力均要有提高,对台风预报时长越长,GWDO的影响也更为显著。对双台风"SAOLA"和"DAMREY"试验结果表明,GWDO对台风外围距台风中心150 km的对流层中下层风速减弱较为明显,减弱了GRAPES区域模式对台风强度预报偏强的现象,对台风强度长时间预报改善更为明显。不同标准c Ri对重力波拖曳力的计算较为敏感,当c Ri取1.0时,动能迅速的在低层被频散,能量无法有效地上传;c Ri取0.25时,大部分的能量在中高层被频散。总的来说,c Ri取0.75时对台风路径和强度预报改进更为显著,其结果可为业务预报提供指导意义。展开更多
雷达资料是目前为数不多有能力为高分辨率预报模式提供高分辨率信息资料的资料之一。为充分利用该资料所包含的中小尺度信息,文中基于雷达反射率,利用贝叶斯方法反演出大气相对湿度;将质控后的资料引入3Dvar系统进行同化分析,为高分辨...雷达资料是目前为数不多有能力为高分辨率预报模式提供高分辨率信息资料的资料之一。为充分利用该资料所包含的中小尺度信息,文中基于雷达反射率,利用贝叶斯方法反演出大气相对湿度;将质控后的资料引入3Dvar系统进行同化分析,为高分辨率模式提供初值场。以台风"妮妲"登陆为例,通过一维反演及三维变分系统分析,有效地订正了实况有回波而模式预报无回波区域的大气湿度趋于合理,增加背景场的湿度,减小模拟回波比观测偏强的区域的大气湿度;同化大气湿度后模式在前6小时报出的台风外围回波分布、演变更合理,改进了降水雨带的分布与强度。1个月的批量试验反映1D+3Dvar同化雷达资料后,大气对流层中低层(850～400 h Pa)增湿明显,其增湿影响程度可延续12小时以上。其逐时降水预报在前12小时的TS均比控制试验高,而大于5 mm以上降水预报偏差则与控制试验的大略一致或更接近1。展开更多
在南海台风模式(Tropical Regional Assimilation Model for the South China Sea,TRAMS)2.0版本基础上,从模式分辨率、动力框架、物理过程三个方面进行技术改进,形成了TRAMS 3.0版本。对2017年的台风预报进行评估,结果表明TRAMS 3.0模...在南海台风模式(Tropical Regional Assimilation Model for the South China Sea,TRAMS)2.0版本基础上,从模式分辨率、动力框架、物理过程三个方面进行技术改进,形成了TRAMS 3.0版本。对2017年的台风预报进行评估,结果表明TRAMS 3.0模式比TRAMS 2.0模式有明显改进,其中72 h的平均路径误差减少了13.6 km(改进幅度为7%),强度预报误差减少了1.2 hPa(改进幅度为10.5%)。另外对于高空气象要素的预报,TRAMS 3.0模式也比TRAMS 2.0有全面的改进。分别对各项技术更新的效果进行敏感性测试,发现提高模式分辨率和更新对流参数化方案对TRAMS 3.0模式中南海台风预报效果的改进贡献最大。展开更多
基金Science and Technology Innovation Project of Guangdong Provincial Water Resources Department (2022-01)Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(2022A1515011870)+1 种基金China Meteorological Administration Key Innovation Team of Tropical Meteorology (CMA2023ZD08)Open Research Program of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (2022LASW-B18)。
文摘Tropical cyclone(TC) genesis forecasting is essential for daily operational practices during the typhoon season.The updated version of the Tropical Regional Atmosphere Model for the South China Sea(CMA-TRAMS) offers forecasters reliable numerical weather prediction(NWP) products with improved configurations and fine resolution. While traditional evaluation of typhoon forecasts has focused on track and intensity, the increasing accuracy of TC genesis forecasts calls for more comprehensive evaluation methods to assess the reliability of these predictions. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the CMA-TRAMS for cyclogenesis forecasts over the western North Pacific and South China Sea. Based on previous research and typhoon observation data over five years, a set of localized, objective criteria has been proposed. The analysis results indicate that the CMA-TRAMS demonstrated superiority in cyclogenesis forecasts, predicting 6 out of 22 TCs with a forecast lead time of up to 144 h. Additionally, over 80% of the total could be predicted 72 h in advance. The model also showed an average TC genesis position error of 218.3 km, comparable to the track errors of operational models according to the annual evaluation. The study also briefly investigated the forecast of Noul(2011). The forecast field of the CMA-TRAMS depicted thermal and dynamical conditions that could trigger typhoon genesis, consistent with the analysis field. The 96-hour forecast field of the CMA-TRAMS displayed a relatively organized threedimensional structure of the typhoon. These results can enhance understanding of the mechanism behind typhoon genesis,fine-tune model configurations and dynamical frameworks, and provide reliable forecasts for forecasters.
文摘本文在GRAPES_TMM(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Tropical Mesoscale Model)——中国南海台风模式版(面向南海和东南亚)中发展和引进了KA95(Kim and Arakawa,1995)地形重力波拖曳参数化方案(GWDO),并对2012年主要的9个登陆台风进行了试验对比研究,考察了不同标准Richardson数(c Ri)的GWDO试验对台风路径和强度预报的影响。结果表明,在引入地形重力波拖曳参数化过程后,模式对台风登陆时路径和强度的预报能力均要有提高,对台风预报时长越长,GWDO的影响也更为显著。对双台风"SAOLA"和"DAMREY"试验结果表明,GWDO对台风外围距台风中心150 km的对流层中下层风速减弱较为明显,减弱了GRAPES区域模式对台风强度预报偏强的现象,对台风强度长时间预报改善更为明显。不同标准c Ri对重力波拖曳力的计算较为敏感,当c Ri取1.0时,动能迅速的在低层被频散,能量无法有效地上传;c Ri取0.25时,大部分的能量在中高层被频散。总的来说,c Ri取0.75时对台风路径和强度预报改进更为显著,其结果可为业务预报提供指导意义。
文摘雷达资料是目前为数不多有能力为高分辨率预报模式提供高分辨率信息资料的资料之一。为充分利用该资料所包含的中小尺度信息,文中基于雷达反射率,利用贝叶斯方法反演出大气相对湿度;将质控后的资料引入3Dvar系统进行同化分析,为高分辨率模式提供初值场。以台风"妮妲"登陆为例,通过一维反演及三维变分系统分析,有效地订正了实况有回波而模式预报无回波区域的大气湿度趋于合理,增加背景场的湿度,减小模拟回波比观测偏强的区域的大气湿度;同化大气湿度后模式在前6小时报出的台风外围回波分布、演变更合理,改进了降水雨带的分布与强度。1个月的批量试验反映1D+3Dvar同化雷达资料后,大气对流层中低层(850～400 h Pa)增湿明显,其增湿影响程度可延续12小时以上。其逐时降水预报在前12小时的TS均比控制试验高,而大于5 mm以上降水预报偏差则与控制试验的大略一致或更接近1。
文摘在南海台风模式(Tropical Regional Assimilation Model for the South China Sea,TRAMS)2.0版本基础上,从模式分辨率、动力框架、物理过程三个方面进行技术改进,形成了TRAMS 3.0版本。对2017年的台风预报进行评估,结果表明TRAMS 3.0模式比TRAMS 2.0模式有明显改进,其中72 h的平均路径误差减少了13.6 km(改进幅度为7%),强度预报误差减少了1.2 hPa(改进幅度为10.5%)。另外对于高空气象要素的预报,TRAMS 3.0模式也比TRAMS 2.0有全面的改进。分别对各项技术更新的效果进行敏感性测试,发现提高模式分辨率和更新对流参数化方案对TRAMS 3.0模式中南海台风预报效果的改进贡献最大。
