Magnetic reconnection underlies the physical mechanism of explosive phenomena in the solar atmosphere and planetary magnetospheres, where plasma is usually collisionless. In the standard model of collisionless magneti...Magnetic reconnection underlies the physical mechanism of explosive phenomena in the solar atmosphere and planetary magnetospheres, where plasma is usually collisionless. In the standard model of collisionless magnetic reconnection,the diffusion region consists of two substructures: an electron diffusion region is embedded in an ion diffusion region,in which their scales are based on the electron and ion inertial lengths. In the ion diffusion region, ions are unfrozen in the magnetic fields while electrons are magnetized. The resulted Hall effect from the different motions between ions and electrons leads to the production of the in-plane currents, and then generates the quadrupolar structure of out-of-plane magnetic field. In the electron diffusion region, even electrons become unfrozen in the magnetic fields, and the reconnection electric field is contributed by the off-diagonal electron pressure terms in the generalized Ohm’s law. The reconnection rate is insensitive to the specific mechanism to break the frozen-in condition, and is on the order of 0.1. In recent years, the launching of Cluster, THEMIS, MMS, and other spacecraft has provided us opportunities to study collisionless magnetic reconnection in the Earth’s magnetosphere, and to verify and extend more insights on the standard model of collisionless magnetic reconnection. In this paper, we will review what we have learned beyond the standard model with the help of observations from these spacecraft as well as kinetic simulations.展开更多
本工作将介绍一项具有重大科学和实际意义的深空探测任务,这项任务的顺利实施将允许我们在一个前所未有的近距离上以遥感和实地探测手段相结合的方式观测和研究一颗恒星的磁活动以及磁重联区域.首先,我们将首次直接进入太阳风暴的核心...本工作将介绍一项具有重大科学和实际意义的深空探测任务,这项任务的顺利实施将允许我们在一个前所未有的近距离上以遥感和实地探测手段相结合的方式观测和研究一颗恒星的磁活动以及磁重联区域.首先,我们将首次直接进入太阳风暴的核心能量释放区——磁重联电流片内部,对其中的磁场耗散、能量转换、带电粒子加速等重要过程的细节进行精细实地测量和研究.其次,我们将对太阳风暴,即日冕物质抛射(Coronal Mass Ejection, CME)的物质成分和内部结构进行直接探测,帮助我们深入研究和了解CME的爆发机制和其中的物质来源;实地探测快CME前面的快模激波,被磁重联和CME激波加速的带电粒子及其所产生的电磁辐射.第三,我们将在离开太阳5-10个太阳半径的距离上直接测量日冕磁场-太阳活动的能量来源.第四,利用成像和光谱观测手段,我们能够近距离地观测和研究太阳高层大气中的动力学过程.目前在地球附近对日冕常规观测的分辨率在1.5′′,甚至更差,而通过抵近观测可以将同样设备的分辨能力提高5-30倍,将为我们提供在地球附近无法获得的太阳超清晰图像以及相应的物理信息,让我们在一个前所未有的平台上来研究、认识和了解距离我们最近、对我们最重要的恒星,从而解决太阳爆发和日冕加热等长期困扰太阳物理研究领域的难题.这也将使我们获得唯一的、能够对发生在恒星大气中的磁重联过程进行直接或者是抵近探测的机会!展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 40931054 and 40523006, the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2006CB806305, the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China under Grant No 2008AA12A216, and the Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories.
基金Supported the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 40804045 and Innovation Fund of Center for Space Science and Applied Research under Grant No O82112A18S.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42174181)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB 41000000)the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDJ-SSW-DQC010)。
文摘Magnetic reconnection underlies the physical mechanism of explosive phenomena in the solar atmosphere and planetary magnetospheres, where plasma is usually collisionless. In the standard model of collisionless magnetic reconnection,the diffusion region consists of two substructures: an electron diffusion region is embedded in an ion diffusion region,in which their scales are based on the electron and ion inertial lengths. In the ion diffusion region, ions are unfrozen in the magnetic fields while electrons are magnetized. The resulted Hall effect from the different motions between ions and electrons leads to the production of the in-plane currents, and then generates the quadrupolar structure of out-of-plane magnetic field. In the electron diffusion region, even electrons become unfrozen in the magnetic fields, and the reconnection electric field is contributed by the off-diagonal electron pressure terms in the generalized Ohm’s law. The reconnection rate is insensitive to the specific mechanism to break the frozen-in condition, and is on the order of 0.1. In recent years, the launching of Cluster, THEMIS, MMS, and other spacecraft has provided us opportunities to study collisionless magnetic reconnection in the Earth’s magnetosphere, and to verify and extend more insights on the standard model of collisionless magnetic reconnection. In this paper, we will review what we have learned beyond the standard model with the help of observations from these spacecraft as well as kinetic simulations.
文摘本工作将介绍一项具有重大科学和实际意义的深空探测任务,这项任务的顺利实施将允许我们在一个前所未有的近距离上以遥感和实地探测手段相结合的方式观测和研究一颗恒星的磁活动以及磁重联区域.首先,我们将首次直接进入太阳风暴的核心能量释放区——磁重联电流片内部,对其中的磁场耗散、能量转换、带电粒子加速等重要过程的细节进行精细实地测量和研究.其次,我们将对太阳风暴,即日冕物质抛射(Coronal Mass Ejection, CME)的物质成分和内部结构进行直接探测,帮助我们深入研究和了解CME的爆发机制和其中的物质来源;实地探测快CME前面的快模激波,被磁重联和CME激波加速的带电粒子及其所产生的电磁辐射.第三,我们将在离开太阳5-10个太阳半径的距离上直接测量日冕磁场-太阳活动的能量来源.第四,利用成像和光谱观测手段,我们能够近距离地观测和研究太阳高层大气中的动力学过程.目前在地球附近对日冕常规观测的分辨率在1.5′′,甚至更差,而通过抵近观测可以将同样设备的分辨能力提高5-30倍,将为我们提供在地球附近无法获得的太阳超清晰图像以及相应的物理信息,让我们在一个前所未有的平台上来研究、认识和了解距离我们最近、对我们最重要的恒星,从而解决太阳爆发和日冕加热等长期困扰太阳物理研究领域的难题.这也将使我们获得唯一的、能够对发生在恒星大气中的磁重联过程进行直接或者是抵近探测的机会!
