Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the F-actin binding domain of mouse talin labels the actin cytoskeleton in the living generative and sperm cells of a third generation transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant, ...Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the F-actin binding domain of mouse talin labels the actin cytoskeleton in the living generative and sperm cells of a third generation transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant, A005-G-T-1-2. Observations were made on pollen at four major developmental stages, viz. I. uni-nucleate microspore stage; II. early bi-cellular pollen stage; III. late bi-cellular pollen stage; and IV. tri-cellular pollen stage. At each of these developmental stages vegetative nucleus, generative nucleus/ cell, and sperm cells were seen undergoing continuous and coordinated motion and migration. These movements seemed to be influenced by associated microfilament networks existing in the pollen. Based on these observations we propose that it is the interaction between the microfilament networks (usually one existing in the central cytoplasm and another in the cortex) that controls the dynamic movement of the vegetative nucleus, generative nucleus/cell and sperm cells. Furthermore, we have also observed that there is an array of microfilaments (oriented mostly parallel to the long axis of the cell) existing in the generative and sperm cells. As far as we are aware, this is the first report showing the existence of microfilaments in living generative and sperm cells of rice pollen. The implication and significance of the existence of microfilaments in generative and sperm cells in rendering self-propelled motion of these cells in relation to their passage and movement in the pollen tube and embryo sac for fertilization were discussed.展开更多
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the F_actin binding domain of mouse talin labels the actin cytoskeleton in the immature pollen of stable transformed rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. Actin microfilaments could b...Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the F_actin binding domain of mouse talin labels the actin cytoskeleton in the immature pollen of stable transformed rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. Actin microfilaments could be visualized only in the late_developmental stage of the immature pollen. During this developmental stage, microfilaments, initially composed of very short fibrils, develop into a very complex and novel network that sometimes totally and sometimes partially encloses the vegetative nucleus and the spherical shaped generative cell in the central cytoplasm of the immature pollen. The behavior of the actin microfilamentous structure throughout the late_developmental stage of the immature pollen is extremely dynamic, and the likelihood of this structure in generating forces for vegetative nucleus and generative cell movement in the immature pollen has been discussed. No actin filaments were visualized in the spherical generative cells.展开更多
针对柔性直流(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)馈入的受端系统,以往研究仅分析了VSC-HVDC自身输出特性对加快受端系统恢复的作用。然而,鲜有从制定受端系统恢复策略的角度考虑,难以充分发挥VSC-H...针对柔性直流(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)馈入的受端系统,以往研究仅分析了VSC-HVDC自身输出特性对加快受端系统恢复的作用。然而,鲜有从制定受端系统恢复策略的角度考虑,难以充分发挥VSC-HVDC对受端系统功率支援的作用。鉴于此,该文对VSC-HVDC馈入的受端系统恢复策略进行研究,构建受端系统多阶段机组恢复模型。首先,引入短路比指标表征交流系统的恢复程度,利用支路追加法量化机组恢复进程,定量分析直流落点处的输出功率。其次,依据交流系统短路比变化将机组恢复过程划分为无源系统、弱交流系统和强交流系统阶段。以线路充电无功、线路恢复时间以及线路短路容量贡献度为权值,针对不同阶段提出单路径恢复、扩展路径恢复以及多路径恢复的恢复模式。然后,提出综合反映恢复机组以及恢复路径优劣的评价指标,利用组合赋权法对机组恢复次序进行快速决策,将机组恢复的连续时间过程转化为分阶段进行的离散过程。最后,以改进的IEEE39节点系统为例,验证所提方法的可行性和有效性。展开更多
文摘Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the F-actin binding domain of mouse talin labels the actin cytoskeleton in the living generative and sperm cells of a third generation transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant, A005-G-T-1-2. Observations were made on pollen at four major developmental stages, viz. I. uni-nucleate microspore stage; II. early bi-cellular pollen stage; III. late bi-cellular pollen stage; and IV. tri-cellular pollen stage. At each of these developmental stages vegetative nucleus, generative nucleus/ cell, and sperm cells were seen undergoing continuous and coordinated motion and migration. These movements seemed to be influenced by associated microfilament networks existing in the pollen. Based on these observations we propose that it is the interaction between the microfilament networks (usually one existing in the central cytoplasm and another in the cortex) that controls the dynamic movement of the vegetative nucleus, generative nucleus/cell and sperm cells. Furthermore, we have also observed that there is an array of microfilaments (oriented mostly parallel to the long axis of the cell) existing in the generative and sperm cells. As far as we are aware, this is the first report showing the existence of microfilaments in living generative and sperm cells of rice pollen. The implication and significance of the existence of microfilaments in generative and sperm cells in rendering self-propelled motion of these cells in relation to their passage and movement in the pollen tube and embryo sac for fertilization were discussed.
文摘Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the F_actin binding domain of mouse talin labels the actin cytoskeleton in the immature pollen of stable transformed rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants. Actin microfilaments could be visualized only in the late_developmental stage of the immature pollen. During this developmental stage, microfilaments, initially composed of very short fibrils, develop into a very complex and novel network that sometimes totally and sometimes partially encloses the vegetative nucleus and the spherical shaped generative cell in the central cytoplasm of the immature pollen. The behavior of the actin microfilamentous structure throughout the late_developmental stage of the immature pollen is extremely dynamic, and the likelihood of this structure in generating forces for vegetative nucleus and generative cell movement in the immature pollen has been discussed. No actin filaments were visualized in the spherical generative cells.
文摘针对柔性直流(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)馈入的受端系统,以往研究仅分析了VSC-HVDC自身输出特性对加快受端系统恢复的作用。然而,鲜有从制定受端系统恢复策略的角度考虑,难以充分发挥VSC-HVDC对受端系统功率支援的作用。鉴于此,该文对VSC-HVDC馈入的受端系统恢复策略进行研究,构建受端系统多阶段机组恢复模型。首先,引入短路比指标表征交流系统的恢复程度,利用支路追加法量化机组恢复进程,定量分析直流落点处的输出功率。其次,依据交流系统短路比变化将机组恢复过程划分为无源系统、弱交流系统和强交流系统阶段。以线路充电无功、线路恢复时间以及线路短路容量贡献度为权值,针对不同阶段提出单路径恢复、扩展路径恢复以及多路径恢复的恢复模式。然后,提出综合反映恢复机组以及恢复路径优劣的评价指标,利用组合赋权法对机组恢复次序进行快速决策,将机组恢复的连续时间过程转化为分阶段进行的离散过程。最后,以改进的IEEE39节点系统为例,验证所提方法的可行性和有效性。
