Due to high temperature and acid substance in exhaust, gasoline usually produces deposits on the chamber and gasoline jet of intake air system in engines of a car, carbonating on the jet, even blocking the jet, make e...Due to high temperature and acid substance in exhaust, gasoline usually produces deposits on the chamber and gasoline jet of intake air system in engines of a car, carbonating on the jet, even blocking the jet, make engine fail to start and run. The methods of selecting optimum engine design have less effect on reducing deposits and carbonating than does that of adding detergent-dispersant additive into gasoline. A new compound──ureido-urethane is synthesized by reacting di-iso-cyanate with alcohols and amines. After experiments of selecting optimum reaction condition, testing solubility and percentage of relative oxidation,and evaluating in the PFI imitating device. The results show that the detergent-dispersant property of that compound is superior to the new product of USA(paradyne 748) and compound produced in Shanghai.展开更多
The effect of the deposition temperature of the buffer layer In_2S_3 on the band alignment of CZTS/In_2S_3 heterostructures and the solar cell performance have been investigated.The In_2S_3 films are prepared by therm...The effect of the deposition temperature of the buffer layer In_2S_3 on the band alignment of CZTS/In_2S_3 heterostructures and the solar cell performance have been investigated.The In_2S_3 films are prepared by thermal evaporation method at temperatures of 30,100,150,and 200 ℃,respectively.By using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）,the valence band offsets（VBO） are determined to be-0.28 ±0.1,-0.28 ±0.1,-0.34 ±0.1,and-0.42 ±0.1 eV for the CZTS/In_2S_3heterostructures deposited at 30,100,150,and 200 ℃,respectively,and the corresponding conduction band offsets（CBO）are found to be 0.3 ±0.1,0.41 ±0.1,0.22±0.1,and 0.01 ±0.1 eV,respectively.The XPS study also reveals that interdiffusion of In and Cu occurs at the interface of the heterostructures,which is especially serious at 200 ℃ leading to large amount of interface defects or the formation of CuInS_2 phase at the interface.The CZTS solar cell with the buffer layer In_2S_3 deposited at 150 ℃ shows the best performance due to the proper CBO value at the heterostructure interface and the improved crystal quality of In_2S_3 film induced by the appropriate deposition temperature.The device prepared at 100 ℃presents the poorest performance owing to too high a value of CBO.It is demonstrated that the deposition temperature is a crucial parameter to control the quality of the solar cells.展开更多
文摘Due to high temperature and acid substance in exhaust, gasoline usually produces deposits on the chamber and gasoline jet of intake air system in engines of a car, carbonating on the jet, even blocking the jet, make engine fail to start and run. The methods of selecting optimum engine design have less effect on reducing deposits and carbonating than does that of adding detergent-dispersant additive into gasoline. A new compound──ureido-urethane is synthesized by reacting di-iso-cyanate with alcohols and amines. After experiments of selecting optimum reaction condition, testing solubility and percentage of relative oxidation,and evaluating in the PFI imitating device. The results show that the detergent-dispersant property of that compound is superior to the new product of USA(paradyne 748) and compound produced in Shanghai.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61574038 and 61674038)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(Grant No.2014J05073)
文摘The effect of the deposition temperature of the buffer layer In_2S_3 on the band alignment of CZTS/In_2S_3 heterostructures and the solar cell performance have been investigated.The In_2S_3 films are prepared by thermal evaporation method at temperatures of 30,100,150,and 200 ℃,respectively.By using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）,the valence band offsets（VBO） are determined to be-0.28 ±0.1,-0.28 ±0.1,-0.34 ±0.1,and-0.42 ±0.1 eV for the CZTS/In_2S_3heterostructures deposited at 30,100,150,and 200 ℃,respectively,and the corresponding conduction band offsets（CBO）are found to be 0.3 ±0.1,0.41 ±0.1,0.22±0.1,and 0.01 ±0.1 eV,respectively.The XPS study also reveals that interdiffusion of In and Cu occurs at the interface of the heterostructures,which is especially serious at 200 ℃ leading to large amount of interface defects or the formation of CuInS_2 phase at the interface.The CZTS solar cell with the buffer layer In_2S_3 deposited at 150 ℃ shows the best performance due to the proper CBO value at the heterostructure interface and the improved crystal quality of In_2S_3 film induced by the appropriate deposition temperature.The device prepared at 100 ℃presents the poorest performance owing to too high a value of CBO.It is demonstrated that the deposition temperature is a crucial parameter to control the quality of the solar cells.
